⨀ Further Pure Mathematics Faisal Mizan | Flashback Workbook

Contents

Topics Page Topics Page

Formula List 02 Equation Graph 31

Algebra 21 Quadratic Equation 36

Logarithms 22 Trigonometry 38

Binomial Expansion 23 Calculus 44

AP-GP 26 Coordinate Geometry 52

Vector 28 Circular Measure 55

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Formula List

Surds

1 √𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦√𝑧, e.g., √180 = √32 × 22 × 5 = 3 × 2 × √5

3
2 𝒙 = √𝑥 2 , 𝒙 = √𝑥 3

𝑎 √𝑎
3 √𝑎 × 𝑏 = √𝑎 × √𝑏 4 √𝑏 =
√𝑏
𝑏 𝑏 √𝑥 𝑏√𝑥 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐(√𝑚+√𝑛)
= × = √𝑚+√𝑛
5 √𝑥 √𝑥 √𝑥 𝑥 6 = × =
√𝑚−√𝑛 √𝑚−√𝑛 √𝑚+√𝑛 𝑚−𝑛

7 √𝑎 + 𝑏 ≠ √𝑎 + √𝑏 8 √𝑎 − 𝑏 ≠ √𝑎 − √𝑏

Indices
𝑎𝑚
1 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 2 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑎𝑛

𝑎𝑚 𝑎 𝑚
3 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑏 𝑚 = (𝑎 × 𝑏)𝑚 4 = (𝑏 )
𝑏𝑚

5 (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 6 𝑎0 = 1

1 𝑎 −𝑛 𝑎𝑚
7 𝑎−𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 8 =
𝑎 −𝑚 𝑎𝑛

1 𝑚 𝑚
𝑛 𝑛
9 𝑎𝑛 = √𝑎
𝑛 10 √𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎 𝑛 = ( √𝑎)

11 (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑚 ≠ 𝑎𝑚 + 𝑏 𝑚 , e.g., (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2

𝑎 −𝑚 𝑏 𝑚
12 ( ) =( )
𝑏 𝑎
Logarithm

1 Logarithmic form: log 𝑎 𝑁 = 𝑝 𝑁 > 0, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1. Index form: 𝑎𝑃 = 𝑁.

𝑥
2 log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥𝑦 3 log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑦

1
4 log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑘 = 𝑘 log 𝑎 𝑥 5 log 𝑎 𝑥 = − log 𝑎 𝑥

log 𝑏 1
6 log 𝑎 𝑏 = log𝑐 𝑎 7 log 𝑎 𝑏 = log
𝑐 𝑏𝑎

8 log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1 9 log 𝑎 1 = 0

10 lg 𝑥 = log10 𝑥 11 ln 𝑥 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑀2 𝑃4
12 Single logarithm: 2 log 𝑎 𝑀 − 3 log 𝑎 𝑁 + 4 log 𝑎 𝑃 = log 𝑎 𝑁3

13 𝑒 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑥 10lg 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑎log𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥

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ALGEBRA
1. (a) Remainder Theorem (b) Factor Theorem
For 𝑓(𝑥) = … … divided by (𝑥 + 𝑎), For 𝑓(𝑥) = … … divided by (𝑥 + 𝑎),
𝑅 = 𝑓(−𝑎). 𝑅 = 𝑓(−𝑎).
If 𝑅 = 0, (𝑥 + 𝑎) is a factor.
2. 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒 is a factor of 𝒇(𝒙),
then (𝑥 − 1) is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥)
and (𝑥 − 4) is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥).
3. To factorize a cubic expression 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟑 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅
Step 1: Try 𝑓(2) = 0, (𝑥 − 2) is a factor.
Step 2: Divide 𝑓(𝑥) by (𝑥 − 2).
Step 3: 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
= (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 𝑝)(𝑥 + 𝑞)
4. Shape of curve:

Linear Quadratic Cubic

+𝑥 2 −𝑥 2 +𝑥 3 −𝑥 3
5. Forming equation:

−1 5
−1 1 3

−10

Roots: −1 and 5, Roots: −1, 1 and 3,

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 5) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)
→ 𝑘. 1(−5) = −10 → 𝑘. 1. (−1)(3) = 9
→ 𝑘 = −2 →𝑘=3
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: ∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 5) 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: ∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 3(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)

6. (i) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) (ii) 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐)

= 𝑥 2 + … … … … + (−𝑎)(−𝑏) = 𝑥 3 + … … … … + (−𝑎𝑏𝑐)

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QUADRATIC EQUATION
❶ Completing Square
Minimum curve Maximum curve
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴(𝑥 + 𝐵)2 + 𝐶 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝐴(𝑥 + 𝐵)2 + 𝐶
• Minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐶 • Maximum value of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐶
when 𝑥 = −𝐵 when 𝑥 = −𝐵
1 1 1 1
• Maximum value of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐶 • Minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐶
when 𝑥 = −𝐵 when 𝑥 = −𝐵

❷
For 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 > 𝟎 For 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 < 𝟎
Critical values = −2, 5 Critical values = −2, 5

+ +

−2 5 −2 5
− −
𝑥 < −2 𝑥>5
−2 < 𝑥 < 5
Less than Less Greater than Greater
❸

Nature of Roots

Real Unreal

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0

Real and Different Real and Equal

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0

❹
Line and Curve

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ------------- (1)

𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) ------------- (2)
Step – 1: Form Quadratic Equation
Step – 2: Use Discriminant

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e.g. Line and Curve

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 ------------- (1)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9 ------------- (2)

To find the intersecting point substitute (1) onto (2)

𝑥 2 + (𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐)2 = 9
2 (𝑚2
⇒𝑥 + 1) + 10𝑚𝑥 + 16 = 0

Intersecting at two points Line tangent to the curve Line doesn’t cut the curve

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎 = 0 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0

⇒ 9𝑚2 − 16 > 0 ⇒ 9𝑚2 − 16 = 0 ⇒ 9𝑥 2 − 16 < 0
4 4 4 4 4 4
∴ 𝑚 > or 𝑚 < − ∴ 𝑚 = − or 𝑚 = ∴− <𝑚<
3 3 3 3 3 3

❺ Lie entirely above/below 𝒙-axis

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 𝑘 is positive for all values of 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑘 is negative for all values of

means curve lies above 𝑥-axis 𝑥, means curve lies below 𝑥-axis

𝑦 𝑦

𝑥
2
𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
𝑥

ALPHA – BETA
❶ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒉𝒙 + 𝒌 = 𝟎
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 has roots 𝛼 and 𝛽 If 𝑔(𝑥) = 0 has roots 𝑚 and 𝑛
𝑏 𝑐 ℎ 𝑘
𝛼+𝛽 =− 𝛼𝛽 = 𝑚+𝑛 =− 𝑚𝑛 =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

❷ If two roots of an unknown equation are given

Step #1: Find the sum of the roots

Step #2: Find the product of the roots
Step #3: Use 𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠) ∙ 𝑥 + (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠) = 0

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Some Identities
❸
(b) 𝛼 2 − 𝛽 2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)(𝛼 − 𝛽)
(a) 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽
Similarly,
Similarly,
• 𝛼 4 − 𝛽 4 = (𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 )(𝛼 2 − 𝛽 2 )
• 𝛼 4 + 𝛽 4 = (𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 )2 − 2𝛼 2 𝛽 2
= (𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 )(𝛼 + 𝛽)(𝛼 − 𝛽)
• 𝛼 6 + 𝛽 6 = (𝛼 3 + 𝛽 3 )2 − 2𝛼 3 𝛽 3

(c) (𝛼 − 𝛽)2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 4𝛼𝛽 (d) 𝛼 3 + 𝛽 3 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)3 − 3𝛼𝛽(𝛼 + 𝛽)

If 𝛼 > 𝛽, 𝛼 3 − 𝛽 3 = (𝛼 − 𝛽)3 + 3𝛼𝛽(𝛼 − 𝛽)
• 𝛼 − 𝛽 = √(𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 4𝛼𝛽 (Only positive)

❹ Some Important Concepts

(a) For 25𝑥 2 − (𝑝2 − 40)𝑥 + 16 = 0 (b) If 𝛼 3 + 𝛽 3 = 28√37 − − − − −(𝑖)
If 2 is a root of the equation, find the other root
𝛼 3 − β3 = 85 − 14√37 − − (𝑖𝑖)
→ Let the other root be 𝛽
Product = 𝑎
𝑐 To find 𝛼 3 add (𝑖) & (𝑖𝑖)
16 To find 𝛽 3 subtract (𝑖) & (𝑖𝑖)
⇒2×𝛽 =
25
8
∴𝛽=
25
(c) For 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 has one root three times the other, find 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, [𝛼, 3𝛼]
Use
𝑏
𝛼 + 3𝛼 = − 𝑎 .......................(1)
𝑐
𝛼 × 3𝛼 = 𝑎 ..........................(2)

❺
𝛼+𝛽
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥=
2
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, has roots 𝛼 and 𝛽
𝛼+𝛽 𝛼
Equation of Line of Symmetry → 𝑥 = 𝛽
2

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COORDINATE GEOMETRY
(i) Length 𝐴𝐵 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
𝑞
(ii) Midpoint = (
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
, 2 ) 𝐵 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
2 •
𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑝 𝑃
(iii) Gradient = 𝑥2 −𝑥1

𝑝𝑥2 +𝑞𝑥1 𝑝𝑦2 +𝑞𝑦1

(iv) Co-ordinates of 𝑃 = ( , ) 𝐴 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
𝑝+𝑞 𝑝+𝑞

(v) Equation of 𝐴𝐵, 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

∎ To find gradient:

Case-1: Case-2: Case-3:

𝐵 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
2

3 •
𝐴 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝐴

𝑦2 −𝑦1 Rise 2 𝑑𝑦
Gradient, 𝑚 = m= = mat 𝐴 =
𝑥2 −𝑥1 Run 3 𝑑𝑥

(vi) For parallel lines, (vii) For perpendicular lines,

𝑚1 = 𝑚2 𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1 𝑚2
𝑚1 𝑚2 1
∴ 𝑚2 = −
𝑚1
𝑚1

∎ To find equation:

Case-1: 𝑦
Case-2:
𝑦
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄
(3, 5)
• • 𝑦=5 𝑙1
5 1
For 𝑙1 ⟶ 𝑐 = 1, 𝑚 = 2
1
1
𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑥 = −2 𝑥=3 0

For 𝑙2 ⟶ 𝑐 = 1, 𝑚 = −1
−2 0 3 𝑥
𝑙2 ∴ 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1

Case-3: ↪ How to know if a point lies on the line or not

𝑦
• (4, 8) does not lie on the line
3𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 18 6
𝑚
as when 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 7 (≠ 8)
•
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) • (6, 0) lies on the line
𝑥 as when 𝑥 = 6, 𝑦 = 0
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

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(viii)
𝐶 𝐵 𝐴 𝐶
1
𝐵 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) Area = |𝑥
2 3
𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥3 |
• 𝑦3 𝑦2 𝑦1 𝑦3
𝐴 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 1
• = |( ↘ ) − ( ↙ )|
2

•
𝐶 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

(x) 𝑦

For 𝑷 For 𝑸
𝑄
𝑦=0 𝑥=0
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑥 + (𝑏 × 0) = 𝑐 (𝑎 × 0) + 𝑏𝑥 = 𝑐
𝑐 𝑐
𝑥=𝑎 𝑦=𝑏

0
𝑥
𝑃

(xi)
For intersecting point 𝑃,
− − − −(i)
Solve equations (i) and (ii)
•
𝑃
− − − −(ii)

(xii)
Tangent,
𝑑𝑦
𝑚 𝑇 = 𝑑𝑥

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

Normal,
1
𝑚𝑁 = − 𝑚
𝑇

Equation of tangent: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑇 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
Equation of normal: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚𝑁 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

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BINOMIAL EXPANSION
If 𝒏 is a positive integer (for example: 𝒏 = 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕, etc):
1
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶1 ∙ 𝑎𝑛−1 ∙ 𝑏1 + 𝑛𝐶2 ∙ 𝑎𝑛−2 ∙ 𝑏 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑟 ∙ 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 ∙ 𝑏 𝑟 + ⋯ + 𝑏 𝑛 , where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ
𝟏
If 𝒏 is a fraction or a negative integer or unknown (for example: 𝒏 = −𝟐, , 𝒑, etc):
𝟐
2
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛(𝑛−1) 2 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) 3
(1 + 𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 +⋯ Valid range: −1 < 𝑥 < 1
1! 2! 3!

