WHAP|Unit Three “Land-Based Empires”

Directions: For each reading section define the important vocabulary words and answer the reading questions that follow using
specific details. It is imperative that you complete your readings thoughtfully and independently. S

UNIT 3.1|Empires Expand (AMSCO Pages 143 - 151)

Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters)

Gunpowder Empires They are large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia
that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories.

Gutenberg Printing The Gutenberg Printing Press manufactures large numbers of books for
Press relatively little cost. This was followed by an increase in literacy.

Ivan IV Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) was crowned the Tsar in 1547 and started to
expand Russia east immediately.

Volga River The Volga River flows into the Caspian Sea. If you own this outlet, you can
trade directly with Persia and the Ottoman Empire without having to deal
with the strong forces of the Crimean Tatars.

Ming Dynasty The Yuan Dynasty (founded by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongols
invading) was overthrown by the Ming Dynasty after less than a century in
power.

Qing Dynasty In 1644, a powerful Manchu from neighboring Manchuria seized power and
established the Qing Dynasty after the Ming Dynasty.

Kangxi Kangxi is one of China’s longest-reigning emperors. He ruled through

stability and expansion during the Qing Dynasty.

Emperor Qianlong Qianlong was also a ruler in the Qing Dynasty. He is also knowledgeable in
art and calligraphy.

Tamerlane Tamerlane is a kingdom that violently took over a lot of areas in Central
Asia.
Ghazi Ideal The Ghazi Ideal is a model for warrior life that blended the cooperative
values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for
Islam. It’s the model for warriors who participated in the rise of the
Gunpowder Empire.

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire was the largest and most enduring of the great
Islamic empires of their period. It was founded by the Osman Dynasty in
the 1300s and lasted until 1918 when they were defeated by the Allies in
World War I. A single dynasty controlled the empire for more than 6
centuries.

Mehmed II AKA, the Conqueror, firmly established the empire’s capital after his forces
besieged Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453.

Suleiman I The Ottoman Empire reached its peak under Suleiman I (1520-1566).

Shah Shah is the equivalent of a king or emperor.

Safavid Empire The Safavid dynasty started in the Dafavid order of Sufism, established in
Iran. Ismail, who was 14 years old, conquered most of Persia and pushed
into Iraq. He was proclaimed Shah.

Shah Abbas I AKA Abbad the Great, presided over the Safavid Empire at its height.

Akbar Akbar is Babur’s (descendant of Tamerlane, and founded the Mughal

Dynasty when India was in disarray. He completed conquests in northern
India and formed a government similar to that of Sleiman in Turkey)
grandson.

Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire under Akbar was one of the richest and best-governed
states in the world.

Caste AKA jatis, are strict social groupings designated at birth. It divides the
Hindus into four categories.

Objective Key Developments

Explain how Who were the five Gunpowder Empires?

and why ● Russia
various land- ● Islam
based
● Ottomans
empires
developed ● Safavid
and ● Mughals
expanded Why did the Gunpowder Empires craft artists and architectural legacies?
from 1450 - to The Gunpowder Empires craft artists and architectural legacies to reflect the
1750. legitimacy of their rulers.
What did Europe’s expansion involve that was unique from the Gunpowder Empires?
Europe's expansion involved an even wider exchange network than that which
spread gunpowder. It had transoceanic connections with the Americas.

Europe:
What is significant about the year 1450?
The year 1450 signified the ending of the medieval period at the beginning of the
early modern period.
What events signal the beginning of the early modern period (the mid-1450s)?
The end of the wave of plagues, the conclusion of the Hundred Years’ War
between France and England and the invention of the Gutenberg Press. Several
countries in Europe were becoming powerful, wealthy, nations and new
monarchies began to launch overseas explorations and establish colonies around
the world.
Monarchies in Europe in 1450 wanted to control:
Taxes, armies, and many aspects of religion.
Which social class was becoming more powerful in Europe?
The middle class.

Russia:
Which two regions was Russia influenced by?
Europe and Asia.
How did Ivan IV extend the border of Russia Eastward?
He first took control of the khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia held by the
descendants of the Golden Horde, the Mongolian conquerors.
What did Russia’s expansion depend on?
Gunpowder.
Who were the Cossacks and what did they do?
The Cossacks were fierce peasant warriors hired (under the direction of Ivan IV)
by major Russian landowners (Stroganovs) to fight the local tribes and the
Siberian khan.
Why did Russia want to control the Volga River?
Russia wanted to control the Volga River because if they possessed this outlet to
the sea, Moscow could trade directly with Persia and the Ottoman Empire
without having to deal with the strong forces of the Crimean Tatars.
What religion did Russian missionaries want to convert Siberian tribes to?
The Eastern Orthodox Faith.
Where did the Russian Empire extend to by 1639?
Russia extended east as far as the Pacific Ocean by 1639.

