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 /
V,

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INTRODUCTION "Ji / ( J
TO

SANSKRIT! GRAMMAR
IN BENGALI,

BY
PUNDIT IS WA RACIIA NfyflA VIDYASAGAR A \

, TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH,

WITH ADDITIONS AND ALTERATIONS,

Rt v ;
4 A

FOR* THE USE OF

' i t
* I
.
y

CANDIDATES FOR UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS,

BY ,

RAJKRISHNA BANERJEA, •i
r'
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR SANSKRIT IN THE
PRESIDENCY COLLEGE.
* ~~
f

CALCUTTA :

THE SANSKRIT PRESS.

1866.

s$. >WWWWA/VWW
H3-
Price One Rupee & Four Annas .
Digitized by Google
 INTRODUCTION

TO

SANSKRIT GRAMMAR
IN BENGALI,

BY
PUNDIT ISWARACHANDRA VIDYASAGARA ;

TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH,

WITH ADDITIONS AND ALTERATIONS,

FOR THE USE OF

CANDIDATES FOR UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS,

BY

RAJKRISHNA BANERJEA,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT IN, THE
PRESIDENCY COLLEGE.

CALCUTTA :

THE SANSKRIT PRESS.

1866.

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 TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE.

In none of the languages of the world, whether

living or dead, does Grammar play so impor-

tant a part as in Sanskrit. The complex a!nd

elaborate system of its Grammar, enunciated in

abstruse rules, renders the language extremely

difficult of acquisition. The Introduction to

Sanskrit Grammar in Bengali by Pundit

Iswarachandra Vidyasagara, which has so

much facilitated the study of Sanskrit, may be

said to mark an era in the cultivation of that

language in Bengal. But the facilities afforded

by this work are not available to foreigners

or to natives of other Provinces of India, by

reason of its Bengali dress. Translations of it

have, accordingly, been made into the verna-

culars of some of the other Provinces.

The introduction of Sanskrit into the

curriculum of Indian Universities, renders it

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2 translator’s prefacr.

highly desirable, that this work should be made

of general avail, there being no other treatise

possessing so many recommendations to form a

text-book. As this object can only be attained

by means of an English version, an attempt

has, with much diffidence, been made in the

following pages to put the work into an English

dress, without strictly adhering to the original

where departure from it in no way interfered

with its general scope.

The translator, from his experience as a

teacher of Sanskrit in the Presidency College,

felt the necessity of enlarging certain parts of

the work for the better comprehension of the

learners, and he has, with the permission of the

Author, made the necessary additions and al-

terations. They are not however radical, nor

inconsistent with the general character of

the work.

Calcutta,
2.6th November, 1866.

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 CONTENTS.

Page,
Letters. . , , , , s , = , * . , 1

Vowels. 1

Consonants. , . . , , . , . . . . 2
Classification of letters 3
Conjunction of letters ( ^fag
1

) 5
of vowels. , . , * s . , * 5
- of consonants. , ± , , , , II
Change of q into qr
-

26
Change of ^ into y. 28
Declension 29
Inflectional terminations of nouns, <fcc. . . 29
Examples of bases declined 30
Masculine bases ending in vowels. ... 30
Feminine bases ending in vowels. ... 39
Neuter bases ending in vowels 48
Masculine bases ending in consonants. . 54
Feminine bases ending in consonants. , 72
Neuter bases ending in consonants. . . 79
Pronouns 85
Numerals 97
Indeclinables- 102
Formation of feminines 107
Cases of nouns 108
Special Rules for the employment of Inflec-

tional terminations of nouns. , 111

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2 CONTENTS.

Page.

. 116
Nouns and adjectives
. 117
. 118
Classes of verbs ( ttW )

verbs. . 119
Inflectional terminations of
. . .

. 124
Intransitive verb
. 124
.
125
126

inWTPST . 126
Tntransitive-Passive voice )• •
(

)• • • . 127
Passive-Active voice (

T 12T
Tenses and moods. . .

. 122
Conjugation
toy
Insertions to verbs
170
Causative verbs ( fnraptT NTS )• • • * .

171
Desiderative verbs ( NTS )• • • * .

“7 172
Frequentative verbs ( NTS )• • *

Frequentative verbs rejecting NV

Llo
( wotto VIS )•
.

174
Nominal verbs ( STSNTS )•
.

* * ' . 175
Verbal affixes ( STStraiN )• • »

~7 185
Nominal affixes OsfiprinSV)
. 122
Compounds (nVTN)
. iy*>
Copulative Compounds ( • • • •
)
lt/T
Determinative Compounds ( NrTSV* )• • •

gp&NTTN)- . 125
Appositional Compounds (
1 Oft
* « 11/ V>

Numeral Compounds )• • * •
( ff*5
*
~7 197
Relative Compounds
• •

“7 198
Indeclinable Compounds ( ^rapftVTN )• •

“7 199

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 INTRODUCTION
TO

SANSKRIT GRAMMAR.

£ >«,.f
<'
c< ^
V*r*£*~f*' te*
t
LETTERS.
tc{ f-J y' ;.f ,r»t •-
'C.

1. The Sanskrit alphabet consists of forty-eight

letters ( 3W ), of which thirteen are vowels

( ), and thirty-five consonants ( sJT'gf’r )•

VOWELS.

2 .

^ are vowels. Of these, ^^ ^ ^ are

short vowels ( )> and Wt ^ ^
^ ^ are long vowels ( fN? )•

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 —
2 LETTER8.

CONSONANTS.

3. ^ *T ^ ^ ^ <5f Hi 3T,

3 3 ^ 3 *5> <T It ^ ^ H,
1

XT^«r
ar IT, H K Ht H, it H ^ 'f,
*
:, are

consonants. Of these, the letters from Hi to *T are

called HfibfW, and are divided into five classes

each class comprising five letters.

( )j

The first class is called aJR’T, the second

- the third ZW, the fourth <FTH, and the fifth

c-
^
xr^HT- HT <«t H are called ^sr*fT:^f HW> it H^ ’f

and *
and : f^FFT

hut.

4. When the vowels join a consonant,

they assume a different form, with the exception

of W, which disappears and is articulated with

the consonant with which it is associated ;

as :

5. When two or more consonants combine,

of
they are called compound letters

which some assume modified forms, while others

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 —
LETTERS. 3

undergo a complete change in their shape *

as :

CLASSIFICATION OF LETTERS ACCORDING TO THEIR

RESPECTIVE SEATS OF UTTERANCE.

6. ^Sf ’STT are Gutturals ( 9tt|anr ), or

1?

uttered from the throat.

7. ^ ^ ^ are Linguse-radicals

( ), or uttered from the root of

the tongue.

8* are Palatals

( ?TT^rei ), or uttered from the palate.

9. are Cerebrals

( )? or uttered from the head.

10. ?r si ^ Tf *r ^ are Dentals

( ), or uttered from the teeth.

11. are Labials (^siY^y)*

or uttered from the lips.

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 ,

4r LETTERS.

12. II ^ are Palato-gutturals (3R*?37<TT3PZf)

or uttered by the joint action of the throat and
the palate.

13. wt ^ are Labio-gutturals >

or uttered by the joint action of the throat and

the lips.

14. ^ is Dento-labial or uttered

by the joint action of the teeth and the lips.

*
15. is Nasal ( ),

or uttered from the nose.

16. : fwr is ^ri^r^^TSTVTT»ft, i. e.

uttered from the organ of voice employed in

uttering the particular vowel to which it is

affixed.

17. ^ o? *sr 5T *T are also called nasals,

being uttered as well from the nose as from

the root of the tongue, the palate, &c.

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 5

18. CONJUNCTION OF LETTERS.

When two letters come together, they

conjoin. This conjunction is called There

are two kinds of conjunctions, viz. the conjunc-

tion of vowels ( ), and the conjunction

of consonants ( ).

CONJUNCTION OF VOWELS.

1 9. When or is followed by w or
^TT, they both blend together and become

which joins the preceding consonant ; as, *1*1—

; ^*rr-

^mih: ; *rfT*rc:-

20. When T or i; is followed by X or X>

they both blend together and become which

joins the preceding consonant ;

as, Mx-x^

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 6 CONJUNCTION OP LETTERS.

21. When ^ or is followed by or <3T 9

they both blend together and become which

joins the preceding consonant; as,

^rafWb ; *Pf

22. When ^ is followed by they both

blend together and become "W, which joins

the preceding consonant ; as,

23. When ^ or W[ is followed by T or

T, they both blend together and become T£,

which joins the preceding consonant j

as,

; *TW-tu:
> TJH-kyt:

24. When or Wf is followed by ^ or

they both blend together and become

Wt, which joins the preceding consonant $

as, *1 ^ <?Tl rM^T*T ;

> ^rr-

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 CONJUNCTION OF VOWELS. 7

25. When or is followed by W 9

they both blend together and become

of which joins the preceding consonant, and

T^the following $
as, 9 ITfT-

Wf*r:

26. When IT or ^TT is followed by T£ or

they both blend together and become which

joins the preceding consonant f

as, i£3r-T£3PIJ

TT^iT ; ; fTSTT-^rTfr

nirTrT ; n%TT?rw:-

27. When ^ or ^TT is followed by

or they both blend together and
\

become which joins the preceding conso-

nant ;
as, oT^-^Ttw: ^T^r: j f^rT-^T^

28. When ^ or ^ is followed by any one

of the vowels, except T and it changes into

^T, which joins the preceding consonant, and

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 8 CONJUNCTION OP LETTERS.

is joined by the vowel following ;

as, ^f^-^rfhr

^?srr*R;: ; wf%r—

; nffM3T*: Uc9^: ; tfk-

^PW: ; nfk-ipRH; u?ii^ ; ^rf?r—

9 ^rf?r--^r^T^if ^rerfcpSij ; srft-

; ^t-^rpnrT ^rsjpnrr ; wt-

w%n{ xtx^jjpt ; inft-^if *r: *rarf »t ;

«RTTW: ; vftxft-W ’ft^xTT ;

*A-Tfcror: *mTm<t: ;

xm^franj.

29. When ^ or is followed by any one

of the vowels, except ^ ancfr <3i, it changes

into which joins the preceding consonant,

and is joined by the vowel following j

as,

^fssre: ; ;

^Tf-T^T XEjT^-^n^ XJT^ft

r^fHT ;

; ^-Tcfxsre ; xr«r^-

xrwt<^ ; ^Tdfr-

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 ; ;

CONJUNCTION OF VOWELS. 9

' «\ s» c( o ey x

; 7r%-Tf*£QT{ Trf^Brf^rcj

**SC\'mK‘. ; ^T^-TjfarTiTs
°\ <4
x ; w-<-\

ST*ts$RSlJ ; ;

sre-^FQlf ap4^pSi{.

30. When ^ is followed by any one of the

vowels , except "W, it changes into T!i which

joins the preceding consonant, and is joined

by the vowel following *

as, fxn3T— -*»«§¥tf<T:

fasrgiTftf: ; fq®-*n^ir. fv&r^w. ; T^m-

fqfeT^T fxreftf^n^ ;

ftra-uq^ir: fq^q^it: ; frra-^: ftr^r?: ;

te-q;q^T fcrtw ; fqs-^r4ij fqfr-

; fV(Z-Wt%i: fqeftqi:

fqif^'pSw.

31. When T£ is followed by any one of the

vowels, it changes into ^T, of which joins

the preceding consonant, and ^ the vowel

following j
as, I13WT ;

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 10 CONJUNCTION OF LETTERS.

nfw* ; *r-t* j

n% -

9 ir-T* j&.

32. When TC is followed by any one of

the vowels, it changes into of which ^TT

joins the preceding consonant, and ^ the vowel

following as, f^T— f^*rnT3>‘. TT-^TT

w $ j

; TTf2T ; <-Tl

33. When ^ is followed by any one of

the vowels, it changes into of which ^

joins the preceding consonant, and «T^ the vowel

following 3
as, ; *?f-^T W ;

wft-^cTT HfaWT j wft—Ter *r% ; *rM*rt‘.

34 . When ^ is followed by any one of

the vowels, it changes into of which

joins the preceding consonant, and \ the vowel

following 3
as, 3T3T:
‘

xn^W: j •T'RT ;

j wf^w. ;

3tt% ;
*n*rt.

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 CONJUNCTION OP CONSONANTS. 11

35.

When R follows a word ending in or

^Tt, it is dropped, but its place is marked by the

sign ( S ) which is called WR ( rejected )

; as, ; wf-

CONJUNCTION OP CONSONANTS.

36. U or followed by R or changes

into ^ j
as,

; w^-wwR ,

i HTTOTRT.

37. <T or followed by Ror changes

into R ; as, R^-bfhTCIJ j

38. R, followed by R or changes into

R ; as, RfPT-R^t RTPSTR: >

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 12 CONJUNCTION OP LETTERS.

39.

When a word ending in or ^ is

followed by it, 7T or ^ changes into

and H into W, as, ;

40.

When a word ending in *T is followed

by *T> changes into and if into

W ; as, t|T3R-*Pl: to***:.

41. When a word ending in <\ or ^ is

/ followed by *, * changes into and

* into * as, *fT. »

42. preceded by or changes

into ;
as, TO-*T TOST i

43. <T or followed by 3 or 3, changes

into 2 j as, ^?J-3*fH

TTfV^T ; *r?r-3*rc '>

44. ?T or followed by 3 or 3, changes

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 CONJUNCTION OF CONSONANTS. 13

into vs ; as,

45. 5T, followed by 'S or 3, changes into

w ; as, ; ^crspr-

46. <T and Si, preceded by change into

3 and 3, respectively $
as, ^ia^-rt: ;

^-sp. vrs:,

47. <T, or ;f
T, followed by ^T, changes

into «f ; but the letter antecedent to sr takes

up the mark ;
as, l^<T-^T«TTZiT

*ri?T8jw.

48. «T, terminating a word, when preceded

by a short vowel, and followed by any one
of the vowels, is doubled , but no doubling
takes place when preceded by a long vowel >
2

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 14 CONJUNCTION OF LETTERS.

as, j **r*-*riw.
'f^rn<r: ; f^fnrsr-T^ '>

t^rr:: %**?rmx' ; ^PTT-^mr

«tt^ ;
— '?TTnT-^rrTf: w^Kitr^: ;

'flru'ar wfarfsr.

49. 5T, terminating a word, when followed

by or 3>, changes into and ^

and W into ^ and ^ ^ as,

; w*r-*nr trn**srrc:.

50. «T, terminating a word, when followed

by 3 or 3, changes into and 3

"&
and 3 into 3 and ,
as,

^srfefpr: ; TrfPf-3^‘-

51. *f, terminating a word, when followed

by <T or "21, changes into ^T^^TC? and <T

and ST into and ; as,

52. IT, terminating a word, when followed

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 CONJUNCTION OF CONSONANTS. 15

^
by an or changes into

as, ejtItt ;
;

^Tjf xtfirfn •

fsr^t «r*r7T ; *rrc ;

Erarranr-irTt ipzrr^T itTf ; w€

> ^TfTiT-^^ffT iT^'C

53. *T, terminating a word, when fol-

lowed by a ^T*T3W, changes optionally into

’sr^flT, or into the fifth letter of that

$

class to which the consonant following be-

longs j
as, f%* «FTCtffcr, f^-

fW ;

<rrfw irsf<t wft^rTfTCfa ; ^nf-^rf?r

^Tfw, ^^Tf?r ; w*
viRflr, ; ^^T-^?rf7r *rnfw ?

j ^^-TOf?r ^ wf?r,
wmf?T ) ;

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 ;

16 CONJUNCTION OF LETTERS.

^ H^TrT, ^(2T^TH ;

'
*njr *rre%, »rfT^n^ ;

in^-^fftri^ air^f *t*^'

*rt*rfrnr.

54. preceded by a vowel, changes into

^ j as,

; ^^V-^FTT ^Ct^T^T ;
fT^-^n
?r^a$r3T.

55. 3F, teminating a word, when followed

by a vowel, the third or fourth letter of a

class, or by ^ ^ changes into *T j as,

^T’TT

ott: ; i ^t^t-

gprfa: ; f*r\-

fw^Tirwij ; imr-n* ht^,

wtw. ^*zr*rN : f^WiT ;

f^W-irsr. f^m: ; HTvr^rt-

^r: ;
TRWT^iT ,

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 ;

CONJUNCTION OP CONSONANTS. 17

n:: ; ^zps-^nt wm-

N
^TEPnfteTt
X '; ^pf-
N.