Some important ranges (when power is not an integer):

1 1
(1 + 𝑝𝑥 2 )𝑥 → − <𝑥<
√𝑝 √𝑝
3
(8 + 𝑥)𝑛 → −8 < 𝑥 < 8
1 1
(1 + 10𝑥)𝑝 , (1 + 2𝑥)𝑝 → − <𝑥< (Smallest range)
10 10

(𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄)(𝒑𝒙𝟑 + 𝒒𝒙𝟐 + 𝒓𝒙 + 𝒕)

4 For 𝒙𝟑 term:

𝑎𝑟𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑞𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑝𝑥 3 = (𝑎𝑟 + 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑐𝑝)𝑥 3

(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑝 → ascending power of 𝑏 and descending power of 𝑎.

5
(𝑏 + 𝑎)𝑝 → descending power of 𝑏 and ascending power of 𝑎.

If (3 + 2𝑥)5 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 3 + ⋯

6 and (3 − 2𝑥)5 = 𝐴 − 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2 − 𝐷𝑥 3 + ⋯ → just alternate the signs

∴ (3 + 2𝑥)5 + (3 − 2𝑥)5 = 2𝐴 + 2𝐶𝑥 2 + ⋯

To expand (𝟏 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 )𝟏𝟎 :

7 = {1 + (−3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 )}10

= 1 + 10𝐶1 ∙ (−3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 )1 + 10𝐶2 ∙ (−3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 )2 + ⋯

(𝒂 + 𝒃𝒙)𝟔 = 𝟒𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟔
8
6
∴ 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 = ± √46656 = ±6 (Even power → so introduce ±)

Suitable value of 𝒙
∎ Type 1:
1
2
1. (1 − 3𝑥)2 , use expansion up to 𝑥 3 to find the value of √5 in 5 significant figures.
∎ Type 2:
1
2
2. (1 − 3𝑥)2 , use expansion to find the value of √10 in 5 significant figures. [√10 = 5√5]

∎ Type 3:
1
3. (4 − 𝑥)2 , use expansion up to 𝑥 2 to find the value of √399 in 5 decimal places.
1
3
4. (8 + 𝑥)3 ,use expansion up to 𝑥 3 to find the value of √64.8 in 5 decimal places.

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Solution
∎ Number 1: ∎ Number 2:
1 1
Step 1: Range: − < 𝑥 <
3 3
1 1
(1 − 3𝑥) = (2/5)
2 2 Step 1:
1 1 1 1
→ 1 − 3𝑥 = 2/5
(1 − 3𝑥)2 = (10)2 (1 − 3𝑥)2 = (2/5)2
∴ 𝑥 = 1/5
→ 1 − 3𝑥 = 10 → 1 − 3𝑥 = 2/5
Step 2:
∴ 𝑥 = −3 ∴ 𝑥 = 1/5
1 3 9 27
(1 − 3𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 −
2 𝑥3 (𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒) (𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒)
2 8 16

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1/5, Step 2:

1 1 3 9 27
1 2 3 1 9 1 2 27 1 3 (1 − 3𝑥)2 = 1 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥3
→ (1 − 3 ∙ ) =1− ( )− ( ) − ( ) 2 8 16
5 2 5 8 5 16 5

1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1/5,
∴ (2/5)2 = 0.6415 1
1 2 3 1 9 1 2 27 1 3
→ (1 − 3 ∙ ) = 1 − ( ) − ( ) − ( )
5 2 5 8 5 16 5

1
∴ (2/5)2 = 0.6415
Step 3:
1
5(2/5)2 = 5 × 0.6415

∴ √10 = 3.2075

∎ Number 3: ∎ Number 4:

Step 1: Step 1:
1 3
1
√399 = (400 − 1)2 √64.8 = (64 + 0.8)3
1 1
3
→ √399 = {100 × (4 − 0.01)}2 → √64.8 = {8 × (8 + 0.1)}3
1 1
3
∴ √399 = 10(4 − 0.01)2 ∴ √64.8 = 2(8 + 0.1)3
Step 2: Step 2:
1 1 1 1
(4 − 𝑥)2 = (4 − 0.01)2 (8 + 𝑥)3 = (8 + 0.1)3
∴ 𝑥 = 0.01 ∴ 𝑥 = 0.1
Step 3: Step 3:
1 1
1 1 1 1 5
(4 − 𝑥)2 = 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑥2 (8 + 𝑥)3 = 2 + 𝑥− 𝑥2 + 𝑥3
4 64 12 288 20736

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0.01, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0.1,

1 1
1 1
→ (4 − 0.01)2 = 2 − (0.01) − (0.01)2 → (8 + 0.1)3 = 1.02989
4 64
1 1
→ 10(4 − 0.01)2 = 10 × 1.997498 → 2(8 + 0.1)3 = 2 × 1.02989
3
∴ √399 = 19.97498 ∴ √64.8 = 2.05978

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A.P. – G.P.

Arithmetic Progression Geometric Progression

1 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, …. 1 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , 𝑎𝑟 3 , ….
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
2 For unknown terms: 2 For unknown terms:
* 𝑙 = 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 Let 𝑙 = 𝑇𝑛

𝑛=
𝑙−𝑎
+ 1 or ∴ 𝑙 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑑

Let 𝑙 = 𝑇𝑛
∴ 𝑙 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
3 To find unknown use: 3 To find unknown, use:
𝑇2− 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2 or 𝑇3− 𝑇1 = 𝑇5 − 𝑇3 𝑇2 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
𝑇1
= 𝑇3 or 𝑇5 = 𝑇3
2 3 1

4 • 𝑑 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 4 • 𝑟=
𝑇2
𝑇1
𝑇5 −𝑇2
• 𝑑= 3 𝑇5 3 𝑇
• 𝑟3 = ∴𝑟= √5
𝑇2 𝑇 2

5 𝑛 5 𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛)
𝑆𝒏 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] 𝑆𝒏 =
2 1−𝑟
𝑛
If last term is known: 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑙)

6 Convergent: −1 < 𝑟 < 1

Otherwise, Divergent

Convergent

-2 -1 0 1 2

𝑎
7 Sum to infinity, 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟

For both A.P. and G.P.

1 If 𝑺𝒏 given, use: 2 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 , 𝑇3 … … 𝑇15 , 𝑇16 … … 𝑇25
→ 𝑇1 = 𝑆1 The sum of last 10 terms = 𝑆25 − 𝑆(25−10)
→ 𝑇2 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1
→ 𝑇3 = 𝑆3 − 𝑆2
→ 𝑇100 = 𝑆100 − 𝑆99
∴ 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1

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3 30

Sigma Notation ∑ (7𝑟 − 3)

𝑟=15

Number of terms: (30 − 15) + 1 = 16

𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟏𝟔
Step – 1: (7 × 15 − 3), (7 × 16 − 3) (7 × 30 − 3)
…….
102, 109, ……. 207
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑙)
Step – 2: 2
16
∴ 𝑆𝑛 = (102 + 207) = 2472
2

CIRULAR MEASURE
1. 4.

2. If 𝜃 in radian,
180° = 𝜋 rad • 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑟𝜃
1
• 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑟 2 𝜃
2
𝜋
×
180

3. 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛

180
×
𝜋

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CALCULUS

Differentiation Integration

𝑑 𝑘𝑥 𝑎+1 𝑘𝑥 2
1 (𝑘𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘) = 𝑘𝑎𝑥 𝑎−1 + 𝑘 ∙ 1 + 0 1 ∫(𝑘𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘) 𝑑𝑥 = + + 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑎+1 2

𝑑 𝑑 𝑘(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)𝑎+1
2 𝑘(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)𝑎 = (𝑘𝑎(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)𝑎−1 ) (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) 2 ∫ 𝑘(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 + 1) (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
3 (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 (𝑣) + 𝑣 (𝑢) 3 ∫(𝑢𝑣) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑠
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑢
4 𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 (𝑢) − 𝑢 (𝑣) 4 ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑠
( )= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣

𝑑 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
5 𝑒 = (𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 ) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 5 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎

𝑑 𝑑 cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
6 sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = (cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 6 ∫ sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎

𝑑 𝑑 sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
7 cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = (− sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 7 ∫ cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎

𝑑 𝑑 tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
8 (tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)) = sec 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 8 ∫ sec 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎

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AREA & VOLUME

1. 2. 𝑑
𝑏
𝑨 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑨 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑐

3. 4. 𝑑
𝑏
𝑽 = 𝜋∫ [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 𝑽 = 𝜋 ∫ [𝑓(𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑐

5. 𝑏 6. 𝑑
𝑨 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 𝑨 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑦) − 𝑔(𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑐

7. 8. 𝑑
𝑏
𝑽 = 𝜋 ∫ [(𝑓(𝑥)] − [𝑔(𝑥)]2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑽 = 𝜋 ∫ ([𝑓(𝑦)]2 − [𝑔(𝑦)]2 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑐

9. 10.
1
𝑽 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 𝑽 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3

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TRIGONOMETRY
∎ Trigonometric Identities:

1
sec 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 = 1
tan 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
1
❶ cosec 𝑥 = ❷ cos 𝑥 ❸ sec 2 𝑥 = 1 + tan2 𝑥
sin 𝑥 cot 𝑥 =
1 sin 𝑥
cot 𝑥 = cosec 2 𝑥 = 1 + cot 2 𝑥
tan 𝑥

sin(180 − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃 sin(90 − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃 sin(−𝜃) = −sin 𝜃

❹ cos(180 − 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃 cos(90 − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃 cos(−𝜃) = cos 𝜃
tan(180 − 𝜃) = − tan 𝜃 tan(90 − 𝜃) = cot 𝜃 tan(−𝜃) = − tan 𝜃

❺ sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 or 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃 or 2 cos2 𝜃 − 1

∎ General Solution:

Sin Cos Tan

For Degree 180°𝑛 + (−1)𝑛 𝛼 360°𝑛 ± 𝛼 180°𝑛 + 𝛼

For Radian 𝜋𝑛 + (−1)𝑛 𝛼 2𝜋𝑛 ± 𝛼 𝜋𝑛 + 𝛼

Here 𝛼 is the 1𝑠𝑡 value (Calculator value).