East Asia:
The Ming Dynasty was established after the Mongols were pushed out of China. What was the result of the Ming
Dynasty?
They stabilized the East Asian region for nearly 300 years. The Portuguese and
the Europeans arrived, aiming to encroach on the Asian trade network. The Ming
Dynasty also expanded the size of China and conquered lands from Mongolia and
Central Asia.
Who established the Qing Dynasty?
The Qing Dynasty was established by the Manchurians and they ruled until 1911.
Japan and Korea experienced parallel developments but with unique aspects
during both of these empires.
What caused China to rebuild the Great Wall of China for protection?
When Mongols took back Mongolia from China pretty quickly after they took over
that area. Because of this, people began to look to the Great Wall of China for
protection. The Ming Dynasty had restored and expanded it to keep out invaders
from the north.
What was significant about Emperor Kangxi’s rule AND what regions did he incorporate into China’s rule?
Emperor Kangxi’s rule is one of China’s longest reigning emperors and he ruled
over a period of stability and expansion during the Qing Dynasty. He sent forces
into Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia, incorporating those areas into the
empire. They also imposed a protectorate over Tibet, the mountainous land
north of India, a policy reflected in China’s control of the region today.
What was notable about Emperor Qianlong’s rule? (where did he expand, what was the reaction to his
expansion, etc.)?
He was one of China's longest-ruling emperors and presided over a period of
stability and expansion during the Qing Dynasty in China. He sent forces into
Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia, incorporating those ideas into the empire.
China also imposed a protectorate over Tibet, a policy reflected in China's control
of the region.
Were the following expansion efforts by China successful or unsuccessful:
 Tibet: Successful
Nepalese: Successful
Burma: Unsuccessful and Costly
Vietnam: Unsuccessful and Costly
What was the result of these efforts to expand?
A campaign against the Nepalese was successful forcing them to submit to
Chinese rule but attempts to conquer Vietnam and Burma were unsuccessful and
costly, resulting in the emptying of the empire's treasury.
Describe the late years of Emperor Qianlong’s reign:
China’s bureaucracy became corrupt and gave higher taxes to people.
Why was the White Lotus Society reinstated? Where have we heard of them before?
The White Lotus Society was reinstated because they gave peasants higher
taxes. We have heard of them when they revolted against the Mongol rule in
China.
What was the result of their uprising?
The Qing government had suppressed the uprising by killing around 100,000
peasants.

Islamic Gunpowder Empires:

What did the Gunpowder Empires have in common?
The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires descended from Trkic nomads who
once lived in Central Asia. They all spoke a Turkic language. They took
advantage of the power vacuums left by the breakup of Mongol Khanates. They
also relied on gunpowder weapons like artillery and cannons.
What made the Gunpowder Empires successful?
The Gunpowder Empires were successful because of their own military power
and the weakness and corruption of the empires they replaced. The European
nations also fought amongst themselves instead of fighting the new powers
growing in the east.
Who was Tamerlane and where did he conquer?
Timur the Lame was a Mongol-Turkic ruler of the late 14th century who set the
stage for the rise of Turkic empires. He led an army partly composed of nomadic
travelers from Eurasia.
How did the Ghazi Ideal help the Gunpowder Empires grow?
It was a model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic
culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam. According to
some historians, it also served as a model for warriors who participated in the
rise of the Gunpowder Empires and it was a model that fit Tamerlane well.
Conquests led by the Gunpowder Empires were marked by what?
They were marked by violence that resulted in new dynasties.
How did Tamerlane encourage the arts?
Tamerlane advocated literature and he himself corresponded with European
rulers and wrote his own memoirs.
Tamerlane’s invasions were a testament to what?
Tamerlane’s invasions were a testament to the significance of gunpowder
empires.
Tamerlane’s government depended on what?
Tamerlane’s government depended upon his military and the heavy use of
artillery.
How did Tamerlane fail?
Tamerlane fell because they didn’t have an effective government and the
expenses of the war eventually ravaged the empire's economy.
Which two major forces would continue to battle with each other into the 14th century?
Mongols from the northeast and the Islamic forces from Arabia and areas around
the Mediterranean would continue to battle with each other into the 14th
century.
The Ottoman Empire
Where was the Ottoman Empire located?
The Ottoman Empire is located in Turkey, the Balkan areas of Europe and parts
of North Africa and Southwest Asia.
Why is the Ottoman Empire significant?
The Ottoman Empire is significant because they are the largest and most
enduring of the great Islamic empires of this period. A single dynasty has
controlled this empire for more than 600 years.
Under Mehmed II, where was the capital city of the Ottoman Empire?
The capital city of the Ottoman Empire was Constantinople, now known as
Istanbul.
Why was the location of the capital city significant?
The location of the city is significant because it controls the Bosporus Strait
which is the only waterway linking the Aegean Sea with the Black sea, so it's a
major trade and port center.
What was the Ottoman relationship with Venice?
They tried to counter the power of Venice and conquer it but it was unsuccessful.
So they forced the city to pay them a yearly tax.
Why was Suleman I’s siege of Venice significant?
Suleman I’s siege of Venice is significant because their ability to send troops so
far into Christian Europe caused great fear in Venice.
What led to the eventual fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1922?
The Ottoman Empire fell because of the challenges in defending the empire from
foreign invasion and occupation led to the Ottoman defeat and dissolution.

