I.D. No.
Student Signature of the
Name Instructor with
Batch No. Date
Day & Date
Experiment 1
Characterization of Op-amp
Objective:
To study
1. The input offset voltage
2. The input bias and offset current
3. Open loop gain
4. Slew rate
Components required:
IC 741, 10 k Potentiometer, Resistors – 10,100,1k,1.5K,5.6k,10k,100k,and
1M .
Experiment:
1. Input offset voltage
1.1 Assemble the circuit as shown in Figure 1, with R1= 100 and R2= 1k.
Observe the dc output voltage. Calculate the input offset voltage which is given
by Vos=Vo R1/(R1+R2)
Draw the circuit of Fig6.3 of TB2 Page No. 43
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R2 in Vo in V Vos=Vo R1/(R1+R2) in
V
1k
10k
100k
1.2 From the data sheet of 741 op-amp, find the maximum value of input bias
current, IBmax. Calculate the input offset voltage, which is given by I Bmax R1.
IBmax=…………….. Input offset voltage
1.3 Compare the results of step (i) and (ii).
Parameter From step From step 1.2
1.1
Vos
1.4 Connect the fixed terminals of a 10 k potentiometer (nulling potentiometer)
between pins 1 and 5 of the op-amp and the variable terminal to the negative
power supply voltage, -15 V. Change the knob of the potentiometer to make
the output zero. This nulls the effect of input offset voltage.
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2. Input Bias current and input offset currents:
2.1 Assemble the voltage follower circuit as shown in Figure 2. Connect the
non- inverting input to ground. Using a nulling potentiometer, make the output
zero for zero input as per procedure 1.4.
Draw the circuit of Fig6.4 of TB2 Page No. 44
2.2 Connect a resistor R1 of value 1 M between the non-inverting input and
ground. Measure the output voltage Vo2. Calculate the current IB2, given by
IB2=Vo2/R1.
Vo2 =………………..
IB2=Vo2/R1=……………..
2.3 Remove the resistor R1 and ground the non-inverting input. Now connect
resistor R1 of value 1M between the inverting input and output. Measure the
output voltage Vo1. Calculate the current IB1, given by IB1=Vo1/R1.
Vo1 =………………..
IB1=Vo1/R1=……………..
2.4 Calculate the input bias current and the input offset current from these two
values.
2.5 Compare the results with the data sheet values.
Parameter From step 2.4 From Data Sheet
Input bias current
Input offset current
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3. Open-loop gain
3.1 Assemble the circuit as shown in Figure 3. Given R1=1.5 k, R2= 5.6 k,
R3= 10 k and R4= 10.
Draw the circuit of Fig6.6 of TB2 Page No. 45
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3.2 Connect a dc source at the input Vs, and adjust its value so that the output
is equal to -10V. Measure V1.
V1 =……………V
3.3 Calculate the differential input voltage Vdiff=VII – VNII= V1/1000
3.4 Calculate the open-loop gain, A=V0/Vdiff.
4. Slew Rate
4.1 Assemble the voltage follower circuit.
4.2 Apply 10Vp-p, 10 kHz square wave input, Vs.
4.3 Measure the rise time of the output waveform and calculate the slew rate.
4.4 Assemble a inverting amplifier circuit with a gain of 1, by selecting
R1=RF=10 k. Repeat steps 4.2 and 4.3.
4.5 Compare the two values.
Draw the circuit of voltage follower and inverting amplifier
Circuit Rise time V0p-p in Volts Slew Rate=V0p-p/rise time
Voltage follower
Inverting
Amplifier
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5 PSPICE Simulations:
Use the macro model A 741 and connect a load resistor of 10 k and power
supply voltages of 15 V.
5.1 Simulate the circuit as used in experiment 1.1 using PSPICE. Do the dc
analysis to print the values of the output voltage. Calculate the input offset
voltage. Compare the results with the experimental results.
5.2 Simulate the circuit, as used in experiment steps 2.1 through 2.3, using
PSPICE. Do the dc analysis to print the values of the output voltage.
Calculate the input bias and offset currents. Compare the results with the
experimental results.
5.3 Simulate the circuit, as used in experiment steps 3.1 through 3.2, using
PSPICE. Compare the results with the experimental results.
6. Viva Questions- Answer the following:
(a) The open loop gain of opamp 741 is ______________.
(b) The unity gain bandwidth of opamp 741 is ___________.
(c) For a good amplifier, slew rate should be very high. State true or false. ___
(d) The differential input impedance of opamp 741 is ___________
(e) The CMRR of a good opamp should be as low as possible. State true or
false. ______
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I.D. No.
Student Signature of the
Name Instructor with
Batch No. Date
Day & Date
Experiment 2
Inverting Amplifier, Integrator, Non-inverting Amplifier,
Adder and Subtractor
Objective:
To design and study:
1. Inverting amplifier,
2. Integrator
3. Non-inverting amplifier
4. Adder
5. Subtractor
Components required:
Dual tracking power supply or 15 V split power supply, function generator,
resistors and capacitors.
Experiment:
1. Inverting amplifier:
1.1 Design an inverting amplifier for the gain of 15. Let R1= 1k. Assemble the
circuit on breadboard and feed sinusoidal input signal of amplitude 100 mV
and frequency 1 kHz. Observe the input and output voltages on a CRO.
Determine the gain of the amplifier and phase difference between the input
and output voltages.
1.2 Now vary the input signal frequency keeping the amplitude fixed and find the
bandwidth. The bandwidth is equal to the higher cutoff frequency which is the
frequency at which the gain reduces to 0.707 of the mid-band frequency gain.