For both positive and negative values, put 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5, … …

OR
𝑆 𝐴

𝑇 𝐶

𝑃 𝑃
𝜃 𝜃
𝜃 𝜃

𝑃 𝑃

+ 𝒗𝒆 → 𝜽 + 𝒗𝒆 → 𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝜽 + 𝒗𝒆 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 + 𝜽 + 𝒗𝒆 → 𝟑𝟔𝟎 − 𝜽

− 𝒗𝒆 → −𝟑𝟔𝟎 + 𝜽 − 𝒗𝒆 → −𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝜽 − 𝒗𝒆 = −𝟏𝟖𝟎 + 𝜽 − 𝒗𝒆 → −𝜽

180 − 𝜃 𝜃 −180 − 𝜃 −360 + 𝜃

180 + 𝜃 360 − 𝜃 −180 + 𝜃 −𝜃

Positive Angle Negative Angle

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EQUATION GRAPH
Basic Curve Sketching

∎ Linear Graph
𝑦 𝑦
1. 𝑦 2. 𝑦 3. 4.
𝑥=𝑎 𝑦=𝑥 𝑦 = −𝑥
𝑦=𝑎
𝑜 𝑥 𝑜 𝑥
𝑜 𝑥 𝑜 𝑥

5. 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑦

At 𝑥-axis 𝑦 = 0 At 𝑦-axis 𝑥 = 0
𝑐
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏(0) = 𝑐 𝑎(0) + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑏
𝑥
𝑐 𝑐 𝑜 𝑐
𝑥= 𝑦=
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎

∎ Quadratic Equation
𝑦
1. 𝑦 2. 3. 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
6
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2 + 5
𝑦 = −𝑘𝑥 2 + 6 At 𝑥-axis 𝑦 = 0, At 𝑦-axis 𝑥 = 0
5 2 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑜
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑦=𝑐
𝑜 𝑥 −3 𝑦 = −𝑘𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2 − 4
𝑦 = −𝑘𝑥 2 − 3
𝑥 = 𝑝, 𝑞
−4 𝑦 𝑦
+𝑥 2 −𝑥 2

𝑜 𝑝 𝑞 𝑥 𝑜 𝑝 𝑞 𝑥

∎ Cubic Graph

1. 2. 𝑦 3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 4. 𝑦 = −𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥3 𝑦 = −𝑥 3

𝑥 𝑥
𝑜 𝑜
𝑥 𝑥
𝑜 𝑜

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∎ Fraction Graph

𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
1. 𝑦 = 2. 𝑦 =
𝑐𝑥+𝑑 𝑝𝑥+𝑞

𝑎
Step 1: asymptote ∥ to 𝑥-axis, 𝑦 = 𝑐
Step 1: asymptote ∥ to 𝑦-axis, 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0

𝑞
asymptote ∥ to 𝑥-axis, 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0 𝑥 = −𝑝

𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = −𝑐 Step 2: For turning point, 𝑑𝑥 = 0

Step 2: At 𝑥-axis,𝑦 = 0, Find 𝑥. Step 3: Sketching.

𝑦 𝑦
At 𝑦-axis, 𝑥 = 0, Find 𝑦.

Step 3: Sketching
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
−𝑥 2 +𝑥 2
𝑥

[Depend on cutting Point] 𝑦 Step 4: Find the cutting point in axes if necessary.
𝑥
∎ Exponential Graph ∎ Trigonometric Graphs

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 /𝑎 𝑥 /2𝑥 𝑦
1
General Shape
𝑦 360°
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 𝑜 90°
𝑥 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
−𝑥 180° 270°
𝑦=𝑒

−1
𝑥
𝑦

𝑦 = −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑥 1

𝑥 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
∎ Logarithm Graph 𝑜 90° 180° 270° 360°

𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥/ ln 𝑥/ lg 𝑥 −1

General Shape
𝑦
𝑦 = ln(−𝑥) 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 𝑦

𝑥 𝑜 90° 180° 270° 360°

𝑥 𝑦 = tan 𝑥

𝑦 = −ln(−𝑥) 𝑦 = −ln 𝑥
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VECTOR
1 Column Vector: 6 Show that 𝑨𝑩 ∥ 𝑷𝑻:
𝑥1 Use the following steps:
• 𝐚⃗ = (𝑦 ) or 𝑥1 𝐢 + 𝑦1 𝐣
1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 −−−/−−−
Step 1: 𝑃𝑇 = −−−/−−− = 𝑘 (constant)
• |𝐚⃗| = √𝑥1 2 + 𝑦1 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗
𝐚 Step 2: ∴ 𝐴𝐵 ∥ 𝑃𝑇
• Unit Vector of 𝐚⃗: |𝐚⃗|
𝑦1
• ∠ between 𝐚⃗ and 𝑥-axis: tan 𝜃 =
𝑥1
2 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥 +𝑥 7 Show 𝑨, 𝑩 and 𝑪 lie on a straight line
• 𝐚⃗ + 𝐛 = (𝑦 ) + (𝑦 ) = (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ).
1 2 1 2 (collinear).
𝑥1 𝑘𝑥
• 𝑘𝐚⃗ = 𝑘 (𝑦 ) = ( 1 ). ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 −−−/−−−
Step 1: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −−−/−−− = 𝑘 (constant)
1 𝑘𝑦1 𝐵𝐶
Step 2: ∴ 𝐴𝐵 ∥ 𝐵𝐶
Step 3: Since 𝐴 is common, therefore 𝐴, 𝐵
and 𝐶 lie on a straight line.
3 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 8 Given 𝑨, 𝑩 and 𝑪 are collinear (or
• If (𝒚 ) = (𝒚 ),
𝟏 𝟐
parallel), find 𝝀.
o 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 ------------ (i)
Step 1:
o 𝑦1 = 𝑦2 ------------ (ii)
𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 Find ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥𝐚⃗ + 𝑦𝐛 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑝𝐚⃗ + 𝑞𝐛.
• If (𝒚 ) || (𝒚 ), 𝑥 𝑦
𝟏 𝟐 Step 2: Use shortcut = to find 𝜆.
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑝 𝑞
o (𝑦 ) = 𝑘 (𝑦 ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜆 × 𝐴𝐶
Or otherwise, 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 2
o 𝑥1 = 𝑘𝑥2 ------------ (i) • ⇒ 𝑥𝐚⃗ + 𝑦𝐛 = 𝜆(𝑝𝐚⃗ + 𝑞𝐛)
o 𝑦1 = 𝑘𝑦2 ------------ (ii) • ∴ 𝑥 = 𝜆𝑝 ------------ (i)
𝑥 𝑥
o Shortcut: 𝑦1 = 𝑦2 • ∴ 𝑦 = 𝜆𝑞 ------------ (ii)
1 2
4 Position Vector: 9 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
For two geometrical properties of 𝑨𝑩
ℎ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
• 𝐴(ℎ, 𝑘) means ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = ( ). 𝑷𝑸:
𝑘
• In terms of position vector: Use the following steps:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Step 1: Ratio -
o 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 𝑚
o ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑄 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (constant)
𝑃𝑄 𝑛

Example: Given 𝐴(3, 2) and 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (5). Step 2: Properties -

2
• ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ∥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 .
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Find 𝑂𝐵.
• (ii) 𝐴𝐵: 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑚: 𝑛.
5
• ⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐵 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = ( ).
2
5 3 8
• ∴ 𝑂𝐵 = ( ) + ( ) = ( ).
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 2 4
5 Show that 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 is a parallelogram: 10 Ratio example:
Either prove 𝐴𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐷𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐩
Given 𝐴𝐵: 𝐵𝐶 = 5: 3 and 𝐴𝐵 ⃗ + 2𝐪
⃗.
∴ 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram. Find ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 .
Or prove ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 •
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 5+3
5
𝐴𝐶
∴ 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram. 𝐩+2𝐪 5
• ⇒ =
𝐴𝐶 8
8 16
• ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐩 +
∴ 𝐴𝐶 5 5
𝐪

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11 Area Ratio:

1 1
∆ 𝑨𝑩𝑫 2 × 2 × ℎ ∆ 𝑷𝑺𝑻 3 2 ∆ 𝑨𝑷𝑸 2 × 3 × 1 × sin 𝜃
= =( ) =
∆ 𝑩𝑫𝑪 1 × 3 × ℎ ∆ 𝑷𝑸𝑹 5 ∆ 𝑨𝑩𝑪 1 × 4 × 2 × sin 𝜃
2 2

KINEMATICS
1. time = 𝑡, distance/displacement = 𝑠/𝑥, acceleration/retardation = 𝑎, velocity/speed = 𝑣.
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
2. 𝑣 = 𝑑𝑡, or 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑎= 𝑑𝑡
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡
3. 𝑣= ⇒ 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑣
𝑑𝑣
𝑎= ⇒ 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡
𝑎
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥
4. For the maximum or minimum value of 𝑠/𝑥, = 0 or = 0.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
5. For the maximum or minimum value of 𝑣, 𝑑𝑡 = 0.

6. If the particle comes to rest, 𝑣 = 0.

7. If the particle comes to fixed point or fixed level, 𝑠 = 0 or 𝑥 = 0.

8. Distance travelled in 𝑡 second = 𝑠𝑡 , [If 𝑡 = 0, 𝑠 = 0].

9. Distance travelled in 𝑡 second = 𝑠𝑡 − 𝑠0 , [If 𝑡 = 0, 𝑠 ≠ 0].

10. Distance travelled in 𝑡𝑡ℎ second = 𝑠𝑡 − 𝑠𝑡−1.

11. Distance travelled between 𝑡 = 3 and 𝑡 = 7 → |𝑠7 − 𝑠3 |. [If there is no value of 𝑡 between 𝑡 = 3

and 𝑡 = 7 for which 𝑣 = 0].

12. Distance travelled between 𝑡 = 3 and 𝑡 = 7 → |𝑠5 − 𝑠3 | + |𝑠7 − 𝑠5 |. [If there is a value of 𝑡 = 5

between 𝑡 = 3 and 𝑡 = 7 for which 𝑣 = 0].

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Last Minute Review

How prepared are you?

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ALGEBRA
1. Find the set of values of 𝑥 for which both 3 + 𝑥 < 2𝑥 − 1 and 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) > 6. [5]

2. (a) On the grid below, sketch the lines with equations:

(i) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 3, (ii) 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12.

On your sketch, show the coordinates of the points where the lines cross the coordinate axes. [2]

(b) Show, by shading, the region 𝑅 defined by the inequalities:

𝑦 ≤ 3𝑥 − 3, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 12, 𝑦 ≥ −1. [2]

For all points in 𝑅 with coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑃 = 4𝑥 − 𝑦.

(c) Find the greatest value of 𝑃. [4]

1
(d) Do (3, 2) & (3, 2) lies in the region?

3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 12 where 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℤ.