The Safavid Empire

What was the origin of the Safavid Empire?
The origin of the Safavid Empire is in the Safavid order of Sufism, established in
Iran.
List two problems the Safavid Empire faced:
● Despite being on the Arabian Sea, they didn’t have a navy.
● They lacked natural defenses.

How did Europe assist the Safavid Empire?

The Safavid Empire imported weaponry from Europe and relied on Europeans to
advise his troops about this newly acquired military technology.
Safavid Shahs controlled what two things?
Religion and politics.
What two things caused tension between the Safavid and Ottoman Empires?
The Safavid Empire used Shi'a Islam as a unifying force. Shi'a Islam built a power
 base that supported his rule and denied legitimacy to the Sunni. The control of
overland trade routes also caused tension.
How did the Ottomans try to assert dominance over the Safavid Empire?
The Ottomans tried to assert dominance by using trade embargoes which were
consistently against the Safavid silk traders.
Describe the place of women in the Safavid Empire:
Women were rarely mentioned. They were permitted to participate in their
societies. They were veiled and restricted in their movements. They had access
to rights provided by Islamic law for inheritance and in extreme cases, divorce.

Mughal India
What was significant about the Mughal Empire?
The Mughal Empire is one of the richest and best-governed states in the world.
Overseas trade also flourished in their peaceful times.
What was the role of Arab traders in the Mughal Empire?
Arab traders conducted most of the commerce.
What goods were imported and exported in the Mughal Empire?
The goods that were exported were textiles, tropical foods, spices, and precious
stones. The imported goods were gold and silver.
What were the Hindu castes?
AKA jatis, which were strict social groupings designated at birth. They were
divided into four categories, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Dalits, and the untouchables.
These were the basis of educational and vocational opportunities for Indian
society.
Why is the architecture of the Mughal Empire significant?
The architecture of the Mughal Empire is significant because they are the
remaining testaments to the wealth and sophistication of the Empire.

The Decline of the Gunpowder Empires

Why did the Gunpowder Empires decline?
The Gunpowder Empires declined because as the Islamic Empires didn’t
modernize, Russia remained powerful enough to survive as an independent
nation-state while the others fell.
Why did Russia remain despite the other gunpowder empires falling?
Russia remained powerful enough to survive as an independent nation-state.
Summarize why the Ottoman Empire eventually declined:
The British and French involvement in the Ottoman territories, Greece's
independence, and the Russian expansion in the 19th century weakened this
empire.
What were “Harem Politics” and how did they contribute to the fall of the Ottoman Empire?
“Harem Politics” was the effort of the wives and concubines of the sultan to
promote their own children as likely heirs to the throne. This contributed to the
fall because some women became more powerful behind the scenes.
Summarize why the Safavid Empire declined:
The Safavid Empire declined because the Ottomans and Russians seized the
territories and took advantage of the weakened Safavids.
Summarize why the Mughal Empire declined:
The Mughal Empire declined after Aurangzeh's death, as the empire grew
unstable and this allowed the British and French to gain more and more
economic power.

UNIT 3.2| Empires: Administration (AMSCO Pages 155 - 163)

Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters)

Divine Right of Kings A common claim from the Middle Ages that the right to rule was given to a
king by God.
Justice of the Peace Officials selected by the landed gentry to “swear that as Justices of the
Peace… in all articles in the King’s Commission to you directed, ye shall do
equal right to the poor and to the rich after your cunning wit, and power,
and after the laws and customs of the realm and statutes thereof made,”
according to their oath of office. Their job was to maintain peace in the
counties of England, even settling some legal matters, and to carry out the
monarch’s laws.

English Bill of Rights It assured individual civil liberties. Legal process was required before
someone could be arrested and detained. It guaranteed protection against
tyranny of the monarchy by requiring the agreement of Parliament on
matters of taxation and raising an army.

Absolutism The government is directed by one source of power, the king, with
complete authority.

Tax Farmers Royal officials (bureaucratic elites) sent out to the provinces to execute
orders of the central governments. They oversaw the collection of various
taxes in support of the royal government.

Louis XIV He is the sun king. He espoused a theory of divine right and was a virtual
dictator.

