Introduction to British Studies
-Exercises-
Week 2 - Različiti pristupi britanskoj historiji
Story of Britain - Roy Strong
● Explores geography and the natural landscape, shaping early
societies.
● Details first settlers as hunter-gatherers transitioning into
agricultural communities.
● Covers the Neolithic period, marked by monumental structures like
Stonehenge.
● Highlights the importance of these structures in early spiritual
practices and societal organisation.
● Examines the arrival of Bronze Age and Iron Age peoples and their
technological advancements in metalworking.
● Introduces Celtic tribal cultures, warrior societies, artistic
achievements, and conflicts.
● Ends with Roman involvement in Britain, setting the stage for Roman
conquest.
● Emphasizes the complexity and diversity of early British civilisations
The Isles - Norman Davies
● Questions conventional narratives that prioritise England over
Scotland, Wales, and Ireland.
● Argues that the history of the Isles is complex and cannot be
reduced to a single nation.
● Criticises the term "British Isles" as suggesting unity.
● Emphasises multicultural and multi-ethnic origins of the Isles.
● Addresses the issue of nationalism in historical writing.
● Aims to explore broader historical currents that have shaped the
region, not just England's history.
Comparison
Historical Perspectives on Britain:
Norman Davies' Approach:
● Presents a revisionist and critical view of British history, questioning
dominant national narratives and focusing on England.
● Critiques the idea of a homogeneous "British" identity and
emphasises multicultural, multi-ethnic influences.
● Advocates for a more inclusive, multi-regional history.
Roy Strong's Approach:
● More traditional, focusing on the monarchical and political history of
Britain.
● Highlights the evolution of a cohesive British identity, often
highlighting England's central role.
Tone and Scope:
● Davies takes a broad, pan-Isles approach, covering the history of all
parts of the British Isles.
● His tone is academic and encourages critical reflection on the
concept of "Britain."
View of National Identity:
● Davies is sceptical of a unified, long-standing "British" identity and
views the history of the Isles as fragmented and marked by regional
diversity.
● Critiques the way historical narratives have been shaped by
nationalistic agendas, particularly in presenting England as the
"natural" centre of British history.
Historical Interpretation and Bias:
● Davies emphasises historical issues and seeks a balanced account
that incorporates all regions of the Isles.
● Strong leans towards a traditionalist interpretation of British history,
focusing on a cohesive narrative that highlights Britain’s evolution as
a nation.
Multiculturalism vs. Monarchical Continuity:
● Davies sees the history of the Isles as shaped by various groups,
emphasising the importance of recognising these diverse influences.
● Strong emphasises continuity through the monarchy and political
institutions of England.
Week 3 - Pregled historijskih perioda; Primjeri različitih
historijskih izvora i prikaza važnih događaja i pojedinaca
Julius Caesar - On the Druids and the Celts Generally
Druids' Role in Celtic Society
● The Druids were central figures in Celtic culture, overseeing religious,
educational, and judicial functions.
● They acted as mediators in both public and private disputes, holding
significant authority in legal matters and determining punishments.
● Their prestigious status was reinforced by exemptions from military
service and taxation.
● Extensive training, lasting up to 20 years, was required to become a
Druid, emphasising the importance of oral tradition over written
records.
● The Druids conducted sacrifices, including human sacrifices, during
dire circumstances, although Caesar's accounts may have been
exaggerated to justify Roman conquests.
Celtic Social Structure
● Celtic society was primarily divided into two classes: the Druids and
the warrior elite, with common people (plebeians) having minimal
political power and often treated as slaves.
● A hierarchical structure was evident, with tribal allegiances playing a
crucial role; kings or chieftains led tribes, and warriors were
celebrated for their valour
Celtic Beliefs and Practices
● The Celts held a belief in the immortality of the soul, which influenced
their courage in battle, as they thought the soul transitioned
between bodies after death.
● They worshipped a pantheon of gods linked to natural elements, with
some deities compared to Roman gods by Caesar, though these
comparisons should be approached cautiously.
● Notable sacrificial practices included the burning of large wicker
figures, sometimes containing humans, which has become a
prominent image in depictions of Druidic rituals, though its historical
accuracy is debated.
Warriors and Warfare
● The Celts were recognised for their fierce combat style, often
engaging in battle as loosely organised groups that emphasised
individual heroism over strict military discipline.