Given that (𝑥 + 3) is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥) and that when 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is divided by (𝑥 + 3) the remainder is 37,

(a) show that 𝑝 = 1 and find the value of 𝑞, [6]

(b) hence factorize 𝑓(𝑥) completely, [2]

(c) show that the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 has only one real root. [2]

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LOGARITHM
27(𝑥+2) −3(3𝑥+5)
1. Given that 𝑘 is a constant where 3𝑥 ×9(𝑥+2)
= 𝑘, find the value of 𝑘. [5]

16
2. Find the exact solution of the equation 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 = 6. [5]

3. Solve the equation log 𝑥 64 + 3 log 4 𝑥 − log 𝑥 4 = 5. [7]

4. Solve the equations, giving the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 to 3 significant figures:

3 log 2 𝑥 + 4 log 3 𝑦 = 10 log 2 𝑥 − 2 log 3 𝑦 = 1 [6]

5. (a) Find the value of log 3 9. [1]

(b) Given that log 9 4 = 𝑘 log 3 4, find the value of 𝑘. [2]

𝑥 (2𝑥−3)
(c) Show that 2𝑥 log 3 𝑥 − 3 log 3 𝑥 − 4𝑥 log 9 4 + 6 log 9 4 = log 3 (4) . [5]

(d) Hence solve the equation 2𝑥 log 3 𝑥 − 3 log 3 𝑥 − 4𝑥 log 9 4 + 6 log 9 4 = 0. [3]

6. Solve the equation log 7 (8𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3) − log 49 𝑥 2 = 3 log 7 2. [5]

7. Solve:

(a) log 𝑎 1024 = 5, (b) log 3 (6𝑐 + 9) = 4, (c) 2(log 𝑏 25 + log 𝑏 125) = 5. [1 + 2 + 4]

8. Solve the equation log 3 √𝑥 − 5 + log 9 (𝑥 + 3) − 1 = 0.

1
9. (a) Given that 2 log 𝑦 𝑥 + 2 log 𝑥 𝑦 = 5, show that log 𝑦 𝑥 = 2 or log 𝑦 𝑥 = 2. [5]

(b) Hence, or otherwise, solve the equations:

• 𝑥𝑦 = 27
• 2 log 𝑦 𝑥 + 2 log 𝑥 𝑦 = 5 [6]

10. Solve the equation log 4 𝑥 + log16 𝑥 + log 2 𝑥 = 10.5.

Show your working clearly.

11. (a) Solve the equation 2log 𝑝 9+3log 3 𝑝=8

Given that log 2 3=log 4 3𝑘

(b) find the value of 𝑘

𝑥 6𝑥−5
(c) Show that 6𝑥 log 4 𝑥 −3xlog 2 3 − 5 log 4 𝑥 + 10 log 2 3 = log 4 (36𝑥−20 )

12. Solve the simultaneous equation 2 log 4 𝑥 = log 3 3𝑦 2 , log 2 𝑥 3 + 8 log 9 𝑦 = 13

[Oct 23/P1/Q11]

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BINOMIAL EXPANSION
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑝 + 𝑞𝑥)6 where 𝑝 ≠ 0 and 𝑞 ≠ 0.

(a) Find the expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) in ascending powers of 𝑥 up to and including the term in 𝑥 4 , simplifying each

term as far as possible. [3]

(b) In the expansion of 𝑓(𝑥), 4 times the coefficient of 𝑥 4 is equal to 9 times the coefficient of 𝑥 2 .

Given that (𝑝 + 𝑞) > 0 and 𝑓(1) = 15625, find the possible pairs of values of 𝑝 and 𝑞. [6]
3
2. (a) Expand in ascending powers of 𝑥 up to and including the term in 𝑥 3 and simplifying each term as
√1−2𝑥

far as possible. [4]

(b) Write down the range of values of 𝑥 for which this expression is valid. [1]
3
(c) Show that = √10. [1]
√0.9

1
(d) Express in the form 𝑎√10 + 𝑏, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are integers. [2]
√10−3

1
(e) Hence, use your expansion to obtain an approximation to 5 decimal places of [3]
√10−3

𝑥 −3
3. (a) Expand (1 + 2) in ascending powers of 𝑥 up to and including the term in 𝑥 3 , expressing each

coefficient as an exact fraction in its lowest terms. [3]

(b) Find the range of values for which your expression is valid. [1]

(c) Express (2 + 𝑥)−3 in the form 𝐴(1 + 𝐵𝑥)−3 where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are rational numbers. [2]

(1+4𝑥)
(d) Expand 𝑓(𝑥) = (2+𝑥)3 in ascending powers of 𝑥 up to and including the term in 𝑥 2 . [2]

(e) The region 𝑅 is bounded by the curve with equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the positive 𝑥-axis, the positive 𝑦-axis and

the line with equation 𝑥 = 0.2. Using your expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) and algebraic integration, find, to 3 significant

figures, an estimate for the area of 𝑅. [3]

1
2𝑥 2
4. (a) Expand (1 + 5
) in ascending powers of 𝑥 up to and including the term in 𝑥 3 , giving each coefficient

as an exact fraction in its lowest terms. [3]

1
2𝑥 −2
(b) Expand (1 − 5
) in ascending powers of 𝑥 up to and including the term in 𝑥 3 , giving each coefficient as

an exact fraction in its lowest terms. [3]

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(c) Write down the range of values of 𝑥 for which both of your expansions are valid. [1]
1
5+2𝑥 2
(d) Expand (5−2𝑥) in ascending powers of 𝑥 up to and including the term in 𝑥 2 , giving each coefficient as an

exact fraction in its lowest terms. [3]

1
0.3 5+2𝑥 2
(e) Hence use algebraic integration to obtain an estimate of ∫0.1 (5−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 to 4 significant figures. [4]

5. (a) Show that first four terms of the expansion of (1 − 𝑥)−𝑘 , 𝑘 ≠ 0, in ascending powers of 𝑥 can be

𝑘(𝑘+1) 2 𝑘(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2) 3
written as 1 + 𝑘𝑥 + 2
𝑥 + 6
𝑥 . [3]

1
(b) Expand (1 + 𝑘𝑥)2 , 𝑘 ≠ 0, in ascending powers of 𝑥, up to and including the term in 𝑥 3 . [3]

(c) Given that the coefficients of 𝑥 2 in the two expansions are equal, find the value of 𝑘. [3]

3
(d) Given that √15 = 𝜆√5, find the value of 𝜆. [2]

(e) Hence, using your value of 𝑘 and one of your expansions with a suitable value of 𝑥, obtain an

approximation for √15. [4]

1
6. (a) Expand (1 + 2𝑥 2 )−3 in ascending powers of 𝑥 upto and including the term in 𝑥 6 expressing each

coefficient as an exact fraction in its lowest terms.

(b) State the range of values of 𝑥 for which your expansion is valid.

2+𝑘𝑥 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 where 𝑘 ≠ 0
(1+2𝑥 2 )3

(c) Obtain a series expansion for f(x) in ascending powers of 𝑥 upto and including the term in 𝑥 6

Give each coefficient in terms of 𝑘 where appropriate

Given that the coefficient of 𝑥 4 in the series expansion of f(x) is zero

(d) find the value of 𝑘

0.5
(e) Hence use algebraic integration to obtain an estimate, to 4 decimal places, of ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1
7. (a) Expand in ascending powers of 𝑥 up to and including the term in 𝑥 3 .
√1−2𝑥

Simplify each term as far as possible.

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1 5√6
(b) Show that = Show all your working clearly.
√0.96 12

1 𝑎√6
(c) Express 5 in the form + 𝑏 where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are integers. Show all your working clearly.
√6−12 𝑐

Using the expansion, you found in part (a) with a suitable value of 𝑥
9
(d) find an estimate, to 5 decimal places, of 5 6−12
[Jan 22/P1/Q9]
√
3
8. (a) Write in the form 𝑎(1 – 𝑏𝑥)−3. Where a and b are fractions in their lowest terms.
(3−𝑥)3
3
(b) Expand (3−𝑥)3 in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in 𝑥 3 .

Express each coefficient as a fraction in its lowest terms.

24
(c) (i) Use a suitable value of x with your expansion in part (b), to obtain an approximation for 125

to 5 decimal places.
(ii) Find the percentage error, to 2 decimal places, of your approximation from the actual value.
[May 22R/P2/Q9]
1
9. (a) Expand (1 − 8𝑥 2 )−2 in ascending powers of 𝑥, up to and including the term in 𝑥 6 giving each

coefficient as an integer.
𝑎+𝑏𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) = where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are prime numbers. Given that the fourth and fifth terms, in ascending powers
√1−8𝑥 2

of 𝑥, in the series expansion of 𝑔(𝑥) are 20𝑥 3 and 48𝑥 4 respectively.

(b) find the value of 𝑎 and the value of 𝑏.

Using the first terms in ascending powers of 𝑥 in the series expansion of 𝑔(𝑥).
0.2
(c) obtain an estimate, to 4 significant figures of ∫0 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 . [Oct 23/P1/Q9]

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AP/GP
1. The sum of the first 𝑛 terms of an arithmetic series is 𝑆𝑛 .

(a) Given that 𝑆𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑟=1(4𝑟 + 1), show that 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(3 + 2𝑛). [4]

(b) Hence, or otherwise, evaluate ∑20

10(4𝑟 + 1). [3]

The 𝑟 term of this arithmetic series is 𝑡𝑟 .

(c) Given that 𝑆𝑛+3 = 𝑆𝑛 + 3𝑡15 , find the value of 𝑛. [4]

2. The sum of the first 21 terms of an arithmetic series 987 and the 8th term of the series is 35.

The first term of the series is 𝑎 and the common difference is 𝑑.

(a) Find the value of 𝑎 and 𝑑. [5]

The sum, 𝑆𝑛 , of the first 𝑛 terms of the series is given by 𝑆𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑟=1(𝐴𝑟 + 𝐵), where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are integers.

(b) Find the value of 𝐴 and 𝐵. [3]

(c) Find the least value of 𝑛 such that 𝑆𝑛 > 2000. [5]

3. (a) Show that log 𝑝𝑞 4 − log 𝑝𝑞 2 = log 𝑝𝑞 6 − log 𝑝𝑞 4. [3]

Given that log 𝑝𝑞 2 and log 𝑝𝑞 4 are the second and third terms of an arithmetic series, find in the form

𝑛 log 𝑝𝑞 𝑠 , expressing 𝑠 in terms of 𝑛:

(b) the first term of the series, [3]

(c) the sum of the first 𝑛 terms of the series. [4]

4. The sum of the first term and the third term of a geometric series is 75.

The sum of the second term and third term is 45.

(a) Find the two possible values of the common ratio of the series. [5]

(b) Given that the series is convergent with sum to infinity 𝑆, find the value of 𝑆. [3]

5. A geometric series has first term 𝑎 and common ratio (𝑟 > 0). The 𝑛th term of the series is 𝑈𝑛 .

(a) Given that 𝑈1 + 3𝑈2 = 8 and that 𝑈2 × 𝑈3 = 4𝑈5 , find the value of 𝑟 and 𝑎. [5]
2𝑛+2
(b) Hence show that 𝑈𝑛 = 3𝑛
[2]

(c) Find the least value of 𝑛 such that 𝑈𝑛 < 0.05 . [3]

6. The 2nd, 8th and 44th terms of an arithmetic progression form the first three terms of a geometric

progression. In the arithmetic progression, the first term is 1 and the common difference is positive.