Boyars The top of the social pyramid in the Russian Empire. They were the noble
landowning class.

Serfdom Peasants who received a plot of land and protection from a noble. In
return, they were bound to that land and had little personal freedom.

Ivan IV A ruler who wanted to keep an eye on the nobility.

Romanov Dynasty The Romanov Dynasty took control of Russia in 1613 after a period of
turmoil following Ivan’s death in 1584.

Janissaries Elite forces in the Ottoman armies, composed of Christian boys that were
forcibly removed from their families, were taught various skills in politics,
the arts, and the military, and received a high level of education.

Daimyo Landholding Aristocrats.

Period of Great Peace The rule of Japan into the mid-19th century.

Tokugawa Shogunate Reorganized the governance of Japan in order to centralize control over
what was essentially a feudal system.

Zamindars Paid government officials.

Askia the Great Songhai became the largest kingdom of its day in West Africa under his
rule.

The Taj Mahal Built by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife.

Objective Key Developments

Explain how England:

rulers used a How did King James I use the Divine Right of Kings to justify his rule?
variety of King James I used the Divine Right of Kings to justify his rule as he believed
methods to himself outside of god and any earthly authority and saw any challenge toward
legitimize him as a challenge to god.
and What was the role of the justices of the peace in Tudor England and why were they so important?
consolidate Their job was to maintain peace in the counties of England, even settling legal
their power matters, and to carry out the monarch's law. They were important since the
in land-based number and responsibilities of the justices of peace increased through the years
empires from of Tudor's rule, so they became the most important and powerful groups in
1450 - 1750. England.
What was the effect of a stronger Tudor rule on feudalism in England?
The power of feudal lords weakened.
What was the role of Parliament?
The Parliament gave legitimacy to the monarch's claim to authority.
List two things the English Bill of Rights accomplished:
1. Legal process was required before someone could be arrested and
detained.
2. It guaranteed protection against the tyranny of the monarchy by requiring
the agreement of Parliament on matters of taxation and raising an army.

France:
How did the French government grow in comparison to the English?
The French government became more absolute in the 17th and 18th centuries.
How did Louis XVIII change the French Government?
Louis and his Minister moved to even greater centralization of the government
and development of the system of intendants.
Why were intendants called tax farmers?
Intendants were called tax farmers because they oversaw the collection of
various taxes in support of the royal governments.
Why was Louis XIV considered a dictator?
Louis XIV was considered a dictator because his aims were two-folded. He
wanted absolute power and to expand French borders.
What was the significance of Versailles to the French government?
The Versailles was significant to the French government because they made it
difficult for the nobles to act independently and plot against them.

Explain how Russia

rulers used a Describe the class system in Russia:
variety of The social hierarchy was static:
methods to ● Boyars
legitimize ● Merchants
and ● The most numerous were the peasants who gradually sank into debt
consolidate resulting in serfdom.
their power How were Serfs connected to their land?
in land-based Serfs were peasants who received a plot of land and protection from a noble. In
empires from return, they were bound to that land and had little personal freedom.
1450 - 1750. How did Ivan IV feel about the boyar class?
He punished the boyars and confiscated their lands and forced them and their
-Russia families to move to Moscow.

What did Ivan IV create to keep an eye on the Boyars?

Ivan IV created a paramilitary force loyal to him called the Oprichnina.
How did Ivan IV create loyalty within the Oprichnina?
He created loyalty by drawing people from lower-level bureaucrats and
merchants.
What were the three groups in Russia vying for power under the Romanov Dynasty and what did they want?
➔ The church was bent on conserving traditional views and beliefs.
➔ The boyars who desire to gain and hold power.
➔ The members of the Tsar royal family.
Who did Peter have to defeat to come into power?
Peter had to defeat his half-sister Sophia and her supporters and a boyar-led
elite military and corps.
Why did Peter lose favor amongst members of the clergy despite being referred to as “the Defender of
 Orthodoxy”?
Due to his reforms.
How did Peter organize the Russian government?
Peter created provinces (first 8 and later 50 administrative divisions). Provincial
officials received a salary, replacing the old system of local officials “feeding of
the land” (getting money through bribes, fees, and taxes). Another government
reform was the creation of a senate, a council to advise government officials
when Peter was away.

Explain how Ottoman Empire

rulers used a Describe the devshirme system in the Ottoman Empire?
variety of Through the system, Christian boys who were subjects of the Empire were
methods to recruited and were forced to serve in the Ottoman government. They used to
legitimize staff their military and government with them to ensure control over large areas.
and Why were boys taken to be part of the devshirme always Christian?
consolidate The boys taken had to be always Christian because Islamic law prohibited the
their power enslavement of "People Of The Book" which were Muslims and Jews.
in land-based What kinds of jobs did the devshirme have?
empires from Men were groomed to become administrators of the newly conquered territories
1450 - 1750. and some were scribes, tax collectors, and even diplomats. The most famous
group were called janissaries and formed elite forces in the Ottoman army.
-Ottoman Why were the Janissaries so loyal to the Ottoman Empire?
Empire It provided a path of upward mobility in the Ottoman Empire. Some parents even
wanted their sons to be taken into slavery by the Ottoman Empire because of
this.