^PW ; fi^->pnif^rrrcj 1 ^r-

vfst'tif ; SVG-m&Wil ; f^fi-

*TPT: f^RTPi: f Iw-2TT^FIT j

^ni-rh?: srnffa: j fwt

f^prij ; **r*r^f7r ;

fiUiysft ( 1 ).

56. <r, terminating a word, when followed

i

by a vowel, or *T

changes into ^ ; as, oT^lcj-^rstT: w^*fT; j

oPTcj-’srrf^: 5[^: w*Tr[-^: \99

5T^TcT-t^: .;

«Rc[-^nr*fiT *T3f f JPT

!

; ^^(T-^rriT

iw ; ^r^wcT j TfT^-^rabr
; TT^r-^or: <T-

(1) preceded by ^r, changes optionally into w j

as, f^irrcft, f^njnsft.

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 ;

18 CONJUNCTION OF LETTERS.

2!cT--sre: *Rf*f*RT ,

^.W3‘ ;
^RT*n 9

?r?cj-*re*r 9

f*TR*T ; rfcT-^: S^s^T. ',

*WJ-**r*r

iTTWT.

57. 3, and if, terminating a word,

when followed by a vowel, the third or fourth

letter of a class, or by T ^ IT, change

into W ?
t
&9 and «T, respectively j
as,

^TcT«fT: ; 7T ^ps*c[ ; vf<-

snz-vnxw' N ; nf^csrre-^^:
'
\

tTfcai^T^nr: ;
xitVari^R j

trfrwT^r^f?T ; Ttfxwrz-

Kf?^rr§5^f*r ; irfTsrre-^ffr vfK

(
2
) ;
,
*faFWU
^snr-^: ^4V|3: ; ^nr ^tsrt ; ^ru-

(2) %, preceded by z, changes optionally into -5

m» vft^rrs^^frr, vforrs^fw-

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 CONJUNCTION OF CONSONANTS. 19

; ^nr-

( 3 ).

58. The first letter of a class, termi-

nating a word, when followed by *T or *T,

changes optionally into the fifth or third j

as,

f^fr-*TPT‘. f^TW, f^THT: ; ^T-*Tf%

w*wrf^ ^rsRTf^ 9 ; f#r *rs-

w*r$w , *PTf*rra: ; ^rft9 *tw-

^ *T^nsr:, sm ; ’SR-

'
^rsmHTw,
V ; *n?tw-*TTT:
VjX
s' s

^T?Tir, i ^tr-*TFW

V N

59, The first letter of a class, terminating

a word, when followed by the affix TT^T or

HTft, changes only into the fifth ; as, 3T^r-

(3) preceded by tj, changes optionally into w ;

as,

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 .

20 CONJUNCTION OP LETTERS.

gpfpsw ; fw?T ; ^rtr-

*PHT ^*iPPT i ^SJJRTcPT ;

60. terminating a word, when followed

by or iT, changes optionally into ; but

when followed by the affix ?pf or it

changes only into «T j as, fTvffKlT,

; TZ<rf-^rpr^
?p*pnj ; vi^-u (W*

61. f^*f, followed by ^ or 1$, changes

into H ;
as, trjp.-^: i

^T*r: ^rfacP'irPi:

62. followed by Z or 7 changes

into t? as, iftwift i f^p::-

3fr:
63. f*PPT, followed by <1 or *f, changes,

^
into y as, ^spr: - <f *i‘ ^TsppjPi; j ftjH* -*

K?m:
N)
f^TO^rr^:.
J

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 CONJUNCTION OF C0N80NANTS. 21

64. when both preceded as well

as followed by blends with the preceding

^ and becomes which joins the antecedent

consonant, and the W following is dropped ; as,

S N

65. f^PT> preceded by and followed

by the third, fourth, or fifth letter of a class, or

by ^ 3 IT, blends with the preceding

* and becomes which joins the antecedent

consonant ; as, ifripr:—*T««r: ;

Cy Oy,
; ^t-WTrr:
stttt: ; ^TTt ; *nr:-

wt ;

?y fl\
-Tfa:
'

ffrr: ; wfr ;

w*\: ;

W. ; *sr?ffar:-

M1W- ^Trftrft *TT^t , ;

*tptT!— w^rft ff^rt

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 .

22 CONJUNCTION OP LETTER8.

*fhT: ; n*- ; *ra-

W- ^T^rt W‘
66. f^PT, preceded by ^r, and followed

by any one of the vowels, except ^T, is rejected,

and no sandhi takes place after the rejection ;

as, fKT:-^n*T7r: ^ ;

•?7T:-^vfV ^
^r.-W w to ; fr?r topt ;

67 . f^PT, preceded by ^FT, and followed

by a vowel, the third, fourth, or fifth letter

of a class, or by 3T ^ 'f , is rejected, and

no sandhi takes place after the rejecion ;

as,

^Ps?T j *T«rT:-T^ TOTT J

frrTT:-^(TT: am ^f^rr: ; ^Trri:— ^e^r^r:

^w: ; WXJ i£7t ; ^TT:-*n5TT:

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 .

CONJUNCTION OP CONSONANTS 23

??TT W-'j WHT: ; g^T:-

3rr<rc: Tar ; *r§TT:-^;f nr ; *rfCT

W$T*V ; fTWr.-'SUK*: *nfT -,

wr:~
; father: -ftm: fmim
fhn: ; ws^:— *^ref*rr ^T ^RfsfT ;

^?TT:-^nT: ^fTT shit: -, ?5Tt-apsTT: T5T

^T: ; TO:-*ffr?TT: *TCT *ft?TT: ; ^rffan:-

*TOT: ^fftrTT iTT^TT: ; ^T?TT: -*?r«R ^leTT

; T^t-TW H7TC Wr: ; TO:-^

’TTT j TRTT‘. -3Tf*rT 3T<TT 3Tfirf ;

^rwTr-^^fsrr qfT^^rr ^f«rT.

68. preceded by any one of the

Towels, except ^ and W[ 9

and followed by a
vowel, the third, fourth, or fifth letter of a

class, or by ^ 3 ’f, changes into T ;

as, *rf%:-^RnT ^Tf^^TJT ; *lffT-

fr^riT ; Tf=r-'S^fH TfsRT^fiT ;

-w ; apsr.-^rpm:
M
; W.-^TP5 ! j
*:-
v> «\

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 24 CONJUNCTION OE LETTERS.

V e\ X w.-xrm
<\ ©v
; *Trr:-
g
*TrTW* , ^ffcp-^srrrs ;

fwt:-*r*rwjnj fa>fhc^nwj ; n^rt:-

^TT^ir: TrvtTT^: ; ;

^jfa:-*T^f?T ^fq*r^f<T ; ^f%:-^TW

^f?mTw; ^t-^rffr ; §r^~
" /

; 4V:-#Nr?t ^Nr% ;

; Of:-^ : f’rc?*: i $:-*ftf?r: |

^fffH: ; far:— srw f^rrwBis ; fsr:-*r*:

f*TH 2T: 5 W*“W* W*^ :

; *f*:~*rt»T:

«rff*ff*i: i ; ^:-
*Tf?T ; fiH5 :-^f<T fn^l^fd.

69. If f^^T, being a substitute of T, and

preceded bj W, be followed by a rowel, the

third, fourth, or fifth letter of a class, or by

^ ^ 3 it changes into ?: ; as, g*r:- I

^rfa s^TTfa ; yr:-*rpnr: g^rm^: ; m*:-

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 ;

CONJUNCTION OF CONSONANTS. 25

^*T*Trn iTTfrf?:^PT<T: ; mw.-m HT7r^ 9

^^nd -5
^ ; ^pr?r: ;

^rmt-^rpi^ «n?n;nr^ j

f«nrc3»wgri *tt* :-^f* ^rriu?T: -

;

70. T, followed by X9 is rejected, and

the antecedent short vowel made long ; as,

fq7T:-T7ST ftRTK^T i fsr.-T^: 9 f*r:-

dN: tfKfa: ; f^f:-TTW% f^nfTrsRt j

71. The words ^T: andirtf:, followed by

any letter except ^r, reject the affixed

to them, and no sandhi takes place after the

rejection ;
as, W- *U*T<T!
J
^TPPT: 9 ^Tt—

^ ^ ; w-
^ ^rr*r ; ^ ;

^ irofrf *:-^if?r ^ ;

^:-^^frT ^ ‘

9 —w-wraf*
9 iw.-itf?! ; uyf tcf?r , w-WfH
xnr^T^ffr; <tf^r ; to-
3

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n ,
CHANGE OF ?T INTO Hf.

vyt wsf* * u^r inf

-

9 w-
72. The word *ft: ,
followed by a rowel,

the third, fourth, or fifth letter of a class,

or by 3T, T., ^T, ^r, rejects the fw»T affixed

to it, and no sandhi takes place after the rejec-

tion ;
as, *fti-

kyu* *ft *ft wnnt j

*ff ; *ft: -'mkfaw »ft

; iff: -ywtyx yjwtyx ,

3TW 1ft *n*R ; *ft:-3frr?f ^

CHANGE OF INTO %
1

73. The Dental sc, following ^E, T,

or y, changes into the Cerebral , as, ^WTiJ,

f?^Wj[, ^<n^«5TTJT

;—
fr^TT, y*nf?r, g^nfrr.

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 CHANGE OF «T INTO HI- 27

74. The change of *T into *IT is not pre-

cluded by the intervention of vowels, of the

letters of the and XT^»T, of and

of whether occurring singly or in any

combination whatever j
as,

xr^w

^rur, f?mr J—

75. When any other letter intervenes,

does not change into W ; as, ^prr, WxgpTl,

wwTsrnr, wmV, Wif^r,

f^pr, wr.
76. 3T, combined with ?r ?

or *T ? does not change into W •

as, §j*fTfd,

TOpnr, ^rfar, (Zvtfa, ’sr*srrf?r.

77. Final
^ does not change into f ;

as, •TTT'Tj ^in*r,

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 28

CHANGE OF ^ INTO

78. The Dental ^ of TTSW (

affixes and

terminations ),
preceded by any of the yowels,

except ^ and ^TT, or by or T!, is, in the

middle of a word, changed into the Cerebral

rr ; as, ^

°\\i <-\\» \* -J

iftU, ?fts, ’fa STW,

fir* "ftf.

79. The change of ^ into ^ is not

precluded by the intervention of ( 4 )

or fWr J as,

( 4 ) i. e. ^w^TTT! occurring only in the plural

terminations of the First and Second classes of neuter

bases, and no where else ;

as, ryj.

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 — —

29

DECLENSION.

80. There are seven classes of Inflectional

terminations ( ) of nouns, pronouns,

and adjectives ; viz :

3TSPRT First class.

Second „

Third

Fourth „

Fifth

Sixth

Seventh „

Each class has three numbers. Singular, Dual,

and Plural. These terminations are attached to

the inflective base. They are called ijtr , and

the base inflected is called a

81. The Inflectional terminations areas

follows;

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. : ^ . ^sr:

Second „ , ^ t

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30 DECLENSION.

Third class. vrm fwt

Fourth „ u: vnrw w
Fifth „ wr: WTTW w
Sixth „ vrrn
\

Seventh „ T %
82. In address, bases take the terminations

of the First class, with a slight modification in

the singular mumber only.

83. In forming the inflections, the base

undergoes certain changes in some instances,

and the terminations in others.

EXAMPLES.

BASES ENDING IN VOWELS.

MASCULINE.

•PC ENDING IN ^
Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. *TTTt

Second „ TOT wrt TOW

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 —
MASCULINB BASES ENDING IN VOWBLS. 31

Third class.
V
Fourth „
\

Fifth „
\
^zr:
Sixth „ towt
Seventh „ 51^
Address. 5TT

Almost all bases of the masculine gender,

ending in except &c., andf^rffa and
are declinable like ^q 9 &c., ( 5 )

differ only in the plural termination of the

First class j
as, ^tT, ^r*qi:. and
differ only in the singular terminations of

the Fourth, Fifth, and Seventh classes as :

FOURTH CLASS. FIFTH CLASS. 8EVENTH CLASS.

Sing. Sing. Sing.

1
\ ffcft ^Tc[ 1

ft
1 f^rVrcj i

f??rNwT
j
f
^j
^fl^rnr i

<jnnr

5
( ) *nf, inr,
*w>f^nr> <fcc.

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32 DECLENSION.

ENDING IN X.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.

Second „ ’S’fbr

Third „

Fourth „

Fifth „ ’Sfsnzr:

Sixth „ ^ft:
Seventh „

Address.

All bases of the masculine gender, ending

in T> except trf?r and are declinable

( 6 )

like

nf*.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. xrf?r: xnft

Second „

( 6 )
The word Trf?r, when forming a compound
with another word, such as, WTfiTj *nT| mTh.

<fcc., is declinable like

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 MASCULINE BASES ENDING IN VOWELS. 33

Third class. XT<?IT xrffT^TRj; xrf?rfv:

Fourth „ TTfrnzfTO xrFfl^r:

Fifth xrw: XtfrT^IT> xrf<T«r:

Sixth „ wft: xTrPhn^

o
Seventh „ XTWV xT?zft:

Address.

w
Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. TOra:

Second „

Third „ ^TT
Fourth „

Fifth „ wFmvi:
Sixth „ TOft:
Seventh „ ^ft: \i

Address.

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34 DECLENSION.

ENDING IN I;

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.

Second ,, ^f^r:
Third „

Fourth „ ^rtornT
Fifth „

Sixth „

Seventh „

Address.

Almost all bases of the masculine gender,

ending in except

&c., are declinable like

ShTPft.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. %«rr«|V iprra:

Second „

Third „ %^TRTT %*rT*iW*T

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 MASCULINE BASES ENDING IN VOWELS. 35

Fourth class. iNprhzr:

Fifth „ %arr^i: ibn^rh*:
Sixth „ ifap?r: %7T«iT|:

Seventh „ %5TT^n^ %^TRft: %vrpfhr

\J

Address. ^Tpft:

^*TwV, *lWl, &c., are declinable like

ending in

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.
6\

Second „
«\

Third „ ^Tf5fT ^rrfftr:

Fourth ,

Fifth „ WTV>:
Sixth „ ^T^T:
Cy N
Seventh „

Address.

Almost all bases of the masculine gender,

ending in are declinable like ^T^[.

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 36 DECLENSION.

JTffTVT ENDING IN
«\

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. 3if?nT: nffTW

Second „ uf^RTS:
' y \j

Third „ , TffrTWnwrT^

Fourth „ JlffRTt TTffWwrr^ jrfJWKT:

Fifth „ 3rfffw^: nfirwnj Jrfaron

Sixth „ TTf<TJ*: irf<wt: irfiW^TiJ

Seventh „ nf<nrfa irffwwt:

Address. nf?RT:
<\

Almost all bases of the masculine gender,

ending in are declinable like nf?RT.

^TTI ENDING IN ^
Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. ^TrTT ^TWRC*-

Second „

Third „ ^TpTT

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 ,

MASCULINE BASES ENDING IN VOWELS. 37

Fourth class.

Fifth „

Sixth „

Seventh „ Wt:
- *
Address. ^TrT:

All bases of the masculine gender, ending

in except
^ %0

and are declinable like ^T<J. '

*3TT7?.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. *TTWT «TT?PCV isnir*c:

Second )» «rnn^
Third J) ^TT?TT *rn?f*n
Fourth » »?T(W:
Fifth 99

Sixth 99 *TT(Tt:

Seventh 99 wrfr -*zrcm

Address. ^rr?n
4

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38 declension.

Tm, >
and % are

declinable like with this difference only,

that ^ optionally assumes two forms in the

the Sixth class as,

plural termination of ;

ENDING IN ^rt.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. WTT#t

Second „ wrr^T *TT:

Third „ wftvrrw

Fourth „

Fifth „ *rt«rnr *rtwn

Sixth „ ^rt: ^rt*.

Seventh „ *rf% wt: wft«I

v>

Address.

All bases of the masculine gender, ending

in Wfr, are declinable like *ft #

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 FEMININE BASES ENDING IN VOWELS. 3»

ENDING in

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. WV- wnr:

'
Second *wm:
s

Third ^rVftr:

Fourth ^TTaf

Fifth

Sixth 99 ^TRt; ^trrt

Seventh ») ^rrrt:

Address.

All bases of the masculine gender, ending

in are declinable like

FEMININE.

3r?TT ENDING IN ’STT.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. 3RT 3RT:

Second „ 3f7TT1| 3T% 3rm:

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 —
40 DECLEN8ION.

Third class. "THSfr ^snrnarnij ^?rrfVr*.