(a) (i) Show that the common difference of the arithmetic progression is 5. [5]

(ii) Find the sum of the first 20 terms of the arithmetic progression. [2]

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(b) (i) Find the 5th term of the geometric progression. [2]

(ii) Explain whether or not the sum to infinity of this geometric progression exists. [1]

7. The sum of the second and third terms of a convergent geometric series is 7.5. The sum to infinity, 𝑆∞ of

the series is 20. The common ratio of the series is 𝑟. The sum of the first 𝑛 terms of the series is 𝑆𝑛 .

(a) Show that 𝑟 is a root of the equation 8𝑟 3 − 8𝑟 + 3 = 0. [4]

1
(b) Show that 𝑟 = is a root of this equation. [1]
2
1
(c) Given that 𝑟 < 0.6, show that 𝑟 = is the only possible value of 𝑟. [4]
2

(d) Find the first term of the series. [2]

(e) Find the least value of 𝑛 for which 𝑆𝑛 exceeds 99% of 𝑆. [6]

8. The 𝑛th term of a geometric series is 𝑡𝑛 and the common ratio is 𝑟, where 𝑟 > 0.

(a) Given that 𝑡1 = 1,write down an expression in terms of 𝑟 and 𝑛 for 𝑡𝑛 . [1]
1+√5
(b) Given also that 𝑡𝑛 + 𝑡𝑛+1 = 𝑡𝑛+2 , show that 𝑟 = . [4]
2

(c) Find the exact value of 𝑡4 , giving your answer in the form 𝑓 + 𝑔√ℎ, where 𝑓, 𝑔 and ℎ are integers. [3]

9. The geometric series 𝐺 has first term 𝑎, common ratio 𝑟 and 𝑛th term 𝑢𝑛 .
2𝑥+1
( )
Given that 𝑢4 = 𝑒 𝑥+2 and 𝑢7 = 𝑒 2 .
1
(a) show that 𝑟 = 𝑒 −2 . (b) Hence find 𝑎 in terms of 𝑒 and 𝑥.
𝑒9
Given that the sum to infinity of 𝐺 can be written as 1 .
𝑒 2 −1

(c) find an expression for 𝑝 in terms of 𝑥.

Given that 𝑢18 > 1.6 and that 𝑥 is an integer,

(d) find the least value of 𝑥. [Jan 20R/P2/Q7]

3
10. A geometric series 𝐺 has first term 12 and common ratio 8
36
(a) Find the sum to infinity of 𝐺, (b) Show that the 6th term of 𝐺 can be written as 213

The nth term of 𝐺 is un

(c) By finding an expression for 𝑢𝑛 in terms of 𝑛, show that log 2 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑛 log 2 3 − 3𝑛 + 5
[Jan 22R/P2/Q5]
11. The nth term of a convergent geometric series is 8(1−2𝑛) . Find the sum to infinity of the series.

𝑝
Give your answer in the form where p and q are integers to be found. [May 23/P1/Q3]
𝑞

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VECTOR
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 4𝐢 + 3𝐣, 𝑂𝐵
1. 𝑂, 𝐴 and 𝐵 are fixed points such that 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 8𝐢 + 𝑝𝐣 and |𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 2√13.

(a) Find the possible values of 𝑝. [3]

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
(b) Given that 𝑝 > 0, find a unit vector parallel to 𝐴𝐵 [2]

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 5𝐩 − 3𝐪, 𝑂𝐵
2. 𝑂, 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are fixed points such that 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 11𝐩, 𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 13𝐩 + 𝐪.

(a) (i) Show that the points 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are collinear.

(ii) Write down the ratio 𝐴𝐵: 𝐵𝐶. [4]

The midpoint 𝑂𝐴 is 𝑀 and the mid-point of 𝑂𝐵 is 𝑁.

(b) Show that the ratio of the area of the quadrilateral 𝐴𝐵𝑁𝑀 to the area of the triangle 𝑂𝐴𝐶 is 9: 16. [7]

3. The points 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 are such that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 = 5𝐢 + 5𝐣, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = −2𝐢 + 15𝐣, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = −7𝐢 + 10𝐣.

(a) (i) Find 𝐷𝐶 as a simplified expression in terms of 𝐢 and 𝐣.

(ii) Hence show that 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram. [4]

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ as a simplified expression in terms of 𝐢 and 𝐣.

(b) Find a unit vector parallel to 𝐵𝐷 [4]

The point 𝐸 lies on 𝐵𝐷 and 𝐵𝐸: 𝐸𝐷 = 3: 10.

(c) Find ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐸 as a simplified expression in terms of 𝐢 and 𝐣. [2]

The point 𝐹 is such that 𝐷𝐶𝐹 and 𝐴𝐸𝐹 are both straight lines.

(d) Find 𝐷𝐶: 𝐶𝐹. [6]

4. Figure shows the triangle 𝑂𝐴𝐵 with ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐴 = 𝐚 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 = 𝐛.

(a) Find ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 in terms of 𝐚 and 𝐛. [1]
3
The point 𝑃 is such that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴, and the point 𝑄 is the midpoint of 𝐴𝐵.
4

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ as a simplified expression in terms of 𝐚 and 𝐛.

(b) Find 𝑃𝑄 [2]

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜇𝑃𝑄
The point 𝑅 is such that 𝑃𝑄𝑅 and 𝑂𝐵𝑅 are straight lines where 𝑄𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝐵𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜆𝑂𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ in terms of:

(c) Express 𝑄𝑅

(i) 𝐚, 𝐛 and 𝜇, (ii) 𝐚, 𝐛 and 𝜆. [3]

(d) Hence find the value of:

(i) 𝜇, (ii) 𝜆. [4]

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2
5. In the figure, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 = 𝑏, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐷 = 3 𝑏.

The point 𝐸 divides 𝐴𝐷 in the ratio 2: 3.

(a) Find as simplified expressions in terms of 𝑎 and 𝑏:

(i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 (ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐸 (iii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐸 . [3 × 2 = 6]

The point 𝐹 lies on 𝑂𝐴 such that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝐹, 𝐸 and 𝐵 are collinear.
𝑂𝐹 = 𝜆𝑂𝐴

(b) Find the value of 𝜆. [5]

The area of triangle 𝑂𝐹𝐵 is 5 units2.

𝑝
(c) Find the area of triangle 𝑂𝐴𝐷, in the form 𝑞 where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are integers. [3]

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐚 and 𝑂𝐵
6. Figure shows Δ𝑂𝐴𝐵 in which 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐛. The mid-point of 𝑂𝐴 is 𝐷 and 𝑃 divides 𝐴𝐵 internally

in the ratio 2: 1. The mid-point of 𝑂𝑃 is 𝐸.

(a) Find, in terms of 𝐚 and 𝐛:

(i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵, (ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃, (iii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃, (iv) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐸.

(b) Write down two geometrical facts about 𝐴𝑃 and 𝐷𝐸.

(c) Write down the ratio:

(i) 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∆𝑂𝐴𝑃: 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∆𝑂𝑃𝐵, (ii) 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∆𝑂𝐷𝐸: 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∆𝑂𝐴𝑃.

(d) Hence deduce that the area of quadrilateral 𝐴𝑃𝐸𝐷 is half the area of ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵.
3 3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 5𝐚, 𝐴𝐵
7. In the figure, 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝐛, 𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑂𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
2 5

The line 𝐷𝐶 meets 𝐴𝐵 at 𝐹.

(a) Write down, in terms of 𝐚 and 𝐛, expressions for ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐵, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐶 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐶 .

𝐷𝐹 = 𝜆(𝐚 + 𝐛) and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

Given that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴𝐹 = 𝜇𝐛,

(b) use the vector triangle 𝐴𝐷𝐹 to form an equation relating 𝐚, 𝐛, 𝜆 and 𝜇.

(c) Use your equation from part (b) to find the values of 𝜆 and 𝜇.

(d) Deduce the ratios: (i) 𝐴𝐹: 𝐹𝐵, (ii) 𝐷𝐹: 𝐹𝐶.

A line is drawn through 𝐹 parallel to 𝐴𝑂 to meet 𝑂𝐵 at 𝐺.

(e) Write down an expression in terms of 𝐚 and 𝐛, for ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐺 .

8. Figure shows the regular hexagon 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸 with ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑏

(a) Find ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐵 in terms of 𝑎 and 𝑏.

(b) Find ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐵𝐶 as a simplified expression in terms of 𝑎 and 𝑏.

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The point 𝑀 divides 𝐵𝐶 in the ratio 2 : 1

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ as a simplified expression in terms of 𝑎 and 𝑏.

(c) Find 𝑂𝑀

The point 𝑌 is such that 𝑂𝑀𝑌 and 𝐴𝐵𝑌 are straight lines.

(d) Use a vector method to find 𝐴𝐵: 𝐵𝑌.

The area of a hexagon 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸 is 60𝑐𝑚2.

(e) Find the area of triangle 𝑂𝐴𝑌. [Nov 21/P1/Q8]

9. 𝑂, 𝐴 and 𝐵 are fixed points such that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐴 = (pi – 4j), ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 = i + (2p + 1) j.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝑂𝐵
Given that 2 |𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | and 𝑝 > 0

(a) find the value of 𝑝.

Using this value of 𝑝. (b) find a unit vector that is parallel to AB [May 22/P2/Q3]

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = a and 𝑂𝐵
10. Figure shows triangle OAB in which 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = b

The point P lies on AB such that 𝐴𝑃: 𝑃𝐵 = 3: 1

The point 𝑀 is the midpoint of OA and the point N is the midpoint of 𝑂𝑃.

(a) Find, as simplified expressions in terms of a and b, the vector

(i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 (ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝑁

The point C lies on OB such that ANC is a straight line.

(b) Using a vector method, find the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐶 as a

simplified expression in terms of b.

area of quadrilateral AMNP

Given that area of triangle OAB
=𝐾

(c) find the exact value of 𝐾 [May 22/P1/Q10]

11. O, A and B are fixed points such that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐴 = (𝑏 + 1)𝐢 + b𝐣, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 3𝐢. The unit vector parallel to ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 is

√17
34
[(3𝑎 + 2)𝐢 + 𝑏𝐣], Given that a and b are constants where 𝑎 > 0 and 𝑏 > 0.

find the exact value of:

(i) 𝑎 (ii) 𝑏 [May 23/P1/Q10]

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EQUATION GRAPH
𝑎𝑥−5
1. The curve 𝐶 with equation 𝑦 = 𝑥−𝑏
, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are integers, crosses the 𝑥-axis at the point (2.5, 0).

The asymptote to 𝐶 which is parallel to the 𝑦-axis has equation 𝑥 = 1.