Explain how China

rulers used a How did the Ming Dynasty erase Mongol influence in China (3 examples):
variety of ● They brought back the traditional Civil Service Exam.
methods to ● They improved education by establishing a national school system.
legitimize ● They re-established the bureaucracy
and
consolidate Japan:
their power How did the daimyo contribute to decentralization in Japan?
in land-based The daimyo contributed to decentralization in Japan because the arguments
empires from between these landholding aristocrats left Japan in disarray.
1450 - 1750. Why did the samurai have significant economic power in Japan?
The samurai had significant economic power in Japan because they were
-East and salaried. first paid in rice and then later in gold.
South Asia Summarize the role of Oda Nobunaga:
Oda Nobunaga is the first of these powerful daimyo. He and his samurai took
over Kyoto and he began to extend his power, forcing daimyo lads around Kyoto
to submit. He unified about one-third of what is today Japan.
How did the Tokugawa shogunate reorganize the government of Japan?
Japan was divided into 250 hans, or territories, each of which was controlled by a
daimyo who had his own army and was fairly independent.
How did the Tokugawa Shogunate control the aristocratic daimyos?
The government required that daimyo maintain residences both in their home
territory and also in the capital. If the daimyo was visiting his home country,
then his family had to stay in the capital as hostages.

Mughal Empire:
Summarize how Akbar established an efficient government in India:
Akbar established an efficient government in India because his people had the
right to appeal to him for judgment in any lawsuit. The laws were also fairly
administered
How did Zamindars eventually impact the Mughal Empire?
The Zamindars eventually began to keep more of the taxes they collected and
with this money they built personal armies of soldiers and civilians loyal to them.
Explain how Describe two ways in which European monarchs sought to legitimize the authority of their monarchs:
rulers used a The idea of the divine right of monarchy. They built impressive structures, such
variety of as the Palace of Versailles in France, to demonstrate their power and glory.
methods to What is the significance of the new lands Peter the Great conquered?
legitimize His conquest gave Russia its own warm-water port on the Baltic, St. Petersburg.
and He later moved the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg so he could keep
consolidate watch on the boyars.
their power Describe St. Petersburg:
in land-based The architects laid out streets in rectangular grids. The peasants and Swedish
empires from prisoners of war were forced to do work, draining marshes and building streets
1450 - 1750. and government structures.
Describe two ways Askia the Great of Songhai changed his empire in order to legitimize his rule:
-Religion and They made Islam Songhai's official religion to reunite his empire. They also
Art supported an efficient bureaucracy to bring the empire together.
Mughal India was marked by magnificent architectural accomplishments. What were they?
The Taj Mahal, built by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife. Magnificent forts were
also built.
How did the Mughal Empire use art from Islam?
Craftspeople and builders of Mughal India combined the arts from Islam and local
arts to create magnificent, airy structures with decorative geometric designs.
What did the artistic accomplishments of Mughal India show?
The power of the rulers.
How did the Ottoman Empire change at this time?
Tremendous changes in government and religion legitimized the rule of the
Ottomans.
What were some continuities in the Ottoman Empire at the time?
The arts, culture, and economy.
What was the Grand Bazar and why was it important?
The Grand Bazar is located at Istanbul, at the western end of the overland silk
roads, and was full of foreign imports.
Istanbul was a center of what:
Arts and learning.
Describe the cultural contributions of the Ottoman Empire:
The Ottoman Empire restored some of the glorious buildings of Constantinople
(Cathedral of Saint Sophia). The miniature paintings and illuminated manuscripts
became famous.

Explain how Russia

rulers used a How did Peter the Great attempt to industrialize Russia?
variety of He established new industries owned by the state, especially shipyards in St.
methods to Petersburg and iron mines in the rural mountains. He also encouraged private
legitimize industries such as metallurgy, woodwork, gunpowder, paper, leather, and
and mining.
consolidate How did he increase revenue for Russia when industrialization didn’t bring in as much money as he wanted?
their power He raised taxes and compelled workers to work in the shipyards- a sort of urban
in land-based extension of serfdom.
empires from
1450 - 1750. Ottoman/Mughal Empire
How did the Ottomans raise taxes to support their empire and military?
-Financing They leveled taxes on peasants and used tax farming to collect it.
Empires' How did tax farmers grow wealthy? Were they corrupt?
They grew wealthy and were corrupt since they skimmed money from the taxes
in their areas.
What eventually contributed to the economic decline of the Mughal empire?
The burden of taxes and the military.