Fourth mirnm:

^wT^rr: ^nrrarnj ^TTITW*

Sixth „ «5T<TT2TT: wn*r*i

Seventh „ ^r?ret: mr%
Address. sn*

All bases of the feminine gender, ending in

^TT, except ^ ^ Ty ^T) ei^Tl ^ilj and o(4lj

are declinable like ^ffTT. ^T«TT differs only

in the singular termination in address ; as,

% ’SHET. and <?7ft^rr differ only in the

singular termination of the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth,

and Seventh classes, in which they optionally

assume two forms ; as ;

FOURTH CLASS. FIFTH CLASS. SIXTH CLASS. SEVENTH CLASS.

Sing. Sing. Sing. Sing.

fScftw J ]
ffc<tfarar: j J

is declinable like fffffaT.

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 FEMININE BASES ENDING IN VOWELS. 41

TO.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.
™ u (*TT:

(tor* iTOft (stto:

Second „
(to* (TOt
(TOJT
Third TO*fRJ TOf*:
”
i^rr
(SR^
Fourth TO*JT* TO*r:
(WtTQ
CTO*:
Fifth TO^TRJ
\ to^i:
(TO* 1
j

Sixth
1 ^RTT: 1lTO*rt: (TO<tT^
^Wt:
Seventh j
TO^
( «I^RTTi( (TOft:
Address.

/
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42 DECLENSION.

ENDING IN X,

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. *T?re:

Second „ *T?ft wft:

Third „ wr iffTOTiJ
r +

Ponrth „ nftomrN *rf?r«r:

Fifth „ WfWTiJ ^Rrf?rw*

Sixth „ tRfiPTT' j •

'Seventh „

Address.

All bases of the feminine gender, ending in

are declinable like

ENDING IN t
Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. «T^t sr^r:

Second „ «r^V

Third „

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 FEMININE BASES ENDING IN VOWELS. 43

Fourth class. ^
Fifth „ 5^rr: ^r^tornr .

'
sixth „ *rgr:

Seventh „

Address.

Almost all bases of the feminine gender,

ending in except aft,

and ’sft, are declinable like arft, differs

only in the singular termination of the First

class, and of address $

as,
^j^|ft; %
;

,
sft.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.

Second faf*re ftnh' fare:

Third fareT ^ft«mj ^ftftr:

Fourth fare, fafar ^ftwr:

Fifth fareT!, fare: ^ftWTTiT ^ftwn

(*ftwj
Sixth „ fareT:, fare: faraft:

(farere

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44 DECLENSION.

Seventh class, fsprw, fsrfSsr ftnft:

Address. *t:

*t, aft, and aft, are declinable like *t.

wt.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. ^ft

'

Second „

Third „ fwrr
Fourth „ niA
Fifth f^RTT:
i

Sixth
/
„ fwn: fwrh ^tNt*
Seventh „ f^pnrt:

Address. fW

ENDING IN ^
Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.
<\

Second „ **

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 FEMININE BASES ENDING IN VOWELS. '
45

Third class. ^«pzrr*r

Fourth „ $4*, *N%

Fifth „ ^t: , ipft: ir^vr:

Sixth „ iNn:, thft:

V
Seventh „ v«rPR’,W 5ft 'KT^eft': v«TS
\ ^ v»
Address. V’ft

All bases of the feminine gender, ending

in are declinable like

^ ENDING —
IN #

Singular. Dual. Plural.

t

First class. apf:

Second

Third
» ^ SfbRzrUT-v
a\
aptf*:

Fourth „ W afWTW apm:

C\

Fifth » sr»rn arwiar

N <*\

Sixth „ ^T: WWt' C\ \

Seventh „ WTiT Wt: are?
C\\»

Address. *nj

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 .

46 DECLENSION.

AH bases of the feminine gender, ending

in w», except W, ^J*T, &c., are declinable

like sn*
*v

Singular. Dual. Plural.

w*:
First class.
T N3

Second yy twrs
v»
wit
>1
W*t
v9

Third ««
77
wsrr
d
wwnw
C-v 'V
wfw:

Fourth WW,* W%
vi Vi
wwnw
°v v wwrt

Fifth yy
w*t:,
Vi
ww*.
VJ
wwnw
©V '
wwr:
®v

( WWTW'
Sixth w*t:, wart w^t:
Vi ]
Vi
l W3TW
Vi

Seventh yy WajTW,wf%
v» V Vi
w*«Vs>

Address. w*.

** and WW
* «V
are declinable like w,
<Y
except
r

that differs only in the singular termin-

ation in address ; as> %

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 FEMININE BASES ENDING IN V0WEL8. 47

*n«r ending in m
Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. ^T?TT it

Second „ *T7T:
6
Third „ vmfqt
Fourth „

Fifth „ W- srnjvim
V wn&n:
Sixth „ in^:
S s
Seventh „ *TT?ft:
i, a
\
Address. ^RT«r:

All bases of the feminine gender, ending

in except are declinable like

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class,

Second „

la all other terminations is declinable

u ^e Wt<€.

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 .

48 DECLENBIQN.

BASES ENDING IN AND ^\

All bases of the feminine gender, ending

in and are declinable like those of the

masculine.

NEUTER.

Xfm ENDING IN

•
Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. TO wrft

Second „ ^FTf*T TTOif**

Third „ toft ^^rrwrTij TO:

Fourth „ TOTO TOW
Fifth „ tow:
Sixth „ to^i TO^rt:

Seventh „ TO*rt: ‘ndfci

s»

Address. to
Almost all bases of the neuter gender.

ending in are declinable like TO.

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 NEUTER BASES ENDING IN VOWELS. 49
\

crrfr: ending in x,.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class, mf*. TTfcqft q pftfa

Second „ ^rrctfw

Third „ WtfKWl Trfxfvt

Fourth „ ^TfWTiJ 3TfW:
Fifth „ mfxjn: ^TfozrTiT itfxw
Sixth „ WTf<H: JTTf^nft: ainfNnj
Seventh „ ^rHcfnr
V
Address. Wifx

All neuter bases, being nouns, ending in

T, except qqrcpq, and

are declinable like mfx.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class, ^rfw

Second „ ^rfw^
Third „ ^rggn :
9rfwftv
5

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50 DECLENSION.

Fourth class. ^fwwrt

Fifth „ *
VtfwW:
Sixth ),
^ST^pT!

Seventh „ \ ’’sr^sft: ^rfw^i

(^rerfnr

Address. ^ngf , ^rfw

’srf^Ef, and ^fW, are declinable like

ENDING IN ^
'- Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. v\

Second „

Third „

Fourth „ Tt^zrnr *Tf*zp

Fifth „ *r§*: *nf«rT*

Sixth „ *Vf- *nprr*[

Seventh „ *rf5rt: '

**?
Address.

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 —
NEUTER BASES ENDING IN VOWELS. 51

All neuter bases, being nouns, ending in ^

are declinable like

All neuter bases, being adjectives, ending in

T and are declinable like 3Tfr; and

respectively, with this difference only, that they

optionally assume two forms in the singular

termination of the Fourth and Fifth classes,

and of address, and in the singular and dual

terminations of the Sixth and Seventh classes ;

as :

* , r

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class,

Second „

Third „ ^PTTf^TT ^Trf^TT??

^RTf^zrn*

^RTf^rm

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52 DECLENSION.

Sixth class. *rHT

wrsft:

Seventh

Address.

*Tf.
* ‘
>
* • ' ’ \

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. ^TTfsr

Second „ ^TffsT

Third „ t ^rfvrm

Fourth „

Fifth „
i «v.

j^T«pr:
Sixth „
* ^TfT: ^Tft:

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 w
NEUTER BASES ENDING IN VOWELS. 53

SeventhclaJ*^

Address.
^
(^TTgft:

VT<J ENDING IN

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. sttotV ^TWfqr

IS

Second m<z WTOTt ^f-nr

G

Third >rr^fn tt

Fourth »
(*rra
*?T7 W •
•

Fifth ?> v?m^rr*r srrevrt

i
*
(W- • . i

JVTP: i W’jft*.
Sixth »
O s
L »
lvw> (wt*. (

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51 DECLENSION.

, ,
(*rnrfa ftrra^rt:
Seventh class. <
Iwft:
( W:
Address. ^

All neuter bases, being adjectives, ending

in '3E, are declinable like Neuter nouns,

ending in are seldom met with.

BASES ENDING IN CONSONANTS.

MASCULINE.

Sfijrerfr ENDING IN
^
Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.

Second „

Third „

Fourth „

Fifth „ -<5fSP3^: snsrcpw

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 MASCULINE BASES ENDING IN CONSONANTS. 55

Sixth class. 3R^T*T %

Seventh „ sr^prt: 3^^

Address.

All bases of the masculine gender, ending

in except &c., are declinable like

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.
V f?r4^ fTps^:

Second „ f<T^^
Third „ f?^«rr*rs
Fourth „ fTr^bvrm
s
Fifth „

Sixth „ fcTT^TW

Seventh „ f?n;fg
SJ

Address. Tf\^rN

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 56 DECLENSION.

ENDING IN ^91
* N N

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. gfonft wfHr^r:

Second „

Third „ «far3TT

Fourth „ gf 5PW
Fifth gfupvi:
„
arfisTorTTf
Sixth „

Seventh „ ^forfgr v>

Address. X

All bases of the masculine gender, ending

- in except

&c., are declinable like

x^ftflTTST,

Singular. Dual. Plural.

1
fW(TZ
First class. -

Second „
^TTSi:

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 masculine bases ending in consonants. 57

Third class, w^TiwrTij ^wr^rfir:

Fourth „ ^=TT^
Fifth ws«rTiT
N wnsvr:
v
Sixth wi'«Tl: ^r^rrsrrar
v
Seventh „ wreft:

Address.

>

^TT"5T, f^TToTi TTferT^T,

&c., are declinable like

ENDING IN
<\ ' <J '

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. VHrf

«\ ' W<r:
Second „ *nr?r:
o. x
Third „ WifTT ^ITH* wrff:
Fourth „ «•%
w^riTr ^sTt:
Fifth „ <=\
w^rTir
Sixth „ W*[<V. TOrTT*
cs

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 58 DECLENSION.

Seventh class. wcf?T

<\ °\ ^ '

-
Address.

All bases of the masculine gender, ending

in cT, with the exception of those formed by

the affixes WtT, ^rT, and <T3c$, and

of the base H^c[, are declinable like Wc|.

FORMED BY THE AFFIX

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.

Second >*T*PT!
„

Third „ vm^rr^r wfr-

Fourth „ *rrair:

Fifth „ STRSprUT

Sixth „ w?rt:
Seventh „

Address.

All bases of the masculine gender, formed

by the affixes
^ and except

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 MASCULINE BASES ENDING IN CONSONANTS. 59

t%^Tr[, &c., are declinable

like >4Nc(. — smTfjf, &c., are declinable

like TOT,
>
C\. • *

sffarT FORMED BY THE AFFIX TO.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.
^ffar«rn

Second „ >§

Third „ ^ITTTT Thr%:

:

Fourth „

Fifth
^ffar$7:

Sixth „

Seventh „

Address. r .
X

All bases of the masculine gender, formed

by the affixes and are declinable
?T<J> TT^TcJj

like
^tlTcT.

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60 DECLENSION.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. *T^TT*?TJ

Second „ ^‘Pr^T *TTr«rft

Address.

In all other terminations, <T is declin-

able like wi?T.

'
*\

ENDING IN

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.

Second 99

Third 99 ww IWFF
Fourth 99

Fifth 99

Sixth 9> I#:

Seventh 99

Address.

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 MASCULINE BASES ENDING IN CONSONANTS.

All bases of the masculine gender, ending in

are declinable like .

ENDING IN

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.

Second „

Third „ sifwr
Fourth „ «rfa*n?rnT
J'
Fifth „ ^r»3rt ^fwirvrT^ ^nrwr:
\ ,
s «

Sixth „ oiM ^fwt: «rfwT*[

^f#BT
Seventh „ I II f*-—,1 , f~ ^fwt:

Address.

All bases of the masculine gender, ending

in =?R, except iT^R,

kc. y are declinable like ^HsfTR.
6

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63 DH0LEN8I0N.

mm*.
Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. ^riwr ^TTWT^ mrnr*'.

Second „ snraw:

Third „ W3RT x
’HleflUTt

Fourth „ ^TcfR X
^T3T»:
Fifth ^TTcIWT^
Sixth . „ mm*' mm*\: ^rarenrN
Seventh „ mm*\‘
Address. mm*
If bases of the masculine gender, ending

jo m*, have the penultimate m conjoined

with JT or associated with another consonant,

X X

they are declinable like .

Singular Dual. Plural.

First class. ^T^rt

Second „ *r*:
•v

Digitized by Googh
 MASCULINE BABES ENDING IN C0N80NANTS.

Third class. 3RT 3TWT*T

<N

Fourth „ aft
<\
fw;
Fifth „ ^pt:
<\

Sixth „
V : ^rf:

Seventh „ 1^5
Address.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.

Second „ 'Rwft WECfc:

Third „ Trsft^T

Fourth „ ?TER^zr:

Fifth „ ^m? 4ZT TTT *rs*wr

Sixth „ l*ut

Seventh „ ^nrtrt: *C9RT£

Address. ‘

’
,

*r».
Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. WT saw

Second „ ipr:

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 64 DECLENSION.

Third class. Tg/TT ^fVr.

>

Fourth „ SsTMTUT wvr:

Fifth „ Jg*: ^vr:
Sixth „ -^pr: *pft:

Seventh „ T£f*r Vft:

Address. sjpgr •

>
ending in
^' \r

-
,
Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. ^ppfT mw*'

Second „

Third „ €(^nf
Fourth „

Fifth „ HTf^niT
Sixth „ ww- Sengfh

Seventh
„ j
mwb
Address.

Digitized by GoogI
 MASCULINE BASES ENDING IN C0NB0NANT8. 6&

All bases of the masculine gender, ending

in are declinable like Whe n

is changed into *T does not change into W.

?yf^pr ending in .

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. ’jqffr

Second „

Third „ ’Tfw *jfnr«rr*T

Fourth „ ^fqRZTT^
Fifth „ *rfw. vyfqRzrriT

Sixth „ ’ffHprt: *rftprn|

Seventh „ *jficra

Address.

All bases of the masculine gender, ending

m except xjfsR, nfsjsr, and

'

declinable like *
»
* e « :

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66 DECLENSION.

trfsR.
s*

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. rem w«f\

Second „ tra^T^ to:
Third „ TCT5TT x?f3r«rT^ xrfafir.

Fourth „ trfsr«rnj xrfw:

Fifth „ XRH xrfWT* xrfsnzn

Sixth „ to: wt: totos

Seventh „ xrfsf TOt*. xrfuro
N»

Address. „ tostt:

is declinable like

\J v

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. ^r*r. Vi

umif:
“
v» s>

Second „

Address „

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 MASCULINE BASES ENDING IN CONSONANTS. 67

In all other terminations, de-

v» " is

clinable like

ending in tf -

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class,
ft<ft ft*:
Second „ ft*ft ft*:
Third „ <ft^T ftf*
Fourth 'ft*
„ ftw:
Fifth „ ft*: fh*:
Sixth „ ft*: fhft:
Seventh „ ftf* ft*t: ft:*
Address. ft:

tw ending
^
in w N*

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. %vt:

Second „ %W^t

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68 DBCLEN8I0K.

Third class. %W %>ftf*r.

Fourth „

Fifth „

Sixth „ tw.
Seventh „ %wt: ih*:^

Address. *r.

Almost all bases of the masculine gender,

ending in except

&c., are declinable like

. ; ,
• ^ < .

# * /

Singular. Dual. Plural.

. )
' ...

First class.

Address. I

Wipr.

In all other terminations) is declin-

able like 'i-

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 MASCULINE BASES ENDING IN CONSONANTS. 69

ft?*.
- Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. f^T^r ft?i?V

Second „ ft?T^t ft??:

Third „ ft^jtnr ft?ftr:

Fourth „ ft??JT^ ft?W

Fifth „ f^; ftisn* ft??r.

Sixth „ ft??fc ft?? HI

Seventh „ W$Y* ft??^
Address. ft??

s
Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.

Second „

Third „

Fourth „ wf*RR?T.
Fifth oTfHTT|Bf:
„

Sixth „ sp^rt:
Seventh „
'J

Address. srf***^

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ro DECLENBIOTf.

All bases of the masculine gender, formed

by the affix ^T, are declinable like

Singular, -- Dual. Plural.

First class.

Second „

Third „ ^flw
Fourth „ whftw:
Fifth „ <jnrtW. ^niWfamr wt-27^:
Sixth „ WsflW. *?nfVWlT
Seventh „ wfafa- wt^^r:
Address.

All bases of the masculine gender, formed

by the affix ^nr, are declinable like

3 ^,
Siitgular. Dual. Plural.

