What is History
● History is the study of the past through written records.
● History is not complete.
● History involves interpretation and revision.
● Historians construct history from surviving evidence.
● History is both EVIDENCE and ACCOUNT.
● HIstory influences how we act in the future.
Historiography
● The history of how history has been written.
● The changing philosophies that influence how historians write history.
● Historiography is guided by two essential questions:
○ How do we know what we know?
○ How does history happen?
Intro to the America
● Ancient Silk Road
○ East to West, West to East, China to Rome
● Europe killed ancient civilization by viruses and diseases.
Colonies
● British North America (New England)
○ New Hampshire
○ Massachusetts
○ Rhode island
○ Connecticut
● New England
○ Extreme winters (less diseases)
○ Difficult to farm
○ Churches and town meeting
○ Vast forest
○ Relied heavily on the sea for livelihood
○ Economy
■ Fur
■ Ship building
■ Fishing
■ Trading (Europe, Africa, America)
● British North America (Middle Colonies)
○ New York
○ New Jersey
○ Pennsylvania
○ Delaware
● Middle Colonies
○ Climate and soil suitable for farming
○ Diverse economy
■ Agricultural
■ Shipping
■ Paper
■ Textiles
■ Iron
■ Cobblers (selling shoes)
○ Diverse religion
● British North America (Southern Colonies)
○ Mayland
○ Virginia
○ N. Carolina
○ S. Carolina
○ Georgia
● Southern Colonies
○ Warm climate (rampant diseases)
○ Suitable for large farm
○ Religion was important
○ Life centered around individual
○ Originally depended upon indentured servants
○ Eventually evolved into a slave dependent economy
○ Slave trading became a huge part of the southern economy
4 Enlightenment philosopher
● Baron de Montesquieu
○ He was born in France, he studied science and history in college.
○ He believed that women were weaker and not everyone is equal.
○ He supported monarchy but also worked with other branches.
● Jean-Jacques Rousseau
○ He was born in Geneva, Switzerland, he had a good philosophy education.
○ He believed that humans were independent and borned good.
○ He preferred democracy and fair governments.
● John Locke
○ He was born in England, he studied medicine at Oxford University.
○ He believed that humans had the ability to think.
○ He preferred democracy, and if the government abused people’s rights, people
should rebel and form a new government.
● Thomas Hobbes
○ He was born in England, he studied in Oxford University.
○ He believed that humans were selfish and borned bad, he thought that poor
people shouldn’t have the right to vote because they lacked education.
○ He supported absolute monarchy.
Bill of Right
- Sean Hsu - Bill of Rights - Group Analysis - 17924059
Cause of Civil War
- Causes of CW 2425
Slavery
● Definition
○ The permanent, violent, and personal domination of natally alienated and
generally dishonored persons.
Reconstruction
● Civil War ends
○ How to reunite the South with the North and who should have the power to do
that?
○ What will happen to all the newly freed slaves—freedmen?
● Bring the South back
○ Everythings in the South was destroyed
○ Moderate’s goal is to heal the union (Lincoln)
○ Radical’s goal is to punish the South
○ Lincoln’s 10% plan
■ Favored a lenient policy
■ Give back property, except for high ranking leaders
■ Only 10% have to apologize
○ Wade-Davis Bill is rejected (pocket vetoed) by Lincoln
○ After Lincoln died, Johnson took over
○ Johnson forgave everyone who took the oath, Radical was furious
○ Congressional plan
■ Divide the South into 5 military zones
■ Take the oath
■ Approve 13th, 14th, and 15th amendment
■ Draft new constitution
● Impact
○ First African-American Elected Officials
○ Freedmen’s Bureau
○ Economic Opportunity
○ Historical Interpretation
● End of the reconstruction
○ By the 1870s, Northerners lost interest in Reconstruction
○ White Democrats regain political power in the South
○ Organizations such as the KKK used terror to enforce the culture of white
supremacy
● Freed slaves
○ Sharecropping
○ Black Codes
○ KKK
Gilded Age
● Industrialization
○ Land
○ Labor
○ Capital & Innovation
■ Capitalism
■ Bessemer Process
■ Changing uses for Oil
■ Government support of Railroads
● Robber Barons and Captains of Industry
Anti-Imperialism
● Anti-America
● Cultures, religions, races
Why imperialize?
● E - economic: Raw materials, empty land, cheap labor
● M - military: If you control the sea you control the world, Navy bases
● P - political:
○ Assertiveness - Monroe Doctrine - The US wanted to keep Europe out of
America
○ Territories
● I - ideological: Social Darwinism, Spread idea
● R - religious: Christianity
● E - envy: Everybody’s doing it
The Spanish-American War (1898)
Economy - sugar industry
Unite the US people
Cuba revolution
War Hawks
● Territory
● To protect business interest
● To promote democracy
Doves
● Peace
● Stay out of conflict that’s not theirs
WWI
● MANIA
○ Military
○ Alliance
○ Nationalism
○ Imperialism
○ Assassination
● France (Russia) vs Germany (Austria Hungary, Italy)
● Assassination - Archduke Francis Ferdinand got shot
● Steps to War
○ Serbia wanted to free themself and join Russia
○ Archduke Francis Ferdinand got shot
○ Austria Hungary give blank check and set amendment for Serbia
○ Serbia rejected the amendment and the blank check went to war against Austria
Hungary
○ Germany supported Austria Hungary
○ Russia supported Serbia
○ Schlieffen plan: Germany’s plan - across Belgium and attack Paris
○ Britain helped Belgium
○ The US support England and sent supplies to them
○ Germany’s U-boat boomed up US supply ship
○ Germany secretly told Mexico to go to war against the US
○ US wanted to make money
○ US involved in the war against Germany
The Roaring Twenties
● Death of Progressivism
○ People were tired of an expanded government
● Economic Boom of the 1920
○ Standardized Mass Production
■ Car
○ Machines & Factories
○ Higher Wages
○ Consumer good
● The Great Depression
○ Banks call up loans
○ People selling stocks
○ Stock markets crush
○ Business fire employee
The Japanese Internment - Executive Order 9066 (1942 - 1945)
● President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066
○ Military areas
○ Broad areas
● Why did it happen?
○ History of Racism towards those of Asian descent
○ War Hysteria
○ A Failure of Political Leadership
○ Economic Competition
● The Relocation of Persons of Japanese Ancestry (camp)
○ As little as 48 hours notice
○ Business properties, homes, cars, furnishings, personal items were sold far
below market value
○ All families suffered severe losses and lives in upheaval
○ Federal government assumed no liability
Cold War
● Different Ideologies
○ American Values (American Perspective & Soviet Perspective)
■ Democracy: government by the people
● Best system of government
● True democracy can only be secured in an economic system that
rewards everyone equally
■ Equality: the condition of being equal
● Same chance to success; Law treats everyone equally
● Essential for a healthy society; Share material
■ Capitalism: private ownership of industry
● For individuals to better themselves through hard work; Human
nature of competing
● An evil economic system
■ Individualism: believe in self reliance and personal independence
● Basic human nature
● Society built on individualism produces some winners and many
losers
■ Liberty and Freedom: the condition of being free
● Core of a happy and productive society
● Not free unless they have a fair share of wealth that allows them
to live beyond basic needs
○ Soviet Values
■ Collectivism: People Need to Work Together for the Benefit of the Whole
■ Socialism: Government Ownership of Industry
■ Totalitarianism: Total Control by the Government of All Aspects of Life
Culture during Cold War
● McCarthyism: afraid your neighbor to be communist
● Arm Race
● Space Race