Ming Dynasty:
Who was responsible for collecting taxes in the Ming Dynasty?
Private citizens who were wealthy families were responsible for collecting taxes
 in the Ming Dynasty.
Taxes were collected in what form?
Taxes were collected in the form of grains and later silver.
Describe the tribute system. What empires have we learned about that utilized the tribute system?
Tributes were given as a sign of respect, submission, or allegiance to China.

UNIT 3.3| Empires: Belief Systems (AMSCO Pages 167 - 173)

Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters)

Martin Luther A monk who revolted because he concluded that several traditional
Church practices violated biblical teachings.

Indulgences Granted a person absolution from the punishments for sin, and to simony.

Simony Selling of church offices.

95 Theses Martin Luther nailed 95 theses, or charges, on a church door to show what
they violated.

John Calvin A French theologian who broke with the Catholic Church around 1530. He
also authored the “The Institutes of the Christian Religion” and helped
reform the religious community of Geneva, Switzerland.

The Elect Those who are predestined to go to heaven ran the community, which was
based on plain living, simple church buildings, and governance by the
elders of the church.

Puritans People who wanted to purify the Church of England of Catholic remnants.

Protestant Reformation Reform efforts against the Catholics.

Anglicanism The last of the three major figures of Reformation.

Henry VIII England’s king ruled between 1508 – 1547.

Holy Synod Was Composed of clergymen overseen by a secular official who answered
to the tsar.

Counter-Reformation The Catholics’ efforts to fight against the Protestant attacks.

The Inquisition Established in the late 12th century to root out and punish nonbelievers
of Christianity. It sometimes allowed the use of torture to achieve its
ends.

Council of Trent Corrected some of the worst of the Church’s abuses and concentrated on
reaffirming the rituals such as marriage and other sacraments improving
the education of priests.

Jesuits The Society of Jesus, a religious order founded in 1540 by Ignatius of

Loyola, also opposed the spread of Protestantism.

Peace of Augsburg Allowed each German state to choose whether its ruler would be Catholic
or Lutheran.

The Edict of Nantes Allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith. Provided religious tolerance
in France for the next 87 years.

30 Years’ War The final great religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants in
 Europe.

Shariah A strict Islamic legal system that deals with all aspects of life, such as
criminal justice, marital laws, and issues of inheritance.

The Safavids A power base that supported Shah Ismail’s rule which used Shi’a Islam as
a unifying force and denied legitimacy to any Sunni.

Empiricism An early scientific method developed by philosopher Francis Bacon, which

insisted upon the collection of data to back up a hypothesis.

Objective Key Developments

Explain the Empires: Belief Systems

continuity Why did King Henry IV convert to Catholicism?
and change King Henry IV converted to Catholicism for the sake of solidifying his power and
within the ensuring peace.
various belief The split in Islam was between who and who?
systems The Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire.
during the
period from Protestant Reformation:
1450 - 1750. What was the main challenge faced by the Roman Catholic Church?
The main challenge faced by the Roman Catholic Church was the European shift
from feudalism to centralized government. The Church was subject to corruption
due to its influence and large bureaucracy.
Were efforts to reform the church successful?
The efforts to reform the church were unsuccessful.
What was John Wycliffe’s argument and why was he vilified?
John Wycliffe’s argument was that the priest was unnecessary for salvation. He
was vilified for translating parts of the Bible into the English Vernacular to make
it available to the mass believers, who neither read nor understood Latin.
Who were the Hussites?
Followers of Jan Hus in Bohemia were deemed heretics for beliefs similar to John
Wycliffe.

How did the Catholic Church suffer during the Babylonian Captivity, when the Catholic Church was located in
France rather than Rome?
The captivity gave French rulers a greater influence over the Church, even the
ability to decide who should be Pope.
How was the Catholic Church affected by the Plague?
The Catholic Church was affected by the Plague and suffered further when it
failed to stop the Black Death.

REFORM MOVEMENTS:
1 - Lutheranism
What did Martin Luther conclude and what did he object to about the church?
Martin Luther concluded that several traditional Church practices violated Bible
teachings. He objected to the sale of indulgences and simony.
How did Luther speak out against the Catholic Church?
Luther spoke out against the Catholic Church by nailing his own charges, the 95
theses, to the Church door.
Describe Luther’s belief of “Sola Fide”:
Luther’s belief of “Sola Fide” faith alone, for the basis of salvation for the
Christian believer.
Why did the church react harshly to Luther?
The Church reacted harshly to Luther because of his avocation to the Sola Fide
because the church and the local political system needed the money generated
from these practices.
Luther’s ideas resulted in a split between what?
The Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire
Describe Luther’s beliefs about women:
Luther believed that educated women could have direct access to God just as
men could. His emphasis promoted women's literacy. He believed women had an
important role in the family which was to teach their children to read the bible.