● Their warfare included a focus on single combat, and they adorned
themselves with elaborate weapons and armour utilising chariots in
battle.
Geography and Customs of the Celts
● Caesar provided detailed descriptions of Gaul's geography,
categorising it into three regions: the Belgae, the Aquitani, and the
Celtic Gauls.
● Despite shared cultural traits, the Celtic Gauls were divided into
numerous tribes, each with distinct customs.
● The Celts were skilled in agriculture and craftsmanship, residing in
fortified towns known as oppida.
Caesar’s Perspective and Biases
● It is essential to critically assess Caesar's writings, recognising that
they served as both a historical record and a political tool aimed at
justifying his military actions to the Roman Senate and populace.
● His portrayals of the Druids and Celts may have been exaggerated,
particularly regarding their supposed barbarism and need for
Roman governance, with sensationalised accounts of religious
practices, including human sacrifice.
Conclusion
● While Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico offers valuable insights
into the religious, social, and military dimensions of Celtic society, his
political motivations necessitate a cautious interpretation.
● A comprehensive understanding of the ancient Celts should
incorporate other historical sources and modern archaeological
evidence to achieve a more accurate representation.
Tacitus - Annals
Resistance Leader
● Caratacus, a prominent chieftain of the Catuvellauni tribe, emerged
as a key figure in the British resistance against the Roman invasion
initiated by Emperor Claudius in AD 43.
● Following a significant defeat in a battle against Roman governor
Publius Ostorius Scapula around AD 50, Caratacus sought refuge
with the Brigantes tribe, hoping to find asylum and regroup.
Betrayal and Capture
● Caratacus turned to Queen Cartimandua of the Brigantes for
protection; however, she betrayed him by surrendering him to the
Romans, a move that solidified her alliance with the Roman Empire
and ensured her safety.
Transported to Rome
● After his capture, Caratacus, along with his family, was transported
to Rome to be showcased in a military triumph, a traditional Roman
practice that highlighted the Empire's conquests and dominance
over foreign leaders.
His Speech and Clemency
● In a notable moment recounted by Tacitus, Caratacus addressed
Emperor Claudius with a dignified speech that emphasised his noble
lineage and the disgrace of his captivity, stating that he would have
preferred to enter Rome as an ally rather than a prisoner.
● His eloquence and composure during this speech left a strong
impression on Claudius, who, in an unexpected display of mercy,
granted clemency to Caratacus and his family, allowing them to live
peacefully rather than face execution, which was typically the fate of
captured leaders.
Symbolism of the Presentation
● The presentation of Caratacus in Rome served as a demonstration of
Roman military power and imperial authority, yet his dignified
demeanour transformed the event into a moment of mutual respect
between Rome and a noble adversary.
● This incident underscored the Roman strategy of showcasing their
strength not only through military victories but also through acts of
mercy towards esteemed opponents, reflecting a complex
understanding of power dynamics.
● Tacitus highlights the moral and psychological dimensions of the
event, portraying Caratacus’ bravery and dignity as emblematic of
Roman virtues while also illustrating the emperor's capacity for
power
Historical Background: Caratacus was captured during the Roman military
campaigns aimed at establishing dominance over southern Britain, which
intensified under Emperor Claudius' rule.
Imperial Ambitions: The conquest of Britain represented a significant
imperial initiative for Rome, reflecting its broader strategy to expand and
consolidate its territories.
Significance of Capture: Caratacus' capture is emblematic of the dual
nature of Roman imperial
Overview of Tacitus' Agricola
● Focuses on the Roman conquest of Britain during Gnaeus Julius
Agricola's governorship (AD 77–85).
● Highlights significant events such as the destruction of the Druids
and the Iceni revolt led by Queen Boudicca, which occurred prior to
Agricola's tenure but were pivotal in Britain's resistance to Roman
rule.
Destruction of the Druids (Agricola, Chapter 18)
○ Context:
● Occurred under Suetonius Paulinus' governorship (AD 60–61), aimed
at consolidating Roman control.
○ Druids' Role:
● They were the religious and political leaders of Celtic Britain, with a
stronghold on the island of Mona (Anglesey), which was a centre of
resistance.
○ Roman Campaign:
● Suetonius Paulinus led an expedition to Mona to dismantle Druidic
power.
● The Romans faced a fierce defence from Druid priests and warriors,
described vividly by Tacitus.