First class. 3<*n*r 3wrq\

Second » 3*T*nr 3*rt^ t*
Third » &T xrvmr
V ' xrfv:

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 MASCULINE BASES ENDING IN CONSONANTS. 71

Fourth class. x?% ifart

O \»

Fifth „ W. xt«r:
\»

Sixth „ xr^:
NJ

Seventh „ 'df^
Address.

ENDING IN V.
N

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class,

'Second „ *T£f<rf ^ .

Third „ *T^f%*T
Fourth „ ^f^WTiT *T$f<jFpn
Fifth „ irff^n?; ?r§f%^vr.
Sixth „ *P£fw*|
Seventh „ *Tf f%Yfr:

Address. {"**

Digitized by Google
 .

72 DECLENSION.

All bases of the masculine gender, ending

in except &c ., are declinable like

^r*rsn?.
\> N

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. N d
d d

Second ^T5T5f:
99
d M
Third 99 v>

Fourth 99
\3
^r^ST.

Fifth 99
^R^**
Sixth 99
N) Vi

Seventh 99
^TTOTt*. \i vj
vi Vi

Address.

FEMININE.

BASES ENDING IN <T, AND f

\

All bases of the feminine gender, ending

in of, H, and are declinable like those

of the masculine, i e.

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 FEMININE BASES ENDING IN CONSONANTS. 73

Fern. Declinable like. ilasc.

99

ENDING IN <

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.

Second ,,

Third „ sWft
Fourth „ $t*W-
Fifth „

Sixth „

Seventh „

Address. ^tXcT

All bases of the feminine gender, ending

in are dechnable like

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 74 DECLENSION.

WTT ENDING IN
s
XT
v
Used only in the plural.

Plural.

First class,

Second „ ^nr:

Third „ *tf%:

Fourth

Fifth

Sixth „ wqnr
Seventh
V*

Address. ^rnr:

firC ENDING IN
N T s*
t *

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. *fh feeV fee:

Second „ fee^ fiT^ fire:

Third „ filTT effif:

Fourth „ fir^: efie:

Fifth „ fire: eterf?? eWr

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 FEMININE BASES ENDING IN CONSONANTS; 75

Sixth class. fVrr: far>. TTTTCT

Seventh „ fuTx Drct:

Address. ’ft?

TC,

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. tt:

<\
grl it:
Second „ TO* gd it:
Third „ TO trf&

Fourth ,, I* tr^r:

Fifth „ TO tT^TTiTN
C\
ttwt:
«\

Sixth „ TO ift: ITT^

t-

Seventh „ ifT TOt: xrq

ey*

Address.

is declinable like ITT.

Digitized by Google
76 DECLENSION.

ENDING IN ^v*

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.

Second „ f^r:

Third „ f^T vj > \3

Fourth „

Fifth „ f^r. 3WHTs

vi
w
Sixth „ f^r:

Seventh „
*
Address.

ENDING IN ST.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class,

Second „ f^sfr fill

Third „ f^lTT

Fourth

Fifth
„

„
f^sr

f^T*.
1
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 FEMININE BABES ENDING IN CONSONANTS. 77

Sixth class. f^r.

Seventh „ f^f>t f*C'J

Address. fH
^IT and whether used singly, or in

compounds with other bases, such as

min, 5F§?^nn:> &c., are

declinable like In the masculine gender

also, they are declinable as above.

wrtw ENDING IN TJ.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. ^TTfai^r

Second „ ^fTfaycr:

Third „ 'frnftfn:

Fourth „ wr^rt^:

Fifth „ ^TfiW
Sixth „ *lf*W

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 78 DECLENSION.

Seventh class. ’snfirct:

Address.

BASES ENDING IN «s»

All bases of the feminine gender, ending

in
\ 9 except &c., are declinable like

those of the masculine.

w*r^r.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. WRcT ^Tprr.

Second „

Third „ ^XTPTfT

Fourth „ ^xrnr^r:

Fifth „

Sixth ,, ^xtPTft:
Seventh „

Address. ^TTRcT .

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 NEUTER BASES ENDING IN CONSONANTS. 79

NEUTER.

ENDING IN
^
Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.

Second „

Address.

In all other terminations, ^ijTaUs declinable

like sffinsr Almost all bases of the neuter

X*

gender, ending in are declinable like

J
gfV ^TcT ENDING IN

'
Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.

Second „ ^ftrTtT

Address. ^rfanr.
>•

In all other terminations, is declin-

able like the masculine. Almost all bases of the

Digitized by Google
80 DECLENSION.

neuter gender, ending in w, except &c.,

are declinable like

#

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. <RTc[

Second „

Address. W<{

In all other terminations, is declinable

like the masculine.

ENDING IN
^

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.

Second
* xf*%
„

Address.

In all other terminations, is declinable

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 NEUTER BASES ENDING IN C0N80NANTS. 81

like All bases of the neuter gender,

ending in are declinable like

3fX7R»r ENDING IN ^3f

\ V*

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. *1T*T *n?pft •TT^TTf^T

Second „ 5THT

Address. /
I

In all other terminations, *TT?T*r is declinable

like All bases of the neuter gender,

ending in except &c., are

declinable like •TTR^T.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.
*
Second „
, o
-
Address. «

T
s

Digitized by Google
82 DECLENSION.

In all other terminations, is declin-

able like If bases of the neuter

gender, ending in have the penultimate

conjoined with *T or associated with

another consonant, they are declinable like

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. 'WfV, ^rrrfsi

Second „ ^snrrft

Third „

Fourth „

Fifth „

Sixth „

Seventh „ ’STft: TO*

(

Address.
•

Digitized by Google
 NEUTER BASES ENDING IN CONSONANTS. 83

^rfar! ENDING in

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class, qnfiHft

Second „ w rsftfa
Address.

In all other terminations, is de-

clinable like All bases of the neuter
gender, ending in ^r, are declinable like

MMM ENDING IN ’srsr.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. MM: TRTfa

Second „ MM: MM^ft
Address. MM:

In all other terminations, tRW is declinable

like Sh^T. All bases of the neuter gender,

ending in , are declinable like

Digitized by Google
84 DECLENSION.

ENDING IN
X V
Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.

Second „ *fr.

Third „ ^fw
Fourth „

Fifth „ ffWT:
Sixth „ y&w.
Seventh „ Tfa:*
4

Address.

All bases of the neuter gender, ending in

are declinable like

\fgqf ENDING IN

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. *r$- Os.

Second „ w Os

Third „

Fourth „

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 PRONOUNS. 85

Fifth class.

Sixth „ wu*l
Seventh „ ^ V*

Address.

All bases of the neuter gender, ending in

are declinable like

' s

PRONOUNS ( **T*THT ).

MASCULINE.

* Singular. Dual. Plural.

£
First class. ^P3*-

Second „ W^f
a*
Third „ W*:
Fourth „ ^mur ^3?VT
Fifth
V
^arvrt
„

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 sr DECLENSION.

Sixth class.

Seventh „
M
c*

Address.

NEUTER.

•t • ) Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. IF#*

V
Second „ ***
*
Address. ***

The rest like the masculine.

FEMININE.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.

Second „ wzrtii

Third „

Fourth „

Fifth „ ^sifarr* ^»rr»r:

Sixth „ w^w.
Serenth „
•f
Address.

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 PRONOUNS. 81

flra, and are declinable

like SSRT, ^T^IrTT:, ^?TT, WWQ,

*
and t^kTU, also, are declinable like , except

that they differ in the singular termination of

the First and Second classes in the neuter

gender ; as, ^rs®T<T, *SRT?n7Ts , id^rl,

XT^r*TH.

*T«1?[ is declinable like in all the

three genders.

*
XT 5*.*
<\

MASCULINE.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

, * a* -** *
First class. xr^: XT^T xr^trsrr:
CV 'ft.
C\ <=\ tK
a*
Second „ xr^XFT
a*
Third xrafiir xptfvjTTT n«r:
<\ v
Fourth „ tt5 ?^ WhsT* TT^W <N

Digitized by Google
88 DECLENSION,

^ —
Fifth class. e\

Sixth „ qnshft: tr^n*

®\ >

*s«>

Seventh „ - \
«\ <\ \>

<\

Address. q-osr -

NEUTER.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. tn*mN ura? TT^dfqr

©V.
<\
*
Second „ tmiTv.
c>, <\
Wtfw
*
Address.

The rest like the masculine.

FEMININE.

In the feminine gender, is declinable

like

Digitized by Googl
 PR0N0CN8. 5>
?

tTC, &c., are

-

declinable like tra in all the three genders.

<

MASCULINE.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. n: n\
Second „ nws ni nr*V
Third „ mvn* n:
a
Fourth „

Fifth „ %«r:

Sixth „ ^ni[
Seventh „
vj

_ •

NEUTER.
4 '

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. *<r ^Tfsr

Second „ % ^rrfsr

The rest like the masculine.

Digitized by Google
SO DECLBNStOW.

*
FEMININE.

Singular. > Dual. Plural,

First class. ^n:

Second % *rr:

Third 5> wwf arrfMr:

Fourth 99
^Twmr wr.
Fifth 99 ^Tt ^RzrpwN war:

Sixth 99
an^T! Wt: *rcwr
Seventh 99
Wt:

**
MASCULINE.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. ft *
Second 99 ft w
Third 99 7t*T WWf ?r:

Fourth 99
warm 7*w:

Fifth 99 ?tfni warnr 7tW‘.

Sixth 99
*aft: 7^
Seventh 99 >4

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 PRONOUNS. 91

NEUTER.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. 7T5T ?TTfwr

Second „ <Tfj rflfw

The rest like the masculine.

FEMININE.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. * NT:

Second 99 NT*T
\
% nt:

Third >9 NNT irwrm Nifir:

a>.

Fourth 99 ffnzrnf NTW

Fifth 99 ntw:

Sixth 99
?nft:

Seventh 99 wt: NT*

is declinable like ?T^, with this differ-

ence only* that occurring in the singular

te.*mination of the First class, changes into N,

Digitized by Google
92 DECLENSION.

in the masculine and feminine genders $

as,

H*:, tC*TT.

f*ir.

MASCULINE.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. 4V %
Second „
'

4V *pr

Third „

Fourth „ W
Fifth „ %wr.

Sixth „ TO t:

Seventh „

NEUTER.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. l % ^rrfsr

Second „ %
The rest like the masculine.

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 PRONOUNS. 93

FEMININE.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. *TT % ^TT:

Second 99 3TT*T % ^»t:

Third » SFTVTT^

Fourth 99 ^rr^r:

Fifth 99 ^t: ^twt:

Sixth )» ^t: wzrt: H1WTK\

Seventh 99 Wt:

MASCULINE.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. T*
Second > xih T*T*r
Third 99
,
sr^T
Sis

Fourth 99 WT«TT?J w.
Fifth 99 ^T^rriTX w:
Sixth 99 ^rorf.
Seve nth 99
V>

Digitized by Google
 .

94 DECLENSION.

NEUTER.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. TT* Tit T*nfa

Second 99 TT** 1$ T^rfst

The rest like the masculine.

FEMININE.

Singular. Dual. Plural

First class. Tit T*n:

Second 99 TRT1J Tit T*TT:

Third 99
’sstmur

Fourth 99 N .
’WTW
Fifth 99 ^t: wrrtw mvr.
Sixth 99
^rraft: ^tprtr

Seventh „ ^r^raft:

MASCULINE.

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class.
<\

Second „ Iff ,

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 PRONOUNS. a*

Third class. ^HEFTT WWm°\ v

Wiftfq:
Fourth „ "*
*V

Fifth „ ww\vr.
Cv ^
Sixth „ ’sr^jar
\
Seventh „ ^ft: ww"U

NEUTER >

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. ww <K

wwfa
<\

Second „ WW <\
WW fsr
The rest like the masculine.

FEMININE

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. WTT WW:

<\ u \

Second „ wwwN
<\
wjt
<K
WW.
Third „ wmwmV
°\
wwfw:
Fourth „ ^r^wrr*r
n
Fifth ^sr^zrr: ^Fwvrnrs winn:
®\ °\

Sixth „ :
<\ \
Seventh „ wwv C\\»

Digitized by Google
96 DECLENSION.

Singular. Dual. rkxral

First class. >

Second „ *rnr,srr

Third „

Fourth

Fifth „ cS<T

Sixth „

Seventh „ lift
The declensions of are alike in the

three genders.
N

Singular. Dual. Plural.

First class. WTRT ?ROTN

Second „ *tt ^Tqfirr,^

N

Third ^rwTf»r.
„

Fourth „ *r«*t3t

Fifth „ WrT
^TRTWTW

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 NUMERALS.
’

97

Sixth class. *TOT*m,*:

Seventh „ *rmV.
The declensions of are alike in the

three genders.

NUMERALS ( #*3TTZTTOr ).

Tj?F is used in the singular number $

but

‘when conveying the sense of some, or a few,

it is used in the plural also. In both the

numbers, it is declinable like in the three

genders.

5
SR’*r.

is used in the plural number only,

and is declinable like in all the three

genders.

Digitized by Google
9* DBCLEN8IOK.

f*.

Used only in the dual.

MASCULINE- FEMININE AND NEUTER

Dual. Dual.
•v
First class. ft
•s.

Second „

Third „

Fourth „

Fifth „ 5TWTTW jranr

Sixth „ ^rt:

Seventh „ ^ft:

fa.

Used only in the plural.

MASCULINE. NEUTER. FEMININE.

Plural. Plural. Plural.

First class. WQ\ (Ttfw fw.

Second „ eft*

Third „ f^fVr: fafa: fNrfv:

Fourth „ Iw: f?rw: f*P£W

Fifth „ fw: f?w: f?r^c

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 '
NUMERALS. 99

Sixth class. ?RTOT*r a qW HT Prf ^i lW

Seventh .. 1*; far* frnp?
v»

Used only in the plural.

MASCULINE. NEUTER. FEMININE.

Plural. Plural. Plural.

First class. ’TOUT, TOlfC

Second „

Third »

Fourth „

Fifth „ wrwrr
Sixth *r<|Vi4j ^fT^rr?[

Seventh >•
^ ^<rani
\>

Used only in the 'plural.

Plwral.

First class. TO x.

Second „ TO

Digitized
 100 DECLENSION.

Third class.
s

Fourth „

Fifth yy tow
Sixth „ tot*tv
Seventh „

The declensions of TO are alike in the

“V

three genders.

Used only in the ‘plural.

Plural.

First class. wit, WZ

Second yy wz\, WZ
Third y> wzrfw:, ^ref*r:

Fourth yy wzrm:, wzm:

Fifth yy wzvt:

Sixth w

Seventh yy wz^

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 NUMERALS. 101

The declensions of are alike in the

\
three genders.

Used only in the

^ .

'plural.

Plural.

First class.

Second „

Third „

Fourth „

Fifth „

Sixth „ TT^TSTTIJ

Seventh „

The declensions of tr^fsr are alike in the

S I

three genders. All numerals, ending in sr, such

as, WX*, ^si^, &c., are declinable like

but those, ending in other letters, are

declinable upon the same general principles as

nouns and adjectives :

&c., are of the feminine gender,

and declinable like

Digitized by Google
 — ,

302 iartfECLltfABLES.

tn|T*trf, &c., are of the feminine gender, and

declinable like &c., are

of the neuter gender, and declinable like

The numerals, from Disiifflr upwards, when

used as adjectives, are in the singular number

only; as, faflrfr. 5W., f?pnT

tr^tir?r ?r5T:

wfw: nrz-,

3T?r ^PU*, ^«rrf*r. But, when used as

nouns, they are declinable in all the three

numbers ;
as, *T<T*T ? ^ eAHtf ^t^TTfsT j

INDECLINABLES.

84. Indeclinable^ ( )
reject the In-

flectional terminations, and consequently remain

»

unaltered in form, except that final t and ^

change into f^^T*T. They are many in num-

ber, of which, those generally used are the

following ;

Digitized by Google
 IHDECIiINABLES. 103

.^nsfnrrH win* f*r*{

>*

^nfNrif T*
^HRT Tf
Wf<T *rfa t*cj

B'

% *4*N

wr*n<r*[ ^TTl
^TfT BTTT^cf
^arcr

*tft

^xrtr^TH

^TnTT -•*nrnr ^trtu

^TStTCT ^TTf*W
\

^TJtT^ ^nft
WZEffll ^Tftf^rT TV*V%
^nr:

^rfa Tf* ^*T

Digitized by Google
 .

104 IN DECLIN ABLE8

3
f^rare 53^
s f^tT

fwq f^^TT

fro*

\i

** 5T

' %
^iT
^srta*?