2 - Calvinism
How did John Calvin believe the elect and the predestined should live?
John Calvin believed that the elect and the predestined should live in the
community, which was based on plain living, simple church buildings, and
governance by elders of the church.
What was the goal of the Calvinist Puritans?
The goal of the Calvinist Puritans was to purify the Church of England of Catholic
remnants.
Calvinists were encouraged to work hard. Why?
Calvinists were encouraged to work hard and reinvest their profits because
prosperity apparently showed that God favored their obedience and hard work.

3 - Anglicism
Why did Henry VIII split from the Catholic Church and install himself as the head of the Anglican (or Church of
England) church?
Henry VIII split from the Catholic Church and installed himself as the head of the
Anglican (or Church of England) church because his wife had many daughters
and he wanted a son to succeed him so he asked the pope if he could marry
another woman. since the pope refused to allow him to marry another woman,
out of worry about the reaction of Charles V, the emperor of the Holy Roman
Empire. so he set up the new Church of England, or Anglican church that would
be freed of control by the Pope in Rome.

The Orthodox Church and Reforms in Russia

The Orthodox Church in Russia has been the unifying force in Russia between what two things?
The Orthodox Church in Russia has been the unifying force in Russia between the
Russian people and the Tsar, who claimed to rule by divine right.
How did Peter the Great assert his power of the Orthodox Church?
Peter the Great asserted his power in the Orthodox Church by abolishing the
position of patriarch, the head of the church, and incorporating the church into
the government.
How did the Holy Synod keep the Orthodox church under government control?
The Holy Synod kept the Orthodox Church under government control because he
established this in the place of the patriarch
Why did Peter raise the age of people who could be monks?
Peter raised the age of people who could be monks because he preferred that
the young men serve first as soldiers.

The Counter-Reformation or Catholic Reformation

Why was the counter-reformation established?
The counter-reformation was established to fight against the Protestant attacks.
a three-pronged strategy that yielded gains for the church that it remains the
largest Christian denomination in the world.
Describe the following parts of the counter-reformation
❖ The Inquisition:
The Church increased the use of the Inquisition. It was established in the late
12th century to root out and punish nonbelievers.
❖ The Jesuits:
AKA the Society of Jesus, a religious order that opposed the spread of
Protestantism. They undertook missionary activity throughout the Spanish
Empire as well as Japan and India.
❖ The Council of Trent:
The Council of Trent corrected some of the worst of the church's abuses and
concentrated on reaffirming the rituals such as marriage and other sacraments
involving education and priests.
How was the counter-reformation successful?
Counter-reformation because Catholicism remained predominant in the areas of
Western Europe near the Mediterranean Sea.
Why did Charles V give up his rule of the Holy Roman Empire?
Charles V gave up his rule of the Holy Roman Empire because he was
discouraged by his inability to stop the spread of Lutheranism.
Describe the actions of Philp II:
Philip II took the Catholic Crusade to the Netherlands and ruled its 17 provinces.
He also later tried to conquer and convert England. Later, his Spanish armada
was defeated by English naval power.

Wars of Religion
What was the result of Europe’s religious division?
The result of Europe’s religious division led to frequent wars.
What was the result of the Peace of Augsburg?
The result of the Peace of Augsburg allowed each German state to choose
whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran.

France
How did King Henry IV try to unify France?
King Henry IV tried to unify France by becoming a Catholic.
What was the result of the Edict of Nantes?
The result of the Edict of Nantes allowed Huguenots to practice their faith.
What was the result of the revocation of the edict?
The result of the revocation of the edict led France to experience social and
economic effects. It was issued by Louis XIV.

Thirty Years’ War

What was the result of the Thirty Years’ War?
The result of the Thirty Years’ War was that it led to economic catastrophe for
most of the continent.
List the chosen religion of the following regions after the Peace of Westphalia:
❏ France, Spain, and Italy: Catholic
❏ Northern Europe: Lutheran or Calvinist
❏ England: Protestant with a state church
What was the result of allowing rules of the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion?
Allowing rules of the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion had
political effects, and it gave countries and duchies more autonomy than they
previously had.
How did Prussia begin to assert itself?
Prussia began to assert itself by developing a strong military to protect itself.

Islamic Religious Schisms (Splits)

Ottoman Empire:
What was the dominant religion of the Holy Roman Empire?
Islam.
How did becoming Muslim change the Ottoman Empire?
The dominant religion became Islam.

Safavid
Describe the impact of Islam on the Safavid empire. Were they Sunni or Shi’a?
It unified them and supported Ismail's rule. They were Shi'a Islam.

