CH-415
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
Engr. Muhammad Shahid
Lecturer
Chemical Engineering
NED University of Engineering and Technology
Equation of Balance
Consider Mass balance:
2
Equation of Balance
Now consider Momentum balance:
𝝉𝒚𝒙 𝝆𝑽𝒙 𝑽𝒚
𝝉𝒚𝒙
momentum
Flux =
area×time
𝝆𝑽𝒙 𝑽𝒚
3
Equation of Balance
4
Equation of Balance
Generation of
Molecular Convective Molecular Convective
momentum requires
Transport transport transport transport
Force
Pressure External Force
Whatever comes in and out we need pressure as well
We can incorporate pressure with molecular and convective transport
Because pressure is acting on all face of the system 5
Equation of Balance
Pressure acts on the surface only in perpendicular direction.
Combine flux
6
Flow of a falling film
Choose one axis
Pick the origin
going in the
point (arbitrary)
direction of flow
Neglect the turbulent Z
produced by the edges δ
of plate
X
2nd axis should be
perpendicular to
z-axis
7
We choose Cartesian coordinate system for this problem
Flow of a falling film
• Assumptions:
• The first example we discuss is that of the flow of a liquid down an
inclined flat plate of length L and width W
• We consider the viscosity and density of the fluid to be constant.
• Neglecting edges disturbances
8
Flow of a falling film
Rules to select shell:
Within the shell, velocity must be same at every point.
Imagine your shell will travel in the system as a piece of solid.
One side of shell must be very thin i.e. ∆
If the velocity is changing in one particular direction, then
shell in that direction must be thin.
Except the thin side, all the other sides can expand to their
original length
So, the dimension of our shell is;
L , W , ∆x
9
Flow of a falling film
3rd axis which is y-
axis going like this
z y
10
Flow of a falling film
11
Flow of a falling film
zero
12
Flow of a falling film
13
Flow of a falling film
14
Flow of a falling film
15
Flow of a falling film
zero
zero
16
Flow of a falling film
zero
zero zero
zero
17
Flow of a falling film
These all
are
momentum
flux
Now the momentum balance:
18
Flow of a falling film
In order to make rate of momentum, we need to multiply momentum flux by area
𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎
= × 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒕𝒐 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 × 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
𝝓𝒙𝒛 |𝒙 𝑾 × 𝑳
𝝓𝒙𝒛 |𝒙+𝜟𝒙 𝑾 × 𝑳
19
Flow of a falling film
𝝓𝒛𝒛 |𝒛=𝟎 𝑾 × 𝜟𝒙
𝝓𝒛𝒛 |𝒛=𝑳 𝑾 × 𝜟𝒙
20
Flow of a falling film
gx =gCosβ
gy =gSinβ 21
Flow of a falling film
22
Flow of a falling film
Pressure at this point is
Atmospheric pressure
Pressure at Z=0, at fixed depth
Pressure at Z=L, at fixed depth
23
Flow of a falling film
Vz at Z=0
Vz at Z=L
24
Flow of a falling film
zero zero
When ever we have something of one location subtracted by something at another location divide by their
thickness and we apply limit 0, its give us First derivative function
25
Flow of a falling film
X=0
26
Flow of a falling film
27
Flow of a falling film
Parabolic 28
Flow of a falling film
constant Dimensionless
We know that velocity is maximum at x = 0
We know that velocity is minimum or zero at x = δ
29
Last week review
V = Vmax
τ = max
Shear
Velocity
τ=0
V=0
X=0 X=δ Thickness X=0 X=δ Thickness
Flow of a falling film
31
Procedure to solve problems
The procedure in this chapter for setting up and solving viscous flow problems is as follows:
• Identify the non-vanishing velocity component and the spatial variable on which it depends.
• Write a momentum balance of the form of Eq. 2.1-1 over a thin shell perpendicular to the relevant spatial
variable.
• Let the thickness of the shell approach zero and make use of the definition of the first derivative to obtain
the corresponding differential equation for the momentum flux.
• Integrate this equation to get the momentum-flux distribution.
• Insert Newton's law of viscosity and obtain a differential equation for the velocity.
• Integrate this equation to get the velocity distribution.
• Use the velocity distribution to get other quantities, such as the maximum velocity.
Flow through a Circular tube
We consider then;
• Steady-state, laminar flow of a fluid.
• Constant Density ρ
• Constant Viscosity μ
• Vertical tube of length L and radius R
• The liquid flows downward under the influence of a pressure difference and
gravity.
• End effects will be unimportant throughout most of the tube; that is, we can
ignore the fact that at the tube entrance and exit the flow will not necessarily be
parallel to the tube wall.
Select origin
point
r r
z r r
θ
r r
One axis in
the direction
of flow Top view
r r
Direction of
Momentum transfer
Direction of
momentum
Flow through a Circular tube
Vz is a function of position, but which one?
zero
Flow through a Circular tube
Flow through a Circular tube
zero
zero
Flow through a Circular tube
zero zero
zero zero
zero
Flow through a Circular tube
Flow through a Circular tube
OR
Flow through a Circular tube
Flow through a Circular tube
zero
Flow through a Circular tube
Flow through a Circular tube
Where h is the distance upward
i.e. in the direction opposed to gravity
Hence h = - z
Flow through a Circular tube
Linear Shear Profile
Flow through a Circular tube
Parabolic Velocity profile
Flow through a Circular tube
Constant Dimensionless
Flow through a Circular tube
V = Vmax
τ = max
Shear
Velocity
τ=0
V=0
r=0 r=R Distance r=0 r=R Distance
Flow through a Circular tube