*n *nra-
x
f^r^r ?ren *rf*

«fT«TT

k%t «rr*r

5nrm
?rfr
\

ff ?TTC<|

\3
fffW \

frWSi% 1

Digitized by Googl
 INDECLINABLKB. 105

TOT\
«\
*Tf* TO**
TOJ*S *
\
t<*T **
TOT* <\ >•

TO.HWV \
TOT

s
*tots TO
tpsnr *^r
i
*ff*N
3^ *T Tl

*TW TfT3*X

3^ f*WN fro
f**Tt s*t

TO f**JT

X w
jT^T*r*
\
W«T
3Tf?T iUTT
X

3TTB7T S3*
X

w
X.

*?nr

TO *<nr*

N
*rf^ *<**

TOTX TOrTX TO

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106 INDECtilN A BLEB.

^Tf? ^TTT
^TT ^TTf»T

*TPBT?P|

WnTTrJ WCQ1{

*nbi Tft
^iprr * TT
T5*Tnr fir

X ^ '

*
^STT vj

- %
w %
w **
ft*

*
^TWT?|

85. The following Indeclinables, if prefixed

;
to verbs, are called

^sf*r, ^"$9 ^rfH>

*t> ^ ^9 f\> f*»

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 FOBMATIOK OF FEMININB8. 107

vtt 9 tfr, sr, 3tT?t, fw,

86.

FORMATION OF FEMININES.

Of the bases, ending in some termin-

ate in ^TT, and others in i;, in the feminine

gender *
as, f^-fjsjTT, JTW^r-

**«rr,

IZ~?ZT, — i*~

87. The feminine of bases, ending in ?T7F,

3?T, and T/T, is formed by adding t; ;

as > ^nrw-srf^nft
o ' ; ' *;
v )

88. The feminine of bases, ending in ^r<T,

is generally formed by adding and, in

some instances, the final W changes into ;

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 108 CASES OF NOUNS.

as, TZW*~
fiprw-fWt, *p?r-^nft ;-^w-
«nsa^5rft, flTBSMftwft,

tpra-tr?T5rft, ^ST^-^Tnrft, ,

^nr^ci— ^ r srft, ^rRrs-^M-rft.

89. The feminine of bases, ending in ^T,

is generally formed by adding ^ optionally ;

as, *1*. i *TU£:.

90. The feminine of bases, ending in W 9

except <HTfl£, ^ft^> ^Tii? an ^

is formed by adding %! \ as,

91.

CASES OF NOUNS.

Nouns have six cases (^TTT^f)» viz. the

Nominative (qrttf)> Accusative Instru-

mental ( ), Dative ( ^UT^Pr), Ablative

(^qT^pr)* an^ Locative { ). The

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 CASES 09 NOUNS. 10»

Genitive and Vocative are not regarded as

cases by Sanskrit Grammarians.

NOMINATIVE.

92. The Nominative expresses the person

or thing which acts, and takes the terminations

of the First class ; as, mrfr prefer,

sir: tnrffr, gtq* xfhr%.

ACCUSATIVE.

93. The Accusative expresses the person

or thing which is the object of an action, and
takes the terminations of the Second class ;

as, airrv f?T, ST^ anOTPr^

<yqf^*rf?T, ^ « ,

fq*f?T, 3tq* fq*ftf?T.

INSTRUMENTAL.

94. The Instrumental expresses that by th$

instrumentality or assistance of which an action

is done, and takes the terminations of the

Third class ; as, WIT mgftr,

mi ft, ^4nf4^Tf?T.

10
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no CASK? OF NOUNS.

DATIVE.

95. The Dative expresses the person or

thing to which any thing is given, and takes

the terminations of the Fourth class ; as,

96. In connection with verbs, signifying

liking or pleasure ( ), the noun, denoting

the person liking or pleased, is used in the

p.

Dative case ;
as, fiprt

97. The noun, denoting the person for

whom, or for whose satisfaction, &c., an act is

intended, is used in the Dative case ;

as, first

srf^nr ^nrw^f<r, *rrt ^rrf Tft,

ABLATIVE.
1 • »

98. The Ablative expresses the person or

thing from which any person or thing i»

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 ;

SPECIAL RULES. Ill

separated, taken, produced, protected, &c.,

or, of which any person is afraid, and

takes the terminations of the Fifth class

as, rajTTf XRif ; *TC >TO fT ;

; wnrtrrH ; arrevft

LOCATIVE.

r ,

99. The Locative expresses the locality or

receptacle of an action, and takes the termin-

ations of the Seventh class as, frrafH,

^
$

wf?r, w^rrnft

SPECIAL RULES FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF INFLEC-

TIONAL TERMINATIONS OF NOUNS.

100. Nouns in address take the terminations

of the First class $

as, % fq?r: % , %
m:.

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 ,

112 SOCIAL BOLES.

\

‘
101. A noun, unconnected with a verb, ao

object, &c., and used only to express the simple

sense of a term, takes the terminations of the

First class ; as, WK'

102. Nouns, connected in a sentence with

some of the Indedinables, such as jfH, &c.,

take the terminations of the First class $

as,

^^fhzrrjpi^: jf* ^rr?ft

HTniw^rr x?fc<s?R
/

103. Nouns, connected in a sentence with

-

nfk, ^rg , ^TnT^ir, &c., take the termin-

ations of the Second class ; as, xrrftT«f

xtf?r
^
*r^T«n, f^jr ^ wfir.

104. Adverbs take the singular termin-

ation of the Second class and of the neuter

gender only * as, ^TCfrT, Wfa,

^TTf

105. Nouns, connected in a sentence with

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 OF INFLECTIONAL TERMINATIONS OF NOUNS. 113

W? fw, <3FT, SX*T, &c.,

take the terminations of the Third class ;

as,

^PTUT ; %5Tlfq ^nif

fachft ^ wart ; fwr^=r ; w%5T

faij ^r: j f%^T

106. In certain senses, such as, state,

manner, degree, &c., the words, 3T?ff?r, &c.,

take the terminations of the Third class as,

;
t

SWT ^t, Wit 5! -«l I AMT

nTf^^rt, ^t^tt

^Tf%^T^t, Trr$w *r^;f?r,

*n^rr ^T^f<r, f^rfar,

^^f?r, ^nr
107. Nouns, expressing purpose (faf?Tfr),

or connected in a sentence with *TW,

&c., take the terminations of the Fourth

class
j
as ^T*TT^T TTCtiT3n?;Tq- ^?rt

; *JT^«fr *Wt ; H^TT»r:

108. Nouns, expressing cause (%$)>

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 114 SPECIAL RULES.

optionally take the terminations of the Third

or Fifth class ;
as, WTrT ;

109.
^rf?r, ^rf*r

Nouns, expressing comparison (^J^FTT),

or connected in a sentence with f^T^,

&c., or with terms signifying relative place or

time, take the terminations of the Fifth class ,

as, tpTTrT j

*>: xrftm# Wh ; ;

^rtth xr4:, jzyttt ^th:: ; ^ft^sncr

cl

110. Nouns, connected in a sentence with

optionally take the terminations of the

Second or Fifth class $

as, f^JT

5T *Plf?r, ^7* *T *TWf*T.

111. Nouns, connected in a sentence with

f^«TT and Y^PK, optionally take the termin-

ations of the Second, Third, or Fifth class ;

as,

=5Tflf f«RT, fsf'TT, ^T<1 f%TT 3^’

;

Y*PG, 3WTT1 Y7PV.

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 OF INFLECTIONAL TERMINATIONS OF NOUNS. 1 15

112. Nouns, expressing ownership or pos-

session, take the terminations of the Sixth

class ;
as, *rnsfT>

sfhPW.

113. Nouns, connected in a sentence with

^"g’ST, &c., optionally take

the terminations of the Third or Sixth class ;

as, 7W W-, W. ; ^2TT

^Er: ; *rt to: , ^r^rr

114. In connection with verbs, signifying

satiety or gratification ( <3fH ), the Instru-

mental case optionally takes the terminations of

the Third or Sixth class ; as, wf|p, 7E7T.>

** *»*• J

115. When selection of one from many

of the same class —f^inT— is meant, the ter-

minations of the Sixth or Seventh class are

optionally employed ;
as, 3iTt«Tr

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 116 NOONS AND ADJECTIVES.

to, 9tTf%^TO:TO ; wfw.

“sr., wfw^sr: **c.
116.

A noun that determines the time

of another’s action by that of its own, takes the

terminations of the Seventh class,

j
as, ^
?nrr: ^ s>
wr^fr^M
"IkT: wfw..

117.

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.

A noun ( fHrnr ) denotes a person or

thing; as, fsn£*., «TTf%3iT, YfMt*

118. An adjective (fwiw) denotes the

quality or circumstances of a noun ; as,

5^’j 3PTT, ^53^

119. Nouns have three genders, Mas-

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 VERBS. 117

euline, Feminine, and Neuter ; as, «T<rr,

*T?«r*r

120. An adjective agrees with the noun

it modifies, in gender, number, and Inflec-

tional terminations ; as,

swRnar w*n?3vft

f f^flT: ;
— *rfF«?rar: g^tr,

gw^f, g^TTH, g^^r 9

g^.

VERBS.
121. Roots ( VW\fz ) which denote being,

doing, or suffering, are called verbs *|T?j

( )?

such as, V, ^T, *HT, &c. These roots,

when inflected, undergo certain modifications

to receive the Inflectional terminations and
;

the modified forms, are called bases

( ),

such as, frre, &c .

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 118 VERBS.

122. Verbs are divided into ten classes or

conjugations (*TO), viz. i. W class or «nf^, n.

<\

^ class or ill. ^ class or iv.

class or f^WTf^, y. class or vi.

<Jf class or ^Tf^, vii.

^ class or

viii. TT^T class or ?RTf^, ix. 3ft class or

x. class or

123. There are ten sets of Inflectional

terminations ( ) of verbs, viz. 1.

2. W, 3. 4. OT, 5. WZ, 6. WZ,

7. «fr^, 8. fM^TSF, 9. 10. ^ s.

Bach set has two parts : the first part is called

the second and in each

of these parts, there are nine Inflectional

terminations. In each set, there are three

persons, first person g^p* )» second

(

person ( g^T ), and third person

( HSR g^*T ) (7), and each person has three

In Sanskrit, the third person being placed

(7)

first, is called srvnr xf^v.

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 —
INFLECTIONAL TERMINATIONS. 119

numbers. Singular, Dual, and Plural. These

terminations, 180 in number, are attached

to the bases of verbs. They are called

ffTSF, and the root inflected is called a

V
1w5tt xr^.

134. The ten sets of Inflectional termin-

ations are as follows :

I. SET — WZ

Third Perton. Second Penan. Pint Person

Singular. ffT fir f*

Dual. ?r: *r.

Plural. * W.

Singular. 7f *
Dual.
•\
Plural.

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 ^
120 VERBS.

II. SET—
'

Third. Person. Second Person. First Person

Singular
n •

Dual. «TT^

Plural N
71 *
-

Singular. 7T m: T
Dual. ^Trrm
Plural. ^T«tT *fr
III. SET—

Singular. * W
Dual. w: 9
Plural.

Singular. * % %
Dual. W(7t *%
Plural.

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J
 INFLECTIONAL TERMINATIONS. 121

IV. SET— VW.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. •

Dual. wr*i ** I

Plural.
% 7[ *

Singular. ?r *t: T
Dual. wmr*X
Plural. «WV
V. SET--^TJ,
V» V

Singular. <TT enrf% ?rrf%

Dual. <rr^T *t^t.

Plural. <ttc.

Singular. <tt*t rfT%

Dual. <TT^

Plural. *Tsr%
11

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122 VERBS.

VI. SET— WZ.

v*4

Third, Penon. Second Perion. Pirtt Person.

Singular.

Dual.

Plural.

wimwix.

Singular.

-•fra
Dual.

Plural. *rnr%
VII. SET—^tZ.

Singular. n ff ^rrfsr

Dual. ** =?TR

Plural. <T

Singular.

Dual. VTfTTO

Plural. ^ffTV

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 INFLECTIONAL TERMINATIONS. 123

VIII. SET—

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. *TR{ ^T:

Dual. *n<rra 2Tpr?j

Plural f: THT *rr*

*
Singular. t* k$r. if
Dual. i^rrarw kycft

Plural. t^r
IX. SET—

Singular. ^TH W 3JTO1J

Dual. *rcm*i

Plural. ^P5*. -zrr^cr

^rrar^xi^.

Singular. iljfa ^fsT.

Dual. *ffar^rnr

Plural.

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124 VERBS.

X. SET— <3^
4 V

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. w.
Dual. ?g7THJ ^rr*
Plural.

•N
Singular. *3* ^g*TT:

Dual.

Plural. ^J**T

INTRANSITIVE VERB.

125. An Intransitive verb faquif* fafSTl)

is that which has no object* as, fsi^t

TRANSITIVE VERB.

126. A Transitive verb ( fsff^T )

is that which has an object ; as, fipzft ITS

3r* : f^nrr:

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 —

VOICES. 125

ACTIVE VOICE.

127. Active voice ( qr'trare ) is that

in which the Nominative takes the terminations

of the First class, and the Accusative those of
the Second, and in which the verb agrees with

its nominative in number and person -

as,
y

3^’ xrefTr, firsx xr^fT: , finpr.

^TT^T

msnra:,

128. In this voice, verbs are of three

kinds, viz. TnC^ffTpfV, and

i. e some verbs take the terminations of

the some of the WT3T*TDr<^) and some

of both the and the ; as

^ > 4
t-v ^
^TTa^qft— ^ StH*, ^vT^,
c
^tT3tT.

JS

N
(?-&%

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 — :

126 VRRBB.

PASSIVE VOICE.
ft .

129. Passive voice ( )

is that in

which the Nominative takes the terminations of

the Third class, and the Accusative those of *

j . • •
.

the First. In this voice, the verb agrees with

the Accusative in number and person, and

takes the terminations of the only

as, fipzfw

mi , writ **

INTRANSITIVE-PASSIVE VOICE.

130. Intransitive-Passive voice, or im-

personal form of the verb ( ), is that

in which the Nominative takes the terminations

of the Third class. In this voice, the verb has

,
no object, and takes only the singular termin-

ation of the in the third person

as,

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 —

TENSES AND MOODS. 127

PASSIVE* ACTIVE VOICE.

131.

Passive- Active voice, or reflective

form of the verb ), is that in which

t
the object becomes the subject of an action,

and takes the terminations of the First class.

•
A
In this voice, the verb agrees with the subject

in number and person, and takes the termin-

ations of the only ; as, ( *T5f?T

TENSES AND MOODS.

132. The Sanskrit verbs are conjugated

in six tenses and four moods. The First,

Second, and Third Preterites, are used with-

out distinction, as also the First and Second

Futures.

133. The ten sets of inflectional termin-

ations, as employed in the different tenses and

moods, are as follows :

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 »

128 VEKBS.
n Jj
Temes.

W
^HTTTTi.
/fl
/ 2.
sk?

^ '
in the

„
Present Tense.

First Preterites

tw —
IrflrT
3. Second Preterite-
WV&
4. *T5 Third Preterite,
-3 \

H^fer 5
3rp?T
-
^ -— Future.

Future.
6. <?rc
J

Moods.

1. >>
Imperative Mood.

Potential Mood.
2. „
3. ’cnftf^w— Benedictive Mood.

4. »TT- Conditional Mood.

4 N
»

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 —
CONJUGATION OF 129

CONJUGATION OF THE VERBS T*' AND N

OF THE *T
«\
CLASS, IN ALL THE
TENSES AND MOODS,

to laugh

«TC— PRESENT TENSE.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular.

Dual. T*nr*

Plural.
<

? Hf^rT
5
1WT*T:

— FIRST PRETERITE.
Singular.

Dual. ^WTIT
Plural. W*?* ^T^fT

f%F—SECOND PRETERITE.

(*TVW,
Singular.
{w%w
Dual.

Plural.

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130 VBRBfl.

s) V
—THIRD PRETERITE.
Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

j ( wg i fiwq
Singular.

( r '-ygfDggij (

Dual.
fas*

Plural.

\>

—
5T3X FIRST FUTURE.
Vj

Singular. ff%?TT ffwrfa ^f%?TTf¥

Dual. trfa'angp-

Plural. ^f*«TTr.

^TH'—SECOND FUTURE.
4 N

Singular. 'Sfasrf* 'ffqtznf^

Dual. ffansDi:

Plural.

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 CONJUGATION OF V 131
V*

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Third Person, Second Person. First Person.

Singular.

Dual.

Plural,
T*&

-POTENTIAL mood.