Mughal Toleration and Prosperity

Akbar tolerated what:
All religions.
 What was the result of Akbar supporting Sikhism?
The result of Akbar supporting Sikhism provided them with land grants and it
became the fifth most popular religion in the world.
How did Akbar try to ease tensions between Hindus and Muslims?
Akbar tried to ease tensions between Hindus and Muslims by giving Hindus a
position in his government and exempting them from poll taxes paid by non-
Muslims in the empire.
Describe how Akbar tried to change the Mughal Empire before his death.
Akbar tried to change the Mughal Empire before his death by encouraging
learning, art, architecture, and literature. He didn’t successfully convert his
Hindu and Islamic subjects to the religion called Din-i Illahi or Divine Faith.

Scientific Revolution
What did scientific thought represent?
Scientific thought represented a different kind of thinking. One is based on
reason rather than faith.
What did Francis Bacon challenge with his ideas of empiricism?
Francis Bacon challenged traditional ideas that had been accepted for centuries
and replaced them with those that could be demonstrated.
Scientific discovery continues as scientists work together, despite religious differences. Describe how Principa is
an example of this.
Principa is an example of this because the ideas of principa influenced science
and mathematics and helped lead to a new vision of the world.
How did intellectuals believe science showed the world?
Intellectuals believe scientists showed the world was ordered and rational and
that natural laws applied to the rational and orderly process of government and
society.

UNIT 3.4| Comparisons in Land-Based Empires (AMSCO Pages 177 - 182)

Objective Key Developments

List 5 reasons the Gunpowder Empires were unable to maintain rule:

1. Unable to compete with European trading companies, especially the British.
2. Unable to solve conflicts of heirs motivated by harems politics.
3. Weak or corrupt leadership.
4. Failure to keep up with the developments in military and naval technology
5. The expensive armies each empire needed to maintain its control placed harsh
financial burdens on the peasants and villages in the form of taxes and other
obligations.

Describe the origin, roles, and mission of both types of soldiers:

➔ Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire:
They are often slaves taken from the Christian areas of the Ottoman Empire. They helped to
preserve the power of the Ottoman sultan.
➔ Ghulams in the Safavid Empire:
Came from Georgian, Armenian, or Circassian populations within the Safavid Empire. It
helped to protect the Safavid Shah from rival clans.

Describe the following conflicts:

➔ Ottoman - Safavid wars:
They went to war over the territorial claims that each had its border. They were willing to go
to war to split religions.
➔ Safavid - Mughal conflicts:
Religion was not as important. The control over resources and trade routes in present-day
Afghanistan was at the core of the war.
Describe how the following land empires used bureaucracy to control populations:
➔ China:
Ming and Manchu dynasties. They used civil service examinations to assess the abilities of
the members of the scholar-gentry who wished to enter government service.
➔ Ottoman Empire:
The Devshirme system provided the Sultan with a ready-made pool of civil servants strictly
loyal to him.
➔ Safavid Empire:
The Shah would enlist a class of bureaucrats from the Persian populations of the empire,
known as the "men of the people".
➔ Songhai Empire:
Mansa, the king, employed bureaucrats from the scholarly class educated in the schools or
madrasas of Timbuktu.
➔ Incas:
Organized their empire into a federal system of provinces headed by nobles loyal to the
emperor.

How were the Aztecs different from other land empires and how did they control their empire?
The Aztecs were different from other land empires because they were less centralized and
less bureaucratic than other land empires. They created a tributary empire and had little/no
control over the territory within the region of Mesoamerica.

Describe the following systems of tax collection:

➔ Mughal tax collection:
The Mughal emperor appointed tax officers or zamindars to collect taxes from the peasant
class based on land and production.

➔ Ottoman tax farming:

Appointed "tax farmers" have to pay an annual fixed sum of money for an area to the central
government and collect money for gold from residents of that area.
➔ Aztec tribute lists:
The tributary empire which is the main source of revenue that supported Aztec nobles and
military came from yearly offerings or tributes from surrounding areas.
➔ Ming collection of “hard currency”:
They issued paper currency as a means to facilitate trade and tax collection. However, paper
money led to hyperinflation. Ming then ordered that all taxes should be paid in the form of
rice and later silver coins.

Summarize how rulers used religion, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule:
➔ Religion:
Rulers in the Islamic Empire used references to the title "Caliph". European monarchs claim
"Divine Right" that gave the monarch the claim to rule by the Christian god. The conversion
to Islam of Songhai rulers and noble class provided religious and legal structures to the
empire. The Aztecs used human sacrifice in religious rituals.
➔ Art:
There were portraits of Qing emperors and other high officials, miniature paintings in the
Ottoman Empire, and financial support of artists by European rulers.
➔ Monumental Architecture:
Taj Mahal and mosques in the Mughal Empire. There were also European palaces, such as the
Palace of Versailles in France.