● Despite initial shock, Roman forces overcame the defenders, leading
to the destruction of sacred groves and the slaughter of Druids.
○ Significance:
● The event symbolised the suppression of Celtic culture and religious
authority, marking a critical step in the Romanisation of Britain.
Revolt of the Iceni (Agricola, Chapter 16)
○ Background:
● The revolt was ignited by Roman injustices following the death of
King Prasutagus, who had allied with Rome.
○ Causes of the Revolt:
● Roman officials ignored Prasutagus' will, annexing the Iceni kingdom
and seizing lands.
● Queen Boudicca faced personal humiliation, which galvanised the
Iceni and other tribes into rebellion.
○ Uprising Details:
● Boudicca led a large-scale revolt, attacking and burning major
Roman cities like Camulodunum, Londinium, and Verulamium.
● The uprising resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of Roman
settlers and sympathisers.
○ Roman Response:
● Suetonius Paulinus returned to confront the rebellion, ultimately
defeating Boudicca’s forces at the Battle of Watling Street.
● Boudicca's fate is uncertain, with accounts suggesting she either
committed suicide or died shortly after the defeat.
○ Aftermath:
● The revolt posed a significant challenge to Roman authority, leading
to devastation on both sides.
● It prompted a reevaluation of Roman policies in Britain, paving the
way for a more conciliatory approach under later governors like
Agricola.
Tacitus' Perspective
● Tacitus presents these events within the broader narrative of Roman
subjugation, showing empathy for British resistance.
● He admires Boudicca’s leadership and frames the revolts as
responses to Roman oppression and greed.
● The events serve as a backdrop to Agricola's later campaigns,
illustrating the volatility of Britain prior to his strategic governance.
● Tacitus contrasts Agricola's measured leadership style with the
aggressive tactics of his predecessors, highlighting the complexities
of Roman rule in Britain.
The Confession of St. Patrick
Autobiographical Nature
● The Confession serves as a personal defence of St. Patrick's life and
actions amidst criticism from contemporaries regarding his
authority and ordination.
● Patrick recounts his early life in Britain, detailing his capture by Irish
raiders, subsequent enslavement in Ireland, and eventual escape,
attributing his freedom to divine intervention and his growing
Christian faith during captivity.
His Mission in Ireland
● After returning to Britain, Patrick experiences a vision compelling
him to return to Ireland to evangelise, which becomes a significant
motivator for his missionary work.
● The text chronicles his efforts in Ireland, including baptising
thousands, ordaining clergy, and establishing churches, while
highlighting his humble beginnings and the belief that he was
divinely chosen despite lacking formal education.
Patrick’s Spiritual Journey
● The Confession reflects Patrick's spiritual life, showcasing his prayers,
reliance on God's guidance, and frequent scriptural quotations.
● He shares insights into his struggles, temptations, and feelings of
inadequacy, emphasising his devotion to God, gratitude for his
mission, and the importance of prayer in his life.
Defending His Authority
● In response to accusations from other church leaders, Patrick uses
the Confession to assert his legitimacy and divine calling to spread
the gospel in Ireland.
● He emphasises his commitment to humility and the absence of
personal gain from his missionary endeavours, reinforcing his role as
a servant of God.
Theological and Scriptural References
● The text is rich with biblical references, particularly to the Psalms
and St. Paul’s writings, illustrating Patrick's theological
understanding rooted in scripture.
● He aligns his mission with biblical figures called by God, framing his
work within a larger narrative of divine purpose.
Historical Importance
● The Confession is a crucial primary source for understanding early
Christian missionary efforts in Ireland, providing valuable insights
into St. Patrick's life and the process of Christianisation in the region.
● Alongside his Letter to the Soldiers of Coroticus, it remains a
foundational text for scholars studying the impact of St. Patrick and
the development of Christianity in Ireland.
Week 4 - O historiji kroz sukob snažnih pojedinaca i
institucija
Week 6 - Pojedinci koji su obilježili britansku historiju;
Historijski govori i historijski film
Week 9 - Identiteti; Irska kroz književnost
Week 10 - Identiteti; Podjele u Sjevernoj Irskoj
Week 11 - Identiteti; Škotska kroz političku analizu u
medijima
Week 12 - Identiteti; Vels kroz političku analizu u
medijima
Week 13 - Izazovi Brexita
Week 14 - Svijet medija