Singular. ^ilc[ T*raf^

Dual. T%<n^
Plural.

^TsftfC^—BENEDICTIVE MOOD.

Singular- T^ITH
Dual.

Plural.

* ^—CONDITIONAL MOOD.

Singular,

Dual. ^TTf^snrnj wfaarre

Plural. ^Tff^pr

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 —
132 VERBS.

to serve

PRESENT TENSE.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. %37t %%
Dual. %5TT5%

Plural. %3T*%

W- V
FIRST PRETERITE.

Singular. ^r^wrt
Dual.

Plural. ^tifcrnrff
s.

f^7--SEC0ND PRETERITE.

Singular. f*ir%

Dual.

Plural. f**f*R?t

m<&—
V
\,
THIRD PRETERITE.

Singular. W§fa&
Dual. * |%f frmn i T

Plural. T ^1%%^

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 CONJUGATION OF 133
v*

wTj
N
—FIRST FUTURE.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. ^f=UTr% %f5urrt

Dual. ijf%rnrV %f^<rTOTir 5rfa?rr^T?

Plural. ^fqRrmf

^—SECOND FUTURE.

Singular. %fsra7t %f=UZT%

Dual. irfWTl %f*aNl

Plural. %faxzpt %f^Tzn«%

— IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular. %W?TT*r Sht^f

Dual. ^IHT
Plural. %^ifTDT '»
s

fsrfwf^l^F — POTENTIAL MOOD.

'

Singular. WHIT: ilifa

Dual. ^rr?rT^ '

w^rsrnr
Phiral.
v ^
12

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 M

134 YHRB3.

BENEDICTIYE MOOD.

Third Per ton. Second Perton. Pint Perton.

Singular. ilfatfteT:

Plural.
•v \ *

^F—CONDITIONAL
N
MOOD.

Singular, wa|far«r<T ^ l f wrt n

r a :

Dual. $ <n w ^fcWr irHr *rcrf*rarFff?

Plural. ^f^rsrT *U fc|gra«T | -Ullfi gi mffr

CONJUGATION OP 80ME OP THE VERBS OP THE TEH

CLASSES IN THE PRESENT, PERFECT, AND
SECOND FUTURE TENSES, AND IN THE
IMPERATIVE MOOD.

I- *T CLASS.
®v

A
to be —
WZ — PRESENT TENSE.

Singular. *nrf?r wfar

Dual. am: anrrc:

Plural. am arm:

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 CONJUGATION —I. nr CLABfi. 135
o\

—SECOND PRETERITE.

Third Perton. Second Person. First Person.

Singular.
<K

Dual.
\ V» °\

Plural. 3T»r^r: «r*r^

°\n» °\ *K

—SECOND
s
FUTURE.

Singular. ^rf%srf^ar ^fwrf?r

Dual. *rf^snr: *rf*uzra: vlwrwt
Plural. irftnBrfiTf Hf^zrnr

??far— IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular. *r«rcf*i

Dual.

Plural. ^<T

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 136 VERBS.

^jJT, to stay—

PRESENT TENSE.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. fH'sfh' ffrerfa

Dual. f?rs^Tt f?nm:

Plural. DrefirT fcTZU f?rem:

X
SECOND PRETERITE.

Singular.

Dual. , ?r^r:

Plural. *n^r
v»

^—SECOND
s
FUTURE.

Singular. ^fT^f?T ^jT^Tfir

Dual. ^jr^sr: VtTWW

Plural.

«ft^— IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular. f?THrJ f?rs f?r&Tf*

Dual. fffSfTiJ

Plural. f?H3^ Drsn f<T8TIiI

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 —

CONJUGATION — ^ CLASS.
I.
137

to go

PRESENT TENSE.
Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. WTf*
Dual. ^FBgpr: wmrr.
Plural.

SECOND PRETERITE.

Singular. cT^TT'JT 3RfiTO,*r»T3r

Dual.

Plural.

WZ
i "
— SECOND FUTURE.

Singular. 11 *\r*wirM

Dual. ’TfiTBITr: *lf*rorre:

Plural. ’rfiffsfur.

«ft^— IMPERATIVE MOOD.

f

Singular.

Dual. ^sgrrTTiT ’T^fTiT

Plural.

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138 VERBS.

, to see — qK%q^.
^—PRESENT TENSE.

Third. Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular, xrsgrft! xrsgrfa

Dual. xrqpf: q'SSPf: xmrr.

Plural. q^fSI QT&VR-

SECOND PRETERITE.

Singular.

Dual. ^Tpl^t

Plural.

^—SECOND
4 "
FUTURE.

Singular. <JT^qf*T f^rrfq

Dual.

Plural. fw*r:

«ftZ— IMPERATIVE MOOD.

N

Singular. *cm q^Tf*

Dual. q*rra

Plural. xpqp^ q^*T

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 —
*

CONJUGATION — I. * CLASS. 139

xn, to drink

^RT— PRESENT TENSE.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. firef?r firef^ fxreTfiT

Dual. fw: fire^n fxrere:

Plural. fire** fxrerer:

f%£— SECOND PRETERITE.

Singular. xnft xrfxra,XTHfT?l xrxft

Dual. xhtbi: xrfxT^r

Plural. xig: xnsr *fim

SECOND FUTURE.
<
Singular. trc^f?r xrc^fir XTT^fTf*

Dual. xn^re: xTT^iEr: XTT^TTg:

Plural. xn^TEf xtt^ht:

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular. fire fxreif*

Dual. fxre<n^ fxre?raj fxrere

Plural. ftre^s fire* fxreur

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 —

140 VERBS.

II.
^ s
CLASS.

, to weep

^T—
S
PRESENT TENSE.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. rtf^fTT
Dual.

Plural. ^^f«vT ^f^Tt

f^iZ —SECOND PRETERITE.

Singular.

Dual.
o
Plural.

^Z—
A x
SECOND FUTURE.

Singular, rrf^snfa
*v r-.

Dual. OT^rP. TTf^ni*. mi^kTW

Plural. ^tf^zrrr.

^—IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular. ^tTrf«r

Dual.

Plural. ^?r

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 CONJUGATION — II. CLASS. 141

"STj to speak—

«!<J — PRESENT
N
TENSE.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. *RTf?T^rT^ snftf*, WTO TTiftfiT

Dual. yn, ^rrs^: sro:,

°N. \»
aw:
®\

Plural. WQ
<\
me:

Singular.
«\
at
Dual. 2T*T7t
v>
5?
Vi
Wit aW%
.A
Plural. 337* 5f«T 3TTT%
v* *v

f«TC— SECOND PRETERITE.

Singular.

Dual.

Plural. <3rf:

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142 VERBS.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular.

Dual. ^Tcf ^Eifaa%

Plural. ^ < <3|fTO

WZS—SECOND FUTURE.

Singular. «T^rT?f wwf* TOTfa

Dual. TO**. topi*.

Plural. ef^rfsff TOrw

Singular. 3^1% to
Dual. to* totw%
Plural. TOT*%
— IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular. '5T=ft<J sraifw

Dual.
V* s awn
Plural. 5T«T st^th
ov.

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 CONJUGATION — II. N8T CLA88. 143

Third Pertern. Second Pcrton. Pint Per tern.

Singular. sUTTif ffPEf W

Dual. tfT«n?nTT wTrerTH
*
Plural. -5nrr*T%

^T, to kill—

WZ— PRESENT TENSE.

Singular. *fnT if*

Dual. T*r.

Plural. TS
SECOND PRETERITE.

Singular.

Dual. *?ni: wfir*

\>

Plural. *ca' *rar

M
SECOND FUTURE.
>

Singular. Tr«uzfPr TfHTsnfjr

Dual. Tf^TT*. ff^psra:

Plural. ^Ouzrf^r TT^wr ^fjnznu:

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 —
344 VERBS.

^ft^— IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. TO fSTTfsi

Dual. s

Plural. TO

to be

The rerb is conjugated only with the

four sets of terminations — TsTCT,

V V nT
and

but when compounded with Iu-

declinables, such asi &c., it is

•onjugated with also ; as, TTT$?3*r>

STfTT^:, &c. With the rest of

the terminations, WQ changes into W, and is

conjugated accordingly.

The inflections of
V
with
V W&,
v '

and faftffw, are exhibited below :

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 CONJUGATION — II. CLASS. 145

^—PRESENT TENSE.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular.

Dual. ^r. ig:

Plural. ^r.

W—FIRST PRETERITE.
Singular. ^T^TT VTW
Dual. 1!
RT^
Plural. ^TT*T ^rr^R
S

X
IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.

Dual.
wi
Plural.

POTENTIAL MOOD.

Singular. *SfTcJ W’
Dual.

Plural. ^T?T
vi

13

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146 VERBS.

III. ^ CLASS.
^T, to give—

31^— PRESENT TENSE.

Third Person . Second Person . jFirrf Person .

Singular.

Dual. ^tT: 'W.

Plural. ^f<T ^r.

Singular. ^FT

Dual.

Plural. ^7t ^n%

f^~SECOND PRETERITE.

Singular.

Dual.

Plural. ffTR

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 7

CONJUGATION — ^ CLASS.
III. 14

Third Person. Second Person. Person.

Singular. ^
Dual.

Plural

-SECOND FUTURE.

Singular.

Dual. ^T^rT*.

Plural.

Singular.
•v *S
Dual. ^TT^%
Plural.

Z— IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular. «.i<J ^TfsT

Dual. ^tTTO

Plural. ^ TtT

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 —
148 VERM.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. ^tTTIJ

Dual.

Plural. ^7TH£

IY. f^T CLASS.

^rf, to dance

PRESENT TENSE.

Singular. 5T?Jrf?r ^(ZTTflT

i
Dual. ^r?r: ^tw:
Plural. ^rfsrT TOT*T:

fm ?—SECOND PRETERITE.

Singular. sprffTSf srsm

Dual. sr^fisj:
N>

Plural. 5T^: spj?r 5pff?m

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 CONJUGATION — IV. fv*. CLASS. 149

4 "
SECOND FUTURE.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

•
\
^frTsrfa 1
^Pwsrrfar
Singular,

V \M^
)
stttPzpt: ( w. ( ^fir^zrrr.
Dual. i * - -
] 1
1 STcI^fT: ( 5TrT^nra:

(
^rffrisrfsfT r^rfTTsra C^sith:
Plural. i 1 -
1 *
( ^rT^firT (5TfT^I ( sTor^rnRt
X

— IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Singular. ^nfsi
Dual. ^<?UTiT

Plural. ^fT

to exist—^rrgr^xi^t'.

PRESENT TENSE.
X

Singular.
*v *\
Dual.

Plural. 1%^^

Digitiz
 —
150 VERBS.

\
SECOND PRETERITE.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

(Singular, fsrf^ f%f^

Dual.

Plural. Wif^ir f¥faf^r%

^T— SECOND FUTURE.

Singular.

Dual.

Plural.

<?Tt7 — IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular. f^^pTT^ fiw

Dual. f^TT^
Plural.
r~ ^

«T*f , to be produced

"UT
s
— PRESENT TENSE,
Singular. «TRT% wfk
Dual. «TP^ STRIPS
Plural. «rrain%

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 CONJUGATION — IV. CLASS. 151

f%3—
\
SECOND PRETERITE.

Third Person. (Second Person. First Person.

Singular.

Dual. olf^%
Plural.

^3—-SECOND FUTURE

Singular. '5lf^'^r<T

Dual. «rf?nzn5t%

Plural. otf^KTT^%

^3—IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular. 5TRI

Dual. aU^rTTfT ofT^rsmT

Plural. sfT^r«TTT^5 ^TT^iT

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 —
152 VERBS.

V. ^ CLASS,

to hear

\
PRESENT TENSE.
Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. WtfrT ^<srrR wtfir

-
3
Dual. ^sntSTrTt S^§ *, ^PT,

Plural. 3sy^firT wf: VJ

SECOND PRETERITE.

Singular.

Dual.

Plural.

WZ— SECOND FUTURE.

Singular. ^TpzrfH
-

*rr^nf^

Dual. "sfpziR:

Plural.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.
\»

Dual. x
3
5PIRR
>»

Plural. ’SWcT ’shrut

\)

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 —

CONJUGATION — V. CLASS. 153

J?-WTi£, to obtain

—PRESENT TENSE.
Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. snrtfrr jrrcftfa snrtftr

Dual. JTTCTfr: ursra: srer.

o V)

Plural. 3mr*r.
vj ' i

f^2T—SECOND PRETERITE.

Singular. mftni wm
Dual. jjtw. mfxr^
vi

Plural. w. STfiro

^—SECOND
c*
FUTURE.

Singular. nr^rf% HT^Tf?T

Dual. STW.
Plural. nr^rrci:

V.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular. 3rnrt§ *rrcrff

v)
inwfa
Dual. HT^rTTiT HT5RT3
M
Plural. 3rrarr

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154 VERBS.

VI. CLASS.

yw?V to ask —xnc%trfV.

PRESENT TENSE.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. Y^I[f% Y^f* Y^grifY

Dual. Y^3j/r*. y^u y^T3:

Plural. y^ty:
SECOND PRETERITE.

Singular. YY^ TTYf^YjYYY YY^[

Dual. yy*^: yy^y;
M
YYf^*
Plural. yy^: YY^ YYf^
W2 —SECOND FUTURE.

Singular. Y^lfH Y^fYT TT^ufY

Dual. Y^Y*. Y^Y: Y^fT*

Plural. Y^r*rT y^tty:

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular. YY3[ Yt^Tfsf

Dual. Y'a^fU*T Y^H^ Y^T^

Plural. Y^T y^jfty

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 CONJUGATION — VI. CLAM. 155

to wish —XIT^TT^t.
WZN—PRESENT TENSE.
Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular.

Dual. T^r. TO
Plural. JygT*'

SECOND PRETERITE.

Singular.

Dual. kyw V)
r*.

Plural.

^—SECOND FUTURE.
Singular. Tjf*t8Tf?T xcf^rf^r

Dual. <V. n^znt: irfwre:

Plural. T^f^rsni itfwnr,

^ft^-IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular. T^TcJ
Dual. T^TTIJ
Plural.

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 156 VBRB8.

to die— ( 8 ).

PRESENT TENSE.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular.

Dual. f^Tt f»qRm f^TR%

Plural. f€T4^ feRPR%
f^TST —SECOND PRETERITE.

Singular. WTT JTT{fK^ 9 ?URt| WHIT,

Dual. WifW;

Plural. fm
v.
SECOND FUTURE.

Singular. ^fC^T ?TfU^TTf*T

Dual. hTxjzh'. ^rfrTzra; *Tft®nr.

Plural. ^torfirr ^Frfc®lTH:

(8 ) fi takes the with the terminations

mz,s WF, WF-, «Tt2\ frfWfsPS 5
and and the
O ^ x
^ * *»

with the reat>

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 CONJUGATION — VII.
^ CLASS. 157

<9^7 — IMPERATIVE MOOD.

^TicipfXT^.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. fER<TT*T f^T

Dual.

Plural. f^sfirrT f^TDT%

VII. ^ CLASS.

TS > to obstruct—

^—PRESENT TENSE.

Singular,

Dual. ^*«r: W. d
Plural. ^firT

Singular,

Dual. ^;*=rr%
d
Plural. T*17%
<A

14

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 158 VERBS.

f%2T— SECOND PRETERITE.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular,

Dual.
%

Plural

Singular. ?f*c£r

Dual.

Plural.
^f^T%
SECOND FUTURE.

Singular. ?ft<|2[f<T tYwTk

Dual.

Plural.

Singular.

Dual.
•v -v
Plural. Tr\WVZ 0<srr*%

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 —
CONJUGATION — VII. Ip* CLASS.
V
159

Opt?— IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular.

Dual. TpsTPFJ

Plural. ^9

Singular.

Dual. ^TrrriT

Plural.

to eat
J N

"JZ
N
-

—PRESENT TENSE.

Singular.
o '•
\>

Dual. *T^T7T
o c|

Plural.
\1
v
w^m%
N
\i
Vi

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 160 VERBS.

—SECOND
X
PRETERITE.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. ^*nii
vs >

Dual. «rvr^T% o J
V) v) O O

Plural. ^
\> J •>

^—SECOND FUTURE.

Singular.

Dual.

Plural.

— IMPERATIVE MOOD.
X

Singular. •JT^TJT VT*§T

Dual. WT<TT?TH o
<»

Plural.

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 CONJUGATION — VIII. <pT CLASS. 161

VIII. «T«T
'v
CLASS.

to do—

"tH — PRESENT
-

TENSE.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. ^Ttf^T
Dual. !*[*: 1W
Plural!