(a) (i) Show that 𝑎 = 2, (ii) Find the value of 𝑏. [3]

(b) Find the coordinates of the point where 𝐶 crosses the 𝑦-axis. [1]

(c) Find the equation of the asymptote to 𝐶 which is parallel to the 𝑥-axis. [1]

(d) Using calculus show that at every point on the curve, the gradient of 𝐶 is positive. [4]

(e) Sketch the curve 𝐶 showing clearly the asymptotes and the coordinates of the points where 𝐶 crosses the

coordinate axes. [3]

1 1
2. A curve 𝐶 has equation 𝑦 = 8𝑥 + 𝑥≠
2𝑥−1 2

(a) Write down an equation of the asymptote to 𝐶 which is parallel to the 𝑦-axis. [1]
3 1
(b) Show that 𝐶 has a minimum point at 𝑥 = and a maximum point at 𝑥 = [9]
4 4

(c) Find the 𝑦-coordinates of:

(i) the minimum point, (ii) the maximum point,

(iii) the point where 𝐶 crosses the 𝑦-axis. [3 × 1 = 3]

(d) Sketch the curve 𝐶, showing clearly the asymptote found in part (a), the coordinates of turning points

and the coordinates of the point where 𝐶 crosses the 𝑦-axis. [3]

𝑥 3 +2
3. A curve 𝐶 has equation 𝑦 = . Find an equation for a suitable straight line that can be used to obtain
𝑥+1

an estimate of the root of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2 = 0. [3]

𝑥
( +1)
4. A curve 𝐶 has equation 𝑦 = 2 2 + 1. Find an equation for a suitable straight line that can be used to

obtain an estimate of the root of the equation log 2 (4𝑥 − 6)2 − 𝑥 = 2. [2]

5. A curve 𝐶 has equation 𝑦 = ln(5𝑥 + 1) + 2.

Find an equation for a straight line that can be used to obtain an estimate of the root of the equations:

(a) ln(5𝑥 + 1) − 𝑥 = 0, (b) 𝑒 (3𝑥−1) = 5𝑥 + 1. [1 + 2 = 3]

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6. (a) Complete the table of values for 𝑦 = ln(3𝑥 + 1) + 2, giving your answers to 2 decimal places. [1]

𝒙 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

𝒚 2 3.95 4.30 4.94

(b) Using a scale of 1 cm to represent 1 unit on both axes, plot 𝑦 = ln(3𝑥 + 1) + 2 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6. [2]

(c) Use your graph to obtain an estimate, to 1 decimal place, for the value of ln 10.6. [3]

(d) By drawing a straight line on the graph, obtain estimates, to 1 decimal place, for the roots of the

equation (3𝑥 + 1)2 = 𝑒 (𝑥+1) in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6. [5]

7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 − 𝑞𝑥 − 6, 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℤ.

(a) Given that (𝑥 − 2) and (𝑥 + 3) are factors of 𝑓(𝑥), find the value of 𝑝 and the value of 𝑞. [4]

(b) Hence, or otherwise, factorize 𝑓(𝑥) completely. [1]

The curve with equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) meets the curve with equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3 in two points.

(c) Find the coordinates of the two points of intersection. [4]

(d) Sketch, on the same axes,

(i) the curve with equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) showing the coordinates of the points where the curve intersects the

coordinate axes. [2]

(ii) the curve with equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3. [2]

(e) Find the exact value of the area of the finite region bounded by the curve with equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and

the curve with equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3. [5]

𝑑𝑦
8. The curve with equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is such that 𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑥(𝑥 + 1).

(a) The curve passes through the point with coordinates (0, −1), find 𝑓(𝑥).

𝑓(𝑥) can be written in the form 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑝𝑥 − 𝑞)(𝑥 + 𝑟)2 .

(b) Find the values of 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑟.

(c) Find the coordinates of the points where the curve meets the coordinate axes.

(d) Determine the coordinates of the turning points of the curve.

(e) Hence sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) showing the points where the curve meets the coordinate axes and

the coordinates of the turning points.

(f) Calculate the finite area bounded by the curve and the 𝑥-axis. [15]

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5𝑥 2 +10 1
9. A curve has equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥−1
,𝑥 ≠ 2.

(a) Write down an equation of the asymptote to the curve which is parallel to the 𝑦-axis. [1]
(b) Find the coordinates of the stationary points on the curve. [6]
(c) Sketch the curve, showing the asymptote parallel to the 𝑦-axis and the coordinates of the stationary
points. [3]
The curve crosses the 𝑦-axis at the point 𝐴.
(d) Find an equation for the tangent to the curve at 𝐴. [3]

(e) Find an equation for the normal to the curve at 𝐴. [2]

(f) Find the area enclosed by the tangent at 𝐴, the normal at 𝐴 and the 𝑥-axis. [3]

2𝑥−3
10. The curve 𝐶 with equation 𝑦 = 𝑥−3
,𝑥 ≠ 3, crosses the 𝑥-axis at the point 𝐴 and the 𝑦-axis at the

point 𝐵.

(a) Find the coordinates of 𝐴 and the coordinates of 𝐵. [2]

(b) Write down an equation of the asymptote to 𝐶 which is:

(i) parallel to the 𝑦-axis, (ii) parallel to the 𝑥-axis. [2]

(c) Sketch 𝐶 showing clearly the asymptotes and the coordinates of the points 𝐴 and 𝐵. [3]

(d) Find an equation of the normal to 𝐶 at the point 𝐵. [5]

The normal to 𝐶 at the point 𝐵 crosses the curve again at the point 𝐷.

(e) Find the 𝑥-coordinate of 𝐷. [4]

1+2𝑥−2𝑥 2 1
11. A curve has equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥+1
, 𝑥≠2

(a) Write the equation in the form 𝐴𝑥 2 + (𝐵𝑦 − 2)𝑥 + (𝐶𝑦 − 1) = 0,

stating the values of the constant 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶.

(b) Hence show that 𝑥 is real provided 𝑦 ≤ 1 or 𝑦 ≥ 3.

(c) Find the coordinates of the stationary points on the curve.

(d) Write down an equation of the asymptote to the curve which is parallel to the 𝑦-axis.

(e) Sketch the curve, showing clearly,

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(i) the coordinates of the points where the curve meets the coordinate axes.

(ii) the asymptote parallel to the 𝑦-axis.

(iii) the stationary points.

𝑎−𝑏𝑥 𝑑
12. Figure 1 shows a sketch of the curve with equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 ≠ where 𝑎, 𝑐 and 𝑑 are prime numbers
𝑐𝑥−𝑑 𝑐

3
and 𝑏 is an integer. The asymptote to the curve that is parallel to the y-axis has equation 𝑥 = 2.

(a) Write down the value of 𝑐 and the value of 𝑑.

5
The curve crosses the 𝑥-axis at the point ( , 0).
4

(b) Find the value of 𝑎 and the value of 𝑏.

The curve crosses the y-axis at the point (0, 𝑝)

where 𝑝 is a rational number.

(c) Find the value of 𝑝.

(d) Find an equation of the asymptote to the curve

that is parallel to the x-axis. [Nov 20/P2/Q3]

(2𝑎−1)𝑥+1 6
13. A curve C has equation = 𝑎𝑥−6
, where a is a constant and 𝑥 ≠ 𝑎
𝑑𝑦
(a) Find 𝑑𝑥

The curve crosses the y‑axis at the point A.

The normal to C at the point A is the line 𝑙 with
equation 66𝑦 – 72𝑥 + 11 = 0. Show that
(b) (i) 𝑎 = 3
5𝑥+1
(ii) the equation of C is 𝑦 = 3𝑥−6 where 𝑥 ≠ 2

(c) Using the axes on the opposite page, sketch C, showing clearly the asymptotes with their equations and

the coordinates of the points where C crosses the coordinate axes.

The line 𝑙 meets C again at the point D.

(d) Find the 𝑥 coordinate of D. Give your answer as an improper fraction. [May 22/P2/Q11]

14. A curve C has equation 𝑦 = log10 (𝑥 + 2)

(a) Using the axes below, sketch the graph of C.

Label the coordinates of the points of intersection of

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𝐶 with the coordinate axes.

(b) Solve the equation 2(log 𝑎 4 + log 𝑎 16) = 1

(c) Solve the equation 5 log 𝑞 16 + 4log 2 𝑞 = 24 [May 22R/P1/Q3]

8. (a) Given that x is measured in radians, complete the table of values for
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 – 3 cos 2𝑥 – 0.5
Give your answers to one decimal place.

[2]

(b) On the grid opposite, draw the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 – 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 – 0.5 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 [2]

(c) Use a formula from page 2 to show that cos 2𝐴 = 1 – 2 sin2 𝐴 [2]

𝑓(𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥 + 12 sin2 𝑥 – 𝑥 – 5

(d) By drawing a suitable straight line on the grid, obtain estimates, to one decimal place,
of the roots of the equation f(x) = 0 in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 [5]

[Jan 22/P2/Q8]

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QUADRATIC EQUATION
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 4.

(a) Given that 𝑓(𝑥) can be written in the form 𝐴(𝑥 + 𝐵)2 + 𝐶, find the value of 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶. [3]

(b) Write down: (i) the minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥), (ii) the value of 𝑥 at which this minimum occurs. [2]

𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 2 − 4.

(c) Write down: (i) the minimum value of 𝑔(𝑥), (ii) the value of 𝑥 at which this minimum occurs. [3]

The equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑞𝑥 − 6 has unequal real roots.

(d) Find the set of possible values of 𝑞. [5]

2. Here is a quadratic equation 3𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 4 = 0 where 𝑝 is a constant.

(a) Find the set of values of 𝑝 for which the equation has two real distinct roots. [5]

(b) List all the possible integer values of 𝑝 for which the equation has no real roots. [1]

3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 7 𝑝 ∈ ℝ.

The roots of the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 are 𝛼 and 𝛽.

(a) Find, in terms of 𝑝, where necessary, 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 and 𝛼 2 𝛽2 . [4]

(b) Given that 7(𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 ) = 5𝛼 2 𝛽 2, find the possible values of 𝑝. [2]

(c) Using the positive value of 𝑝 found in part (b) and without solving the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, form a
2𝑝 2𝑝
quadratic equation with roots 𝛼2 and 𝛽2 [5]

7
4. The roots of a quadratic equation are 𝛼 and 𝛽 where 𝛼 + 𝛽 = − and 𝛼𝛽 = −2.
3

(a) Find a quadratic equation, with integer coefficients, which has roots 𝛼 and 𝛽. [2]

(b) Given that 𝛼 > 𝛽 and without solving the equation,

11
(i) find 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 , (ii) show that 𝛼 − 𝛽 = [2]
3

𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
(c) Hence form a quadratic equation, with integer coefficients, which has roots ( 𝛼
) and ( 𝛽 ) [6]

(d) Without solving the equation find the exact value of:

(i) 𝛼 3 + 𝛽 3 , (ii) 𝛼 3 − 𝛽 3, (iii) 𝛽 3 [3 × 2 = 6]

1 1
(e) Hence form a quadratic equation, with integer coefficients, which has roots (𝛼 − 𝛼2 ) and (𝛽 − 𝛽2 ). [6]

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5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 – 3𝑥 – 5. The equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 has roots 𝛼 and 𝛽. Without solving the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0

2𝛼 2𝛽
(a) form an equation, with integer coefficients, that has roots and
𝛽 𝛼

𝑔(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are constants

Given that the equation g(x) = 0 has roots 3𝛼 + 𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 + 3𝛽

(b) find the value of 𝑝 and the value of 𝑞 [May 20/P2/Q6]

6. The quadratic equation 𝑥 2 − 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0 where > 0 , has roots 𝛼 and 𝛽.

Given that 2𝛼𝛽 = 3 and that 4(𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 ) = 𝑘 2 − 6𝑘 − 3 where 𝑘 > 3.

(a) (i) write down the value of 𝑞,

(ii) find an expression, in terms of 𝑘, for 𝑝.

Given also that 7𝛼𝛽 = 3(𝛼 + 𝛽).

(b) find the value of k.