1.3 Calculate the gain-bandwidth product.
1.4 Compare the results with the theoretical values.
R1 = ………… and RF = ………. Draw the circuit of inverting amplifier
Input voltage, vs= ……
Output voltage, v0= ….
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vO .......
Voltage gain Av = = = ...........
v s ........
Phase difference between input and output voltages=…………….
Frequency Input voltage vs Output voltage vO Voltage
Voltage gain, Av =
(Hz) (V) vo(V) vs gain (dB)
500
1k
10k
50k
60k
70k
100k
Higher cutoff frequency fH = 0.707 Av(max)=…….
Gain bandwidth product GBW= Av(max) fH =……………..
Parameter Experimental Theoretical
Gain
Cut-off frequency
Gain-bandwidth
Phase difference
2. Integrator:
Draw the circuit of integrator
2.1 Assemble an integrator with R= 1k and C = 0.1 F. Connect a resistor RF
of value 1 M across the capacitor. Feed 1V(peak-peak), 500 Hz
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square wave input and observe input and output voltages on a CRO.
Determine the gain of the amplifier. Plot the input and output voltages on
the same scale.
2.2 Now change the value of RF to 1 k and repeat the observations. Explain
the changes in the output.
2.3 Now change the input signal to sinusoidal input of amplitude 1V and frequency
500 Hz and observe the output.
Gain of the amplifier = …………….
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3. Non-Inverting amplifier:
Draw the circuit of op-amp non-inverting amplifier
1.1 Design a non-inverting amplifier for the gain of 16. Let R1= 1k. Assemble
the circuit on breadboard and feed sinusoidal input signal of amplitude 100
mV and frequency 1 kHz. Observe the input and output voltages on a CRO.
Determine the gain of the amplifier and phase difference between the input
and output voltages.
1.2 Now vary the input signal frequency keeping the amplitude fixed and find the
bandwidth.
1.3 Calculate the gain-bandwidth product.
1.4 Compare the results with the theoretical values.
R1 = ………… and RF = ………. .
Input voltage, Vi = ……
Output voltage, Vo = ….
vO .......
Voltage gain Av = = = ...........
v s ........
Phase difference between input and output voltages=…………….
Frequency Input voltage vs Output voltage vO Voltage
Voltage gain, Av =
(Hz) (V) vo(V) vs gain (dB)
500
1k
10k
50k
60k
70k
100k
10
Higher cutoff frequency fH = 0.707 Av(max)=…….
Gain bandwidth product GBW= Av(max) fH =………..
Parameter Experimental Theoretical
Gain
Cut-off frequency
Gain-bandwidth
Phase difference
4. Adder:
2.1 Assemble an analog adder circuit with RF= R1 = 8.2 k., R2 = 3.9 k and
R3 = 2 k. Feed sinusoidal input of amplitude 1 V and frequency 1 kHz to
each input. Measure the amplitude of the output voltage and compare with the
theoretical values.
2.2 Compare the experimental results with the theoretical values.
Draw the circuit of op-amp adder
RF R R
Output voltage, vO = − v1 + F v2 + F v3
R1 R2 R3
=………………..
RF=R1 = 8.2 k, R2 = 3.9 k and R3 = 2 k
v1=v2=v3= 1 V and frequency =1 kHz
Thus vo= ………..
Experimental value of vo= ……
5. Subtractor:
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Draw the circuit of op-amp subtractor
3.1 Assemble a subtractor circuit with RF = R1 = 8.2 k. Feed V1= 2 V and V2
= 0.5 V sinusoidal signal of frequency 1 kHz. Observe the input and output
voltages on a CRO. To get two signals from the same source, use a high
resistance potentiometer.
3.2 Plot v1, v2 and vo on the same scale. Compare the amplitudes with the
theoretical values.
RF = R1 = 8.2 k.
v1 = 2 V and v2 = 0.5 V sinusoidal signal of frequency 1 kHz.
RF
Theoretical value of output voltage = (v 2 − v1 ) =…………….
R1
Measured output voltage vo= ……..…..V
6.
PSPICE Simulation:
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Use the macro model A 741 and connect a load resistor of 10 k and power
supply voltages of 15 V.
6.1 Simulate the Differentiator circuit with R- 10k and C=0.05 F as used in
experiment 4.1 using PSPICE. Plot the input and output voltages on the
same scale. Determine the positive and negative peak voltages of the
output. Also determine the rise and fall times of the output voltage.
Assume 0.1V, 5 kHz triangular wave input.
6.2 Simulate the non-inverting amplifier circuit (for the gain of 16), as used in
experiment step 5.1 using PSPICE. Assume sinusoidal input of amplitude
100mV and frequency 1 kHz. Find the gain of the circuit and phase difference
between the input and output voltages. Plot the frequency response curve of
the amplifier and find the bandwidth. Compare the results with the
experimental results.
6.3 Simulate the voltage follower circuit, as used in experiment step 6.1 using
PSPICE. Assume sinusoidal input of amplitude 100mV and frequency 1
kHz. Find the gain of the circuit and phase difference between the input
and output voltages. Plot the frequency response curve of the amplifier
and find the bandwidth. Compare the results with the non-inverting amplifier.
6. Quiz Questions:
(a) The minimum voltage gain possible for an non-inverting amplifier is _______
(b) With 15V supply voltage, the maximum rail to rail voltage swing of an inverting
amplifier is ___________.
(c) The opamp in an inverting amplifier operates in __________ region.
(d) If the gain of an inverting amplifying circuit is 10 and ±15V power supplies are
used. What range of input values allows the opamp to be in linear region?
_______V.
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