•s. •v •vr
Singular. w*
Dual.

Plural. fPST^

f?»l3
\
—SECON D PRETERITE.

Singular.

Dual.
N>

Plural.

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1G2 VERBS.

Third Person. Second Person, First Person.

Singular.

Dual. ^*fiT7r

Plural.

^3—SECOND FUTURE.

Singular. ^rfxsrf^ ^fOzfTf*

Dual. ^fcsnr. iflfxWR-

Plural. ^fcorrw

Singular. ^fTTZTFT sfifr^r

Dual. ^XSfT?%
Plural.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

mcfnr^.

Singular.

Dual. ^?nr
Plural. ^^5 f^?r

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 —

CONJUGATION — IX. CLASS. 163

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. fR/TW fTW

Dual. fRTTrTT^

Plural. ^RffTT^ *RSTO%

IX. 3ft CLASS.

^5 to take

^TZ— PRESENT TENSE.

Singular. ^TfTT
Dual. 3T$ft?r:

Plural *2^fjrT 3Tf» IT*.

*tturir.

Singular.

Dual.

Plural. TZ^Tt

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164 VERBS.

s
—SECOND PRETERITE.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular.

Dual. spfc’fqp vilify

Plural.

Singular.

Dual. oTJZfTrl
W
Plural. SWUX
^-SECOND FUTURE.

Singular, *TTtercfa

Dual. wtem: ^nfNrer. 'Jll'KfN:

Plural. WtofsrT ^rftTzm whzmr.

WToBT^TT^.

Singular. wt^
Dual. iTfVBiTwt

Plural.

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 CONJUGATION — IX. CLASS. 165

<9^2^ — IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. izizif*

Dual. TZW?
Plural. TiizrK

Singular. *Zfft<TT*r TZW

Dual. frnr

Plural. ^fTTTT

^T, to know — vxwft.

^—PRESENT
N
TENSE.

Singular. *TRTf?T oTT^TTf^T ^T^TfiT

Dual. cTT 5^^: oTT^ft^:

Plural. otT^f^rf oTT^fN

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 166 VERBS.

fm?— SECOND PRETERITE.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular.

Dual.

Plural. srcn
)

'I?—SECOND FUTURE.

Singular.
^T^lTfiT
Dual.

Plural. m^f«rr ^T^T?T:

"Tfe— IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular. WPTI?J WT^-ff ^TT^TfsT

Dual. afT^rYfTTT ^fT«TT3

\ N

Plural. '
5fT«TnJ' STT^lfT ^n*n*r

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 —
CONJUGATION — X.
v) '
CLASS 1GT

X. CLASS.

*T5T, to eat

^—PRESENT TENSE.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. *m3f?r ^w^Tftr

Dual. ^TW^nr:

Plural. ^^firT *m*TT*T:

—SECOND PRETERITE.

Sing. *f^rn*Rr(9) ^rsrannf^ »TW^T«RT^

Dual.
*rorroTfl**
Plural. *nSRT*TTT. *m3T*U*T *TW*TPRTl^T

"^—SECOND FUTURE.

Singular. wfasrf?r srsjfasnfiT

Dual. vr^f^iSTfr: HWf%ET5i: ^gf^TcT.

Plural. ^r^^firT ^TjfgTZTPR:

In the Second Preterite,

( 9 ) all verbs of the ^x
class optionally assume two other forms in each number
and person, such as, *nr*TW«r, &c.

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 168 VERBS.

"ft?— IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

Singular. ^TW^TTfal

Dual. ^TW^TTT^ N

Plural. vrw^?T '

- W^TPR

f^sfT, to think— XTT^rf^t.

<3?—PRESENT TENSE.

Singular. f^^rRfrT f^«fRTf«T

Dual. f^TrRfT: fsr«rRra: fgsfRT^:

Plural. -faJrRfifrT

f^F— SECOND PRETERITE.

Sing. f^rPrurrq f^reT*nfro f*«rPrmre

%

Dl. fw*rwr*jg: f^fnrPRTCTSj: f4«H4imf%<l

PI. f^SrPTTiTT^: f^ifl^TTn^r

WZ —SECOND FUTURE.

Sing. faJrffaTzrfa f^3rrf2nzrf%

Dual. frofaapr: fwfa*zrrr.

Plural. fwfaiZffiTT fa^rfa^rm:

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 CONJUGATION — X. VfT* CLASS.
\>
169

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Third Person. Second Person. First Person.

1

Singular. f^JrRTTfsT ,

Dual. fWWTFT
Plural. fW^TIT
Note —In the Active voice, roots, when inflected

with the four sets of terminations — ' N \

and

f^fuf^nr, as also when taking the affixes tn? and

i; ^ I Hr ,
admit certain insertions, according to the classes

to which they severally belong. The insertions are

given below. These, however, undergo slight modifica-

tions before particular terminations:

Class of Boots. Insertion.

I. class • • • • • ^
II.

III. ^ .... . . . . . none

IV. fi** „ ....

V. ^ „ .... • • • • * *r
v»

vi. gr „ ....
VII. „ .... • • « ^
VIII. *pr*\ "
„ . . . . ^
IX. • • « • • •TT

X. ^PC
s> '
79 •
T
15

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 —
170 CAUSATIVE VERBS.

The letters inserted, as shewn above, are all added

to the last letter of the root, except that in the

class, the w inserted is added to the last vowel. Boots

of the Tg class are reduplicated.

In the Passive, Intransitive-Passive, and Passive-

Active voices, however, none of these insertions takes

place, but w is added to all roots, when inflected with the

four sets of terminations named above.

CAUSATIVE VERBS.

134. fw is added to a verb to give it

a causal sense. The addition of this affix also

turns an Intransitive verb into a Transitive one.

T remains. A verb,
(
nr and
^ are rejected, )

taking the affix far*. is called a Causative verb

and is conjugated, with the

( f^rsr-rT )>

four sets of terminations—'

and like a verb of the *T class. A

Causative verb takes the terminations of both

the and the Ex.

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 DESIDERATIVE VERBS. 171

N1

3rd. PERSON. 3rd. PERSON.

Singular. Singular.

^njN
v>
— ^rr^f^r?TT

—
\
=H*n^cT' wTcf
4 N
—^T^famf?T
fte-} ^rmrornc —^TT^TH
^Tiftf^^—^rrsTTcr

VJ N
^rfaWT **
4 "
^rrefasicr'

DESIDERATIVE VERBS.

135. ^ is added to a verb to imply

desire of the agent. (

and ?r are rejected,
^
remains. )
A verb, taking the affix is

called a Desiderative verb ( ^FT«rf ), and

is conjugated, with the four sets of termin-

ations — dsrer, 3PSF » and like a

verb of the *T
C\
class. A Desiderative verb

becomes reduplicated, and takes the termin-

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 — —
172 FREQUENTATIVE VERBS.

ations of either the ,

or the

which the primitive verb uses to take. Ex.

WZ
3rd. PERSON. 8rd. PERSON.
Singular. Singular.

UT— fxTXTT^ffT

f% — f5T*ffaf?T

§i—
H— frTrftlfrT

ij

7RT— f^*Tf*TVfrT snj—

^
O O v)

FREQUENTATIVE VERBS.

136. is added to a verb, beginning

with a consonant and having one vowel only,

except an d to imply frequency or

intensity of the action. ( ^ET

and are rejected,

remains. )
A verb, taking the affix W, is

•.called a Frequentative verb ( ^«rf VfT<J .),

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 * >

FREQUENTATIVE VERBS REJECTING ^ 173

and is conjugated, with the four sets of termin-

ations — and like

a verb of the V class. A Frequentative verb

is reduplicated, and takes the terminations of

the ^TT<?RTI^. Ex —
n.- x
3rd. PERSON. 3rd. PERSON.
Singula^. Singular.

X.

f^xT—
V
%f^7T 1

to— n5Tznr

aq^--irr^%

FREQUENTATIVE VERBS REJECTING TOF.

137. The affix is optionally rejected,

and the verb, rejecting it, is called a Frequenta-

tive verb rejecting (

2j^FrrvT?fr Such

verbs are subject to almost all the general rules

which apply to Frequentative verbs, such as,

reduplication, &c, except that they take the

terminations pf the Ex.—

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 j )

174 NOMINAL VERBS.

3rd. PERSON. , 3rd. PERSON.

Singular. Singular.

f^TWtf<T
%- L^tfk
— f
n-;
I
riftifHtfTi
( iftrrfffi

NOMINAL VERBS.
138. Nominal verbs, or verbs derived from

nouns ( )> are formed by adding the

affixes 3TT3ZI, &e., to nouns,

' n \
to imply desire, treatment, behaviour, per-

formance, &c., of the agent, and are con-

jugated like verbs of the *T class. ( Of the

affixes spSTS7
v and S n \ and
> \ \
"

, are rejected, 27, and remain.

The verbs, formed by the affixes and

are conjugated in the those

formed by in; the and those by

foff^Tin both the xr^^rq^ and the *srn?ffixf^,

Ex.1

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 VERBAL AFFIXES. 175

3^-^rm r: g^fa^frr.
lie desires for a son.

g^gf*, gv*fifr^P<T. lie

desires for a son.

g^f-Wir fam*, fust grtfiiq

He treats his pupil like a

son.

g^r-afW gw 21%, g^ x? wrcfir. He

behaves as a son.

U=^T2l%,

noise.
^ He makes

JT^T—f*JT3 irsrsrffT , ipsf ^rctf%. He questions.

jrS^fFT, %% ^TCYfcT. He strengthens.

VERBAL AFFIXES.

139. W, 2nr , &c, arc added to

verbs, and are called verbal affixes ( Wrf ).

The words, formed by the addition of these

affixes, have nearly the same signification as

the verbs, and arc called verbal derivatives

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 176 VERBAL AFFIXES.

( 3^3rT ). There are many verbal affixes, of

which a few only will be cursorily noticed.

140. (JJT is added to verbs to imply

purpose (
fsTfJTTT ), or an infinitive sense.

Ex. — ^T^T, *rr?J*T, TTcT qfrTrJfl,

WIT,
?5Ts £***, JRJ

N
and *nr.
X

141. When two verbs have a common

Nominative, T^T 5^ is added to that which

N

expresses priority of action ; but ^TT is substi-

tuted for refT^T when the verb has any of the

Indeclinables, except the negatives ^ and

and
prefixed to it. (<«rre reject
^ and tf»

retaining <«TT and ^.) Ex. — <*rr^>- VJ tft^b

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 —

VERBAL AFFIXES. 177

^Tf^T*TT, ^ faf f^T^T,

«TfT, 1-IT TfT, ^Ts ^T,
3r*r ^nf^T, srsrfqfT,

IFT, «psr If r, f^f«rT f^rTf^^T ; ^,-

^T-fT ^rTft^t, ^rr-*nr ^nvnq ^rr»rar, wt-
^TTW, fa-f^T f^foTc27, Wtf,
*-5m uro f^-f^f^r ;

^r^t^T, ^-q^r ^njirr. Tuft ni

*rm *r*r wm ; ^ f*rre p?t^T^r.

142. The words, formed by the addition

of ?sn^, and Sfxr, are Indeclinables
<J*T,

(^EfSfsr), and take only the singular termination

of the First class, which, however, is rejected.

Vide para. 84. p. 102.

SHj AND srR% '

143. A verb of the iPCljrqf takes the

affix *T<£, a verb of the takes OTTO

and a verb of takes both S[<3: and

*TPT^, in the Active voice, to denote present

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178 VERBAL AFFIXES.

action. (nTJ rejeets "ST and w, and sxt t^ rejects 5

^ and ’*[, retaining and ^TT^.) Ex.

im,~ STTCfT, W *T ’TT^TcT,

TTOT, VTif trr f^^cT, f5f5Tc[, TO

TO37T, ^fTOTrT, ^ W7T, fWc[, W^rf

^ ffereninr, *ft w*, j $

IT^rT

TOPS.
TO ^fT^, ^ ^
144. The words, formed by the addition of

TTfiT and HT«T^, qualify the agent, and conse-

quently agree with it in gender, number, and

Inflectional terminations. Ex. — tr*5T*T

W^rf 3^, xn^rTT 9 ^*tfV TOCt,

tTTTfTr XTfT<Tt i TOR: 3TOb

s rr i *rrct, tor f*TTO> &c-

145. A verb in the Passive voice takes

the afiflx HTTO, to denote present action.

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 VERBAL AFFIXES. 179

( changes into ?rr*r. ) The words thus

formed qualify the object, and consequently agree

with it in gender, number, and Inflectional term-

inations. Ex. —^ ^ *r^?nw,'

€.\
s’ fffrwrw,' \
TSTOTSf, ^ ^FTPT, ^T?

?wr^T ^TcT,

^TW, &c.

7T3J, AND sr.

146. rraj, and ^T, are added to

verbs in the Passive voice as well as in the

Intransitive-Massive voice, to express the

sense of futurity, fitness, or command. Ex.—

^T-rT3f ^T?T«gr, ^ ?

far ^§r<rei ? ^ ^rTtrar,

^ ; v ^7T3i, wffa, *tsj ; wsr,
TOsffa, ; mr l^r >

var
S> X ^ftirrar,'

TO, fwft*, f^r.

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180 VERBAL AFFIXES,

147. The words, formed by the addition

of 7T3T, and ^ to verbs in the Passive

voice, perform a double function, viz. that of

finite verbs as well as that of adjectives, and

agree with the object in gender, number, and

Inflectional terminations. Ex.

<$7n ^^fhrr ; *p?t ionfur fTran

sT* 3** wt * 1

%^fhrt ^fTT^r ; %*ftt gonin«i, &c.

148. The words, formed by the addition

of <Taf, and to verbs in the Intrans-

itive-Passive voice, perform the rfunction of

finite verbs only, and take the singular term-

ination of the First class of a neuter noun

ending in ^r. Ex.— ^ HgTcTam,

149. TTcf^ is added to verbs in the Active

voice, to denote past action. Ex. — ’sIT =3T<T3cr,

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VERBAL AFFIXES. 181

5 Si^rT, ^TT ^fRrT, *T*T

*TfT^,
^ ^T*cT, 1T% «zft*ra<[, ?*r ?S*cT,

WSHTcT, ^rar W^rT, fgfirr fafaJTfHRrT

150. The words, formed by the addition

of fT«T<T, perform a double function, viz. that

of finite verbs as well as that of adjectives,

and agree with the agent in gender, number,

and Inflectional terminations. Ex. —^
<^T TO*? XTf^fT^^T, % TO*?*
TT%?r*?fr: } *n TTOt , ?^TcT *rsrTf*
TTffrrr^fsrT xrfe?r*T*r
; trfOTTO*
wm*r, Ttfzwtm ; wrtf sntt^r;
xrf?nT^rrT *r%sr, &c.

rT

151. cT is added to Transitive verbs in the

Passive voice, to denote past action. Ex.

far ftrtf, ?r snr, l-sr

&, T* W*r
N ^ f*fsfT

f*f*rnr,
16

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 182 VERBAL AFFIXES.

152. The words, formed by the addition

of to verbs in the Passive voice, perform a

double function, viz. that of finite verbs as well

as that of adjectives, and agree with the object

in gender, number, and Inflectional termin-

ations. Ex.— Tf* to;

tot: tt^t: 5 rcth nfern ;

TO:, Xrf^rf TO*T, TO*T, &c.

153. <T is also added to Intransitive

verbs, and to some Transitive verbs, such as,

*T1T, *[¥, &c, in the Active voice. Ex. — V WrT,

^rtrf, iE U?T, f^pr, iff ofHE

WC*[fT7i j ’TfT, ^3.

154. Tlie words, formed by the addition

of <r in the Active voice, perform a double

function, viz. that of finite verbs as well as that

of adjectives, and agree with the agent in

gender, number, and Inflectional terminations.

Ex.— TOTt *3vT:, UfTT, *STTO ^

*r?r:, ^ izi ^ 9

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 VERBAL AFFIXE3. 183

*£rf ipiWiT, ^rfT3T ; TTQ

*TrT ?TiT, TZ"i Tfa, TZi *FT^ &C.

155. Both Transitive and Intransitive

verbs take the affix ?T in the Intransitive-

Passive voice. The words thus formed perform

the function of finite verbs only, and take the

singular termination of the First class of a

neuter noun ending in W- Ex. — ?kP*3\

^tIV.
fT<=T f^*T,

f*.

156. f?T is added to verbs to form abs-

tract nouns of the feminine gender. Ex. — WT

TOfff, ^?T ^ ^ TO

'
iTfw, TOT
'1 '
^ff, J
TO' *Tf<T, '

**TfnT, HiT HTTfsrT.

x 7
and fHrsr
s*

157. <2>, nr^r, and fhr*r, are added to

verbs in the Active voice, to denote the agent.