𝛼 𝛽
(c) Hence form an equation, with integer coefficients, which has roots 𝛼+𝛽 and 𝛼+𝛽. [May 19R/P2/Q11]

7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 − 7, The equation with 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 has roots 𝛼 and 𝛽.

(a) Without solving the equation

(i) Write down the value of 𝛼 2 𝛽 2 (ii) Find, in terms of 𝑝, 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2

Given that 3𝛼 − 𝛽 = 8 (b) find the possible values of 𝑝. [May 14/P1/Q8]

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TRIGONOMETRY
∎ Equations and Identities:

tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵
1. sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 3. tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
2. cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 4. sin2 𝐴 + cos 2 𝐴 = 1

1. Solve, in degrees to 1 decimal place, for 0 ≤ 𝜃 < 180

2 cos(2𝜃 + 30)° + tan(2𝜃 + 30)° = 0. [6]

2. (a) (i) Write down an expression for tan(2𝑥) in terms of tan 𝑥. [2]

3 tan 𝑥−tan3 𝑥
(ii) Hence show that tan(3𝑥) = 1−3 tan2 𝑥
[4]

1
(b) Given that 𝛼 is the acute angle such that cos 𝛼 = , find the exact value of tan 𝛼. [2]
3

𝑎 √2
(c) Hence use the identity in part (a) to find the exact value of tan(3𝛼) in the form where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are
𝑏

integers. [2]

3. (a) Show that cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵. [2]

(b) Hence express 2 sin 5𝑥 sin 3𝑥 in the form cos 𝑚𝑥 − cos 𝑛𝑥 where 𝑚 and 𝑛 are integers to be found. [1]

(c) (i) Find ∫ 4 sin 5𝜃 sin 3𝜃 𝑑𝜃. [2]

𝜋
𝑎√𝑏
(ii) Hence evaluate ∫06 4 sin 5𝜃 sin 3𝜃 𝑑𝜃, giving your answer in the form where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are integers to
𝑐

be found. [2]

4. (a) (i) Show that cos 2𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥. [2]

13 sin 𝑥−2 cos 2𝑥−10
(ii) Hence show that = 4 + sin 𝑥. [5]
4 sin 𝑥−3

(b) Hence solve, in radians to 3 significant figures, the equation

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
10 + 2 cos (2𝜃 + 3 ) − 13 sin (𝜃 + 6 ) = 2 sin (𝜃 + 6 ) + 8 for 𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋. [5]

𝜋
13 sin 𝑥−2 cos 2𝑥−10+4𝑥 sin 𝑥−3𝑥
(c) Find the exact value of ∫02 ( 4 sin 𝑥−3
) 𝑑𝑥. [5]

5. (a) Show that: (i) cos 2𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃, (ii) sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃. [3]

(b) Given that 𝑓(𝜃) = cos 4𝜃 + 2 cos 2𝜃, show that 𝑓(𝜃) = 8 sin4 𝜃 − 12 sin2 𝜃 + 3. [4]

(c) Solve, to 3 significant figures, the equation 4 sin4 𝑥° − 6 sin2 𝑥° − cos 2𝑥° + 1.2 = 0 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 90. [4]

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(d) (i) Find ∫(2 sin4 𝜃 − 3 sin2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃. [3]

𝜋
(ii) Hence find the exact value of ∫03 (2 sin4 𝜃 − 3 sin2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 in the form 𝑎√𝑏 − 𝑐𝜋 where 𝑎 and 𝑐 are rational

numbers and 𝑏 is a prime number. [2]

1
6. (a) Show that cos 2 𝜃 = 2 (cos 2𝜃 + 1). [3]

(b) Given that 𝑓(𝜃) = 8 cos4 𝜃 + 8 sin2 𝜃 − 7, show that 𝑓(𝜃) = cos 4𝜃. [5]

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(c) Solve, for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2 , the equation 16 cos4 (𝜃 − 6 ) + 16 sin2 (𝜃 − 6 ) − 15 = 0 [4]

𝜋
(d) Using calculus, find the exact value of ∫02 (8 cos4 𝜃 + 8 sin2 𝜃 + 2 sin 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃. [4]

7. (a) Express the equation 3𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 – 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) in the form 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 = 𝑘 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵, giving the value of

the integer 𝑘.
(2𝑛+1)𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠4 𝜃−𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃
(b) Given that 𝜃 ≠ 2
where n∈ 𝑍, Show that 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
= 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃

(c) Using the exact values of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥°, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥° and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥° for 𝑥 = 30, 45, 60

√6+√2 3+√3
show that (i) cos15° = (ii)tan255° = [Jan 20/P2/Q11]
4 3−√3

8. (a) Solve the equation tan 𝑥° = −3 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 360, Give your solutions to the nearest whole number.

(b) Given that 7𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 6, show that 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 − 6 = 0

(c) Hence solve the equation 7𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦° + sin 𝑦° cos 𝑦° = 6 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 360. Give your solutions to the

nearest whole number. [May 21/P2/Q10]

9. (a) Write down the value of 𝑘 such that sin 2𝐴 = 𝑘 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴.

g(𝐴) = 2 + 3 cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴 − 3 sin 2𝐴 − 2cos 2 𝐴.

Given that g(𝐴) can be written in the form (𝑝 cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴)(𝑞 − 𝑟 sin 𝐴) where 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑟 are integers,

(b) find the value of 𝑝, the value of 𝑞 and the value of 𝑟.

(c) Hence solve, in radians to 3 significant figures where appropriate,

the equation 𝑔(2𝜃) = 0 for 0 ≤ 𝜃 < 𝜋. [Jan 20R/P2/Q8]

10. Given that 𝑥 is measured in radians

11. (a) Using formula on page 2, show that

(i) sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴

(ii) cos 2𝐴 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 1

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2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑓(𝜃) 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃

(b) show that 𝑓(𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃

𝜋 𝜋
(c) Solve, in radians to 3 significant figures, for− 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 , the equation
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
5 tan (𝑥 + 6 ) = [1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥 + 6 )] [1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥 + 6 )].
𝜋
4𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
(d) Using calculus, find the exact value of ∫02 ( − 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃 + 2) 𝑑𝜃 [Oct 23/P1/Q10]
1+𝑎𝑡𝑛2 𝜃

∎ Two – dimension:

1. Sine Rule: 2. Cosine Rule:

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
= = cos 𝐴 =
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 2𝑏𝑐

1. In triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐵 = 12 cm, 𝐵𝐶 = 9 cm and ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 42°.

(a) Find, in degree to nearest 0.1°, each of the two possible sizes of angle 𝐴𝐵𝐶. [5]

(b) Find, to 2 significant figures, the smaller of the two possible areas of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶. [3]
𝑎+𝑏
2. (a) Show the equation 𝑎 sin(𝑥 − 30)° = 𝑏 sin(𝑥 + 30)° can be written in the form tan 𝑥° = [5]
√3(𝑎−𝑏)

In triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐶 = 6 cm, 𝐵𝐶 = 14 cm, ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = (𝑥 − 30)°

and ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = (𝑥 + 30)° as shown in figure.

(b) Find, in degrees to 1 decimal place, the size of ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵. [4]

(c) Find, to 3 significant figures, the area of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶. [2]

3. Figure shows the triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 with 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 cm, 𝐵𝐶 = (2𝑥 − 2) cm, 𝐴𝐶 = (𝑥 + 4) cm and ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 𝜃°.
1
(a) Given that tan 𝜃° = √255 and without finding the value of 𝜃, show that cos 𝜃° = 16 [2]

Hence find:

(b) the value of 𝑥, [5]

(c) the size, in degrees to 1 decimal place, of ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶. [2]

(d) the area, in cm2, to 3 significant figures, of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶. [2]

[Link] 𝐴𝐵𝐶 with 𝐴𝐵 = 12cm, 𝐵𝐶 = 6cm and 𝐴𝐶 = 2𝑥 cm.

The point D is the midpoint of AC and BD = 6 cm.

∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 𝜃° and ∠𝐷𝐵𝐶 ≠ 𝜙° where 𝜃 ≠ 0 and 𝜙 ≠ 0

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𝑥 2 −108
(a) Show that 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝐷𝐵 = 12𝑥

(b) Hence, or otherwise, show that AC = 6√6cm

(c) Show that 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃° + 𝜙°) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙°

(d) Hence show that 𝜃 = 180 − 2𝜙 [May 20/P1/Q9]

𝑎+√5
5. Given that = 11 + 5√5
√5−2

(a) without using a calculator, find the value of a. Show your working clearly.

Triangle PQR is such that 𝑃𝑅 = (𝑥 + 3) 𝑐𝑚 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑄𝑃𝑅 = 30°. 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 45°

(b) Show that 𝑥 = 3 + 3√2

√6+√2
Given that sin 105° = and that the area of triangle 𝑃𝑄𝑅 is 𝐴 cm2
4

9
(c) find the exact value of A in the form 8 (𝑝√6 + 𝑞√2 + 𝑟√3 + 𝑠)

where p, q, r and s are integers. [May 22R/P1/Q3]

6. In triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐵 = 11 𝑐𝑚 and 𝐵𝐶 = 12 𝑐𝑚. The area of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 33 𝑐𝑚2 .

Find, in 𝑐𝑚 to 3 significant figures, the two possible lengths of 𝐴𝐶. [Jan 20R/P2/Q3]
∎ Three – dimension:

1. Figure shows a triangular pyramid 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 where triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is the base and 𝐵𝐷 is perpendicular to the

base. 𝐴𝐵 = 15 cm, 𝐴𝐶 = 5√10 cm, 𝐵𝐶 = 5 cm, 𝐵𝐷 = 10 cm.

(a) Show that ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 90°. [2]

(b) Find, in degrees to 1 decimal place, the size of ∠𝐷𝐴𝐶. [4]

The point 𝑋 on 𝐴𝐶 is such that 𝐵𝑋 is perpendicular to 𝐴𝐶.

(c) Find, in degrees to 1 decimal place, the size of ∠𝐷𝑋𝐵. [4]

2. A pyramid with a rectangular base 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 and vertex 𝐸 is shown in the figure.

The rectangular base is horizontal with 𝐴𝐵 = 12 cm and 𝐵𝐶 = 8 cm.

The diagonals of the base intersect at the point 𝑂.

The vertex 𝐸 of the pyramid is vertically above 𝑂.

The height of the pyramid is ℎ cm and 𝐴𝐸 = 𝐵𝐸 = 𝐶𝐸 = 𝐷𝐸 = 10 cm.

(a) Show that ℎ = 4√3. [3]

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(b) Find, in degrees to 1 decimal place, the size of angle 𝑂𝐶𝐸. [2]

2√7
(c) The angle between 𝑂𝐸 and the plane 𝐶𝐵𝐸 is 𝜃°, show that cos 𝜃° = 7
[3]

The point 𝑃 is the midpoint of 𝐵𝐸 and the point 𝑄 is the midpoint of 𝐶𝐸.

(d) Find, in degrees to the nearest 0.1°, the size of the acute angle between the planes:

(i) 𝐴𝐸𝐵 and 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷, (ii) 𝐵𝐸𝐷 and 𝐴𝐸𝐶, (iii) 𝑂𝑃𝑄 and 𝐸𝑃𝑄. [3 × 3 = 9]

3. Figure shows a right prism 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺𝐻𝐼𝐽. The base, 𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺, is horizontal and is a rectangle with

𝐷𝐺 = 𝐸𝐹 = 10 cm. The midpoint of 𝐸𝐷 is 𝑀. The planes 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸 and 𝐽𝐼𝐻𝐺𝐹 are vertical.