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184 VERBAL AFFIXES.

(Of these affixes, sr, W, and w, are respectively re-

|
jected, <5, and '[•t, remain.) Ex. — ^T

f^r ^(5, ^ 1
w iti,
4 ^ i
f^fr ; *tt^, xr §t
4 ®v

xr^ fr^r ; f*sr*-,

wTf^r, *r^r *rf^;, w

^TTf^r, f^ffavr, ?? ^Tf*;^.

H5T AND ^T«T

N*
\

158. ^T>T and ^T rf are added to verbs

S v

to form nouns, signifying the act, &c. (

Of these
affixes, 3T ? st, and ^f, are rejected, remains.)

Ex.— n^r urs, XT3- m3 , cst*t ;

^Ty, fol 5T5T, ^ft *T3T, ^

x.

159. ^T^nr is added to verbs to form

S

nouns, signifying the act, the instrument, the

site, &c. ( 5T
is rejected, W*r remains. )
Ex.—

Act,-*TiJ ^TO^T, *ftoT?T ;

instrument,'

«ft ^ ;
site,— "aft * Wf.

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t
185 ]

NOMINAL AFFIXES.

160 . W, <T, &e, are added to

nouns to form words denoting a great variety

of meanings, and are called nominal affixes

(<rff<T JToSR). There are many nominal affixes,

of which a few only will be cursorily noticed.

izpJT, &c.

161 . tpir,
V V m^Rnr,
s v '

&c, are employed in

forming adjectives and substantives, denoting

lineal descent, &c. (

Of these affixes, the last

rejects W, and the rest

^ and W. ) Ex.

nsn?<zi ^ tsit

*TfT f^T %& 9 ;

w. wx xtxTtz;, f««r

xrmrT?r» *rf toi,

fsnr fhi, *rfm *rrsi ; ^rcfrrfa:

xr^F» ^sr, ^
srrar *tt^> &c.

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186 NOMINAL AFFIXES.

N AND t3('

1 62. and t«r are added to both nouns and

adjectives —the former to form abstract nonns

of the feminine gender, and the latter those of

the neuter. Ex. — Uvr^T, HTTi«rcf ;

3Tf ; VTS TJ‘S(y<TT, XT^^r?T j

163. x
is added to nouns to form

indeclinable words denoting resemblance. ( T^T

is rejected, remains. ) Ex.

164. iTc| is added to nouns to signify

possession. It changes into ^7T after final

C f
^T, ^IT, or ^JlcTWy and after penultimate %
WT, or ij. (
Final «^of the primitive noun is

rejected before 3H.) Ex.— ?rf?T ^fdlTcTy

^ ^*<T, fxTS f^^cT,

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NOMINAL AFFIXES. 187

^cT-, ^2TT ^UWcT,

^TcH^T ^T<iT3cT,

165. is optionally added to nouns,

having more than one vowel and ending in =*r or

WT, to signify possession. (Final w and WT of

the primitive nouns are rejected before T*t. )

Ex. tTT*t ^TTf^, *r<*r ttt^t stTfspr,

irnrr *rrf*prv ; or, ^t^^cT, *sm<{, *u«rr-

TTT^T^H.

166. f^«T is optionally added to the words

^T^T, ^TT^Tj and to those ending in

to signify possession. Ex. —^TST ^ffV*r 5

?tt9t ^rrsifci*, %sr-

> or, W*K{> *TWc(,

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188 NOMINAL AFFIXES.

T*
167. is added to words of the class

called fTP^rrf^, to form possessive attributives.

(Final w, ^TT, T> and of the primitive words

are rejected before TX. ) Ex. — dH+1

<TTTf%fT ( *nr. ), wsTTfa

•ornrrf^r ( vw. ), gt*r gfar<r,

?r^rfr?T, ^cT^r^T fW^T

^^afTTT ^5€r^Tf^rr, &c.

rt^ AND fr^r.

168. ttt: and <T*T are added to adjectives

to form the comparative and superlative degrees,

respectively. Ex.

Positive. Comparative. Superlative.

TS
AND XS,

169. is added to adjectives to form

both the comparative and superlative degrees.

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 NOMINAL AFFIXES. 189

TV also is used to serve the same purpose.

(
Primitive words undergo certain changes

before TV, )
Ex.-

Positive. Comparative. Superlative.

; \

{i\frv

)
wtw
l t?rf^5

f v£\?\
iz
Ijfkv

sw J*
'

\^tz

jiw
f5T2T U
l
IT^
"
(ir^

WfTO
" j
\
- l aS^ST

=\ "

( wfas
«\

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 190 NOMINAL AFFIXES.

170. is added to nouns to signify

transformation ,
abounding with, or made of.

Ex.— s \

^T.

171. is added to numerals to form

indeclinable words, denoting manner or kind.

—
(

f*HT
Final
^ is rejected before

UfVTT, ftfSTT, ^(JSTT,

W.
m ).

m
Ex. rr^TT

172. <TW is an optional substitute for the

terminations of the Fifth and Seventh classes.

Ex.— T^Tcl, 3Z1TVT i,

'fj o^t^TTj 5 TC%,

*3* *3 *:. 9

173. is optionally added to the numeral

j^S f as well as to pronouns, with the exception

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NOMINAL AFFIXES. 191

of and as a substitute for

the terminations of the Seventh class. Ex.

\ V>

«TT.

174. ’STT is added to pronouns as a substi-

tute for the terminations of the Third class, to

denote manner or kind. Ex.

W2TOT, JT^T^:

^T*TT.

7T5T

175. <T*f is added to Indeclinables im-

porting time, to signify occurrence. Ex. — XTTT

3^T?r?r^, ^5fT fine*

AND ^*T.

176. f^cT and are added to the

inflected base ffi*, to give it a general and

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 192 COMPOUNDS.

"indefinite signification. Ex. — 31: efrfepr,

;

; 3TT ^Tf^fT, ;

% r ; %*rf^<T- %*tt-

f^, ^^Tf^cT, ^^}Tf^w, srrerf^cr j fRr-

f^cT, fr^*r ; wf^fT, ; f^Ncr,
frT^.

COMPOUNDS.

177. The compounding of words is called

Samasa ( *T?TT*f ). When two or more words

are combined to form a compound word, the

Inflectional terminations are rejected by all

the members of the compound, except the last.

178. Compound words are classified under

six heads. viz. 1. Copulative Compounds

2. Determinative Compounds (<TcJ3^pr), 3.

Appositional Compounds ( ), 4. Nu-

meral Compounds ( f?*T ), 5. Relative Com-

pounds (al^cCff^), 6. Indeclinable Compounds

( ^snfhTTsr),

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t 193 3

COPULATIVE COMPOUNDS.

179. Copulative Compounds ( )

are

formed by the combination of two or more

words, all having the terminations of the First

class, and not related to one another as nouns

and adjectives. If two singular nouns form the

compound, the last is inflected in the dual, else,

in the plural. In this form of compounds, the

last word retains its original gender. Ex.

*r«r^
c\
xffsrg ^w*rroiTf*r,
<\ M

This form of compounds is called

180. Somptimes, in this form of com-

pounds, the last member, of whatever gender it

may be, takes the terminations of the neuter

singular, when a collective sense ( ^TTT^TT: )

i§ implied. This form is called ^TfTT^T^sf^.

Ex.— xn^t
17

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 •

194 DETERMINATIVE COMPOUNDS.

^ xnfr ^ xrrfwin^iT, ^

DETERMINATIVE COMPOUNDS.

181. Determinative Compounds (<Tr[3^f)

are those in which, words with the terminations

of the Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, or

Seventh class, are combined with those having

the terminations of the First. Ex. — izi> *I<f,

*T£*Tr., fopr:

^fhT: STW^Tt, ^TTfT *RW

3TOT ^WiO^T, 3^* T^TTItW.

182. Determinative Compounds are also

formed in various senses. Ex. —

«ran^:, ^f«n, ^ffcnrt

frfT^rr: *r wfsri:, *t ^$r?r

3W ^3^:, 3^ :

3<3W> *tfin ^?fr?r:,

’55rf?roft, ff*ir ^nctfri swirTr., 3i^rt

3wt*t;:> xr: ?rtrf?r tn:*rpr.> mv*

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 APPOSITION A L COMPOUNDS. 195

xr^5T^, T*7TR2Tt XTcf^Tt, 5T«T

W<*T^o 7Z% frrefrT ^TT-^TTir^

^ii Tpfi ^^tf<T ipsfaiRctf?r,

^utJtTCJT, &c.

APPOSITIONAL COMPOUNDS.

183. The combination of nouns with

adjectives forms Appositional Compounds

( ^r*rr^ ). Ex.— tut.

affair ^rn«nT

184. When the adjective and the noun

are of the feminine gender, the former

assumes the masculine form. Ex. — ^TNt wf*:;

MTTtT: ^(TM^fTT:.

185. Appositional Compounds are also

formed in various senses. Ex. — 3frr=f <fcT

m^tcT

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 — )

19G HUMERAL COMPOUNDS.

V* ^sF w
&c.

NUMERAL COMPOUNDS.
186. Numeral Compounds (flf*r) are those

in which the first member of the combination

is a numeral, and in which a collective sense,

&c, are implied.

187. When a collective sense ( ^TTITIT;

is implied, Numeral Compounds are called

In this form of compounds,

some finals take the affix ^ and the terminations

of the feminine singular, while others take the

terminations of the neuter singular. Ex.

?RTnrt *J*rrfrc. f^r^NrY,

WHUrft ; ?RTWt

188. Numeral Compounds are also formed

in two other ways, viz. first, rTf^<Tuf ? i. e. in

the senses in which the nominal affixes are

employed ; and secondly ,

7 c.

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 —
RELATIVE COMPOUNDS. 197

where the first and second members of a

consisting of three words,

form the compound. Ex. — crf^<TT^I ,-sTWT

At. tot?
3i7rniT7T^r

RELATIVE COMPOUNDS.

189. Relative Compounds are

those in which the component members have

no signification of their own, but denote a

different person or object. A compound word,

thus formed, becomes an adjective, and conse-

quently takes the gender, number, and Inflec-

tional terminations of the noun it qualifies $

but when used as an adverb, it takes the singu-

lar termination of the Second class and of the

neuter gender only. Ex.

( 3TO ), T:

fwjnjpjrc inffiifsr v
<4

( tc ) ; wrro w -qwrii

(TO to), Rlw?r: 3^:^ fro^TT

( TO TO ).

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1981 •
indeclinable compounds.

190. When two words of the feminine

gender form such' compounds, the former

generally assumes the masculine form, and the*

final long Towel of the latter becomes short.

Ex.—
*nr%, f^T ^ fww’ffa:,
INDECLINABLE COMPOUNDS.

191. Indeclinable Compounds (WoZpfhn^)

are
*
those '
in which the
r
first member is an
Indeclinable, and in which a sense of nearness

( )> repetition ( ), accordance

with (wfjranr), want (^??Tq\ limit

&c, is implied. A compound word thus formed,

if ending in ^r, takes the letter
^ as a substitute
for the terminations of all the classes, except
the Fifth ; but, if ending in any other letter, it

rejects all the terminations like Indeclinables.

Ex.— ff«T^ ^Tp|r^,

*2% Jf feisty 11%??
^r??Tf: fsrffuty

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 t 199 ]

SIMPLE LESSONS.

'LESSON 1.

t tmf?r |
aft: I i

TO ^frT | =TTf3Tfr I ^f<T i to

xrfTf?r i to TOf<r |
xft^T ?t l ^T^r^rt

Ttf^ffT I efewrfH i 5ftrT TOfa | guf

3ft*T% I TOT TOfrr |
aiTTO^ *TRf<T |
fir^:

^ft^frT | fTT TOftf I eft Or^Tfff I ^T.

totr^ i

LESSON 2.

^ *rm i to to TOifir i fcmt

STOTTO^ I %W' fxT<TT? TTW^rffT | TOt

f*Rro«TT<Rfrr I fnsft ’TO I fans':

SRfRT *T7t I tTSTT 3RfT: TTT^Rfa I ^ TOT-

\ to f?r nfarro i
to to
I f# Wf | cfton^§r<t
'«J

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200 SIMPLE LESSONS.

sRrfw I ^ftxft ftfor I n«n^ffr i

f^TT f^f ^Tf?r I

LESSON 3. \
• - i

m^psrfH i swWs) d

^Tf<T | ^T^T^Tt Sfi^T fi^piT^fa I ^ 3R*T

W snsuffT

I
I

TJW,

*rcf?r i
STSR?

uxfK
I
JrrurT-

fsnr# *ref<r i Thr^Tt ^*snfN an^si

T^er?T^pr I %3TTftr SRfTt *r ^< 21 : l

^
trf^mft TT?ft

^Tarrf^ ^fafnrpr
TOrorst
^rt IP^fsfT

I
I
Onrefsrr

^Tf^TTt
^mwt ^rr^N Yfajft-
l ^w.
5r3?FH

*nratj l i

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 SIMI*LE LESSONS. 201

LESSON i.

Trr^rr (

wr^br I xnc^rnr:

sftnff fa^lmrw^cT 1

^srrct
-

^ tj*% ?r jtttt i xw. fugFT^snrr

^br^TT ^RW*T ^ ^1- spr ^T^TT^T I *ft*Tt

f ^rfspr^r ^ l
^ FfT
^T’WT'T I ^TT^T^ T^RTT-

^TTOTfsT F*^ I TT<ft S*TT?irat

TH^T f^fk ^5: H^Tlbf |

<T^T

^ ff^Tbr ^ i

LESSON 5.

^rf «TT^f f^TFit *rtm^hrf<T ^rfatre *n#f

<>
^
^TFfrr I $t F^T^J^fiT ^J^Wt ’^'f F^Tf?r I

2T. 3)XT»jft *TFf<T ^ ^TT5TTF?Tfcr ^^f<T I

HRfFIWzT 5f WtfrT ^ I trP^rfT:

STTW^ft^HTT ^T^T ^T-q^bfT I ^fT f*T^z?T

^1%^ ^ I 3T:
v*

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202 SIMPLE LESSONS.

f^fafrT ^ WT(?R> ^TTTir^f?T I sft faTTf^

^r^ffT ^ Tm g-sjrasra?: i

TO fr<rf ^rrfa f^*rnfrf?r i

^ *ffrrr ^^ ^ fft%5T

I *<^T fw f%*fq ^ f^STffT

n^TTrT *T^f brt^ 3r<jT: I

> v) V)

LESSON G.

^T ^ fNTrT | ^ ^^Tf^JTTf^T^
<T^T 3^1% faSaT^f f^fsrT ^ I ?rt ff frmT-
^f<T 3f =rtsfti ?rf^ 1%n W?r |

^TT W2TTH flTN^T^t fl^ft

*T3f?T |

f^^T f^ g*TiT | ^
*r TOT •T^ffT | ^
f^TT fw^TT 5f *T«ffH f?^TS|T^T3T *T*t

^rg i fagr f^T I

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 SIMPLE LESSONS . 203

Qk

^ mg*f5fT 5T ^5# |

^*.Tsr^ I vft-

Sr§trT |
\

^TTrTTfcrrT^V gwlf 5^* #3TTJf ^%7T |

<T2Ttf£<3 fSRT fr^TTH I WT%5T iT^T <rRT

Tr^ftf^rf f^fT^r^ | ?RTt: ^rffi *Tf%*TT\

*rt<r i in^T<2r%sfxT rr*fto*rwT ^r ?fiWr l

cT^TtT^frf f^T «T fwf^-fT ^apRT I

LESSON. 7.

^rffaffarc
1

N
^rra:wwc*rN I

nfr^^cr i

^CTRPnarrcRrf?r TO I

* t% ftr?5^ TOTfa: I f^pgr^TrTT ^^TfTT

to TOf^rhft ^ I

sfftv ^?r w^%rT 1 srhKsfr 57 to*

*ttto ^ to^h\ 1 , Jfftvft ff tot*t> to i

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204 . SIMPLE LESSONS.

-cfxmt \ I

utt^ i

tr^ff^rr xpcnro^ ^ ^rff^r ^t^tt i

<nft: xnxf ^ttf^r i

^roraf^i wKyrm^mt f^Tcr xrcfaranrt

ff irc^ft *w I

xrfri^rT I 5TTf^KTrr Tf^t

fcst !

^T ^sT*T I * ^T3r*Tt

^ ^frffW^T

^
*Tf^raa[7r |
S ®\

ff I

THE END.

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