𝐴𝐸 = 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐺𝐻 = 𝐹𝐽 = 8 cm. 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐻𝐼 = 𝐼𝐽 = 6 cm. Angle 𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 30°.

(a) Show that the length of 𝑀𝐷 is 3√3 cm. [2]

(b) Show that the length of 𝐵𝑀, the height of the prism, is 11 cm. [2]

(c) Find, in cm to 3 significant figures, the length 𝐵𝐺. [3]

Find in degrees, to 1 decimal place,

(d) the size of the angle between the planes 𝐵𝐶𝐻𝐼 and 𝐶𝐻𝐹𝐸, [3]

(e) the size of the angle between the planes 𝐴𝐵𝐼𝐽 and 𝐵𝐸𝐹𝐼. [5]

4. Figure shows the right prism 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺𝐻. The cross

section 𝐴𝐵𝐺𝐹 of the prism is a trapezium. 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷𝐶 = 12cm,

𝐵𝐶 = 𝐺𝐻 = 𝐹𝐸 = 𝐴𝐷 = 9 cm, 𝐹𝐺 = 𝐸𝐻 = 8cm,

∠𝐹𝐴𝐵 = ∠𝐸𝐷𝐶 = 90°, ∠𝐴𝐵𝐺 = 60°, ∠𝐹𝐴𝐷 = ∠𝐸𝐷𝐴 = 90°.

The point 𝑁 lies on 𝐴𝐵 such that 𝐺𝑁 is perpendicular to 𝐴𝐵.

(a) Show that 𝐺𝑁 = 4√3 cm.

(b) Find, in cm3 to 3 significant figures, the volume of the prism 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺𝐻.

(c) Find, in cm to 3 significant figures, the length of 𝐴𝐻.

(d) Find, in degrees to one decimal place, the size of the angle between 𝐺𝐷 and the plane 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷.

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(e) Find, in degrees to one decimal place, the size of the angle between the plane 𝐵𝐶𝐻𝐺 and the plane 𝐵𝐶𝐸𝐹.

[Sp 18/P1/Q10]

5. Figure shows a right prism 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹. The cross section 𝐵𝐶𝐹

of the prism is a triangle. 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷𝐶 = 12 cm,

𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷 = 8 cm, 𝐵𝐹 = 𝐴𝐸 = 10 cm, ∠𝐹𝐵𝐶 = ∠𝐸𝐴𝐷 = 60°

The point 𝑁 lies on 𝐵𝐶 such that 𝐹𝑁 is perpendicular to 𝐵𝐶.

(a) Show that 𝐵𝑁 = 5 cm.

(b) Find, in cm to 3 significant figures, the length of 𝐸𝑁.

The midpoint of 𝐵𝐹 is 𝑋 and the midpoint of 𝐹𝐶 is 𝑌.

(c) Find, in degrees to one decimal place, the size of the angle between the plane 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 and the plane 𝐴𝑋𝑌𝐷.

(d) Find, in degrees to one decimal place, the size of the angle 𝐴𝑌𝐸. [May 19R/P2/Q8]

6. Figure shows a right pyramid with a horizontal square base.

𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐷𝐴 = 𝑥 cm. 𝐴𝑉 = 𝐵𝑉 = 𝐶𝑉 = 𝐷𝑉 = 𝑥 cm.

𝑂 is the point of intersection of the diagonals of the base.

The vertex 𝑉 of the pyramid is vertically above 𝑂.

√2
(a) show that 𝑉𝑂 = 𝑥cm.
2

(b) Find in degrees, the size of the angle 𝐴𝑉𝐶.

(c) Find in degrees to one decimal place, the size of the angle between the plane 𝑉𝐴𝐵 and the plane 𝑉𝐷𝐶.

1
The volume of the pyramid is 200 cm3. Given that the volume of a pyramid= 3 ×base area×height.

(d) find to 3 significant figures, the value of 𝑥. [Oct 23/P1/Q6]

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CALCULUS
∎ Differentiation:

1. Differentiate 𝑒 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 with respect to 𝑥. [3]

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2. Given that 𝑦 = 2𝑒 𝑥 (3𝑥 2 − 6), show that 𝑑𝑥 2 − 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12𝑒 𝑥 . [7]

3. Two numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦 are such that 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 13. The sum of the squares of 2𝑥 and 𝑦 is 𝑆.

(a) Show that 𝑆 = 8𝑥 2 − 52𝑥 + 169. [3]

(b) Using calculus, find the value of 𝑥 for which 𝑆 is minimum, justifying that this value of 𝑥 gives a minimum

value for 𝑆. [4]

(c) Find the minimum value of 𝑆. [2]

sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2(𝑥 2 −9)𝑐𝑜𝑥2𝑥−𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥

4. 𝑦 = |𝑥| > 3 , Show that = [Nov 20/P1/Q4]
√𝑥 2 −9 𝑑𝑥 √(𝑥 2 −9)3

5. Differentiate with respect to 𝑥.

3
(a) 𝑒 4𝑥 (6𝑥 + 2)2 , Give your answer in the form 𝑒 4𝑥 (√6𝑥 + 2)(𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵) where A and B are integers

sin 3𝑥
(b) [May 22R/P1/Q3]
(2𝑥−4)3

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
6. Given that 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥, show that −4 + 13𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

∎ Rate of change & Approximation:

1. The volume of a right circular cone is increasing at a constant rate of 27 cm3/s. The radius of the base of

the cone is always 1.5 times the height of the cone. Calculate the rate of change of the height of the cone, in

cm/s to 3 significant figures, when the height of the cone is 4 cm. [6]

2. Figure shows a right circular cone with a base radius of 𝑥 cm.

The slant height of the cone is 𝑙 cm and the height of the cone is ℎ cm.

The vertex of the cone is 𝐵 and the points 𝐴 and 𝐶, on the base of

the cone, are such that 𝐴𝐶 is a diameter of the base.

The cone is increasing in size in such a way that the size of the angle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is constant at 60° and the total

surface area of the cone is increasing at a constant rate of 10 cm2/s. Find the exact rate of increase of the

volume of the cone when 𝑥 = 6. [11]

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2. A right circular cone with base radius r cm and slant

height 𝑙 cm. Figure also shows a sector of a circle with

radius 𝑅cm and arc length 𝐿 cm. The area of the curved

surface of the cone is 𝐴𝑐𝑚2 . By considering how the sector

of the circle can be folded to exactly form the curved surface of the cone with 𝑅 and 𝐿 suitably chosen,

(a) prove that 𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟𝑙

Sand is poured onto a horizontal surface at a constant rate of 1.5𝑐𝑚3 /s. The sand forms a pile in the shape

of a right circular cone with its base on the surface. The curved surface area of the cone, 𝑐𝑚2 , increases in

such a way that the height of the cone is always three times the radius of the base of the cone.

𝑑𝐴
Given that = 𝑘𝜋 𝑟, where 𝑘 is a constant,
𝑑𝑟

(b) find the exact value of 𝑘.

(c) Calculate the rate, in 𝑐𝑚2 /s, to 3 significant figures, at which the curved surface area

of the pile is increasing when the height of the pile is 24cm. [May20/P1/Q10]

3. 𝑦 and 𝑥 vary so that 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 . Given that the value of 𝑥 increases by 3%,

use calculus to find, in terms of 𝑥, an estimate for the percentage change in 𝑦.

Give your answer in the form 𝑎(𝑏 − 𝑐𝑥) where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are integers. [Nov 21/P2/Q5]

4. The volume of a sphere is 500 cm3.

(a) Calculate the radius, in cm to 3 significant figures, of the sphere.

The surface area of the sphere is increased by 20 cm2.

(b) Using calculus, find an estimate for the increase in the radius, in cm to 2 significant figures,

of the sphere. [May 22/P1/Q8]

5. A circle has radius 3𝑟 cm and area 𝐴 cm2. Given that the value of 𝑟 increases by 0.05% use calculus to

find an estimate for the percentage increase in the value of 𝐴. [May 19R/P1/Q5]

6. A container in the shape of a right circular cone of

height 10 cm is fixed with its axis of symmetry vertical.

The vertical angle of the container is 60°, as shown in Figure.

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Water is dripping out of the container at a constant rate of 2 cm3/s. At time 𝑡 = 0 the container is full of

water. At time 𝑡 seconds the depth of water remaining is ℎ cm.

1
18𝑡 3
(a) Show that ℎ = (1000 − ). [6]
𝜋

(b) Find, in cm2/s, to 3 significant figures, the rate of change of the area of the surface of the water

when 𝑡 = 15. [Jan 12/P2/Q6]

2𝑒 3𝑥+1
7. 𝑦 = 5𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝐴𝑒 3𝑥+1 (𝐵𝑥−𝐴)
(a) Find , Give your answer in the form where A, B and C are prime numbers to be found.
𝑑𝑥 𝐶𝑥 3

The value of 𝑥 increases by 2%,

(b) Use your answer to part (a) to find an estimate, in terms of 𝑥, for the percentage

change in 𝑦 Give your answer in the form (𝑃𝑥 − 𝑄) where 𝑃 and 𝑄 are integers. [Oct 23/P1/Q8]

∎ Mensuration:

1. A solid right circular cylinder has radius 𝑟 cm and height ℎ cm, as shown in the figure.

The cylinder has a volume of 355 cm3 and a total surface area of 𝑆 cm2.
710
(a) Show that 𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + [4]
𝑟

(b) Given that 𝑟 can vary, using calculus find, to 3 significant figures, the minimum value of 𝑆. [5]

(c) Verify that your answer to part (b) does give the minimum value of 𝑆. [2]

2. Figure shows a rectangular sheet of metal 10 cm by 16 cm.

A square of side 𝑥 cm is cut away from each corner of the sheet.

The sheet is then folded along the dotted lines to form an open box.

The volume of the box is 𝑉 cm3.

(a) Show that 𝑉 = 4𝑥 3 − 52𝑥 2 + 160𝑥. [3]

(b) Using calculus, find the value of 𝑥 for which 𝑉 is a maximum, justifying that this values of 𝑥 gives a

maximum value of 𝑉. [5]

(c) Find the minimum value of 𝑉. [2]

3. Figure shows the design for a flag consisting of a white cross

on a grey background. AEFG and DLMN are squares with sides

of length 3x cm. BPQR and CTUV are rectangles with sides of

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length 5𝑥 cm and 3𝑥 cm. The width of the cross is 𝑦 cm. The total area of the flag is H cm2.

(a) Write down an expression, in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦, for 𝐻.

Given that the area of the cross is 𝐾 cm2
(b) show that 𝐾 = 14𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2

The total area of the flag is to be 3432 cm2 and the area of the cross is to be 1080 cm2.

(c) Find the value of 𝑥 and the value of 𝑦 [May 22/P1/Q2]

4. Figure shows a waste paper basket in the shape of a right prism with 5 faces

and a cross section that is a trapezium. The top, 𝐸𝐹𝐺𝐻, of the waste paper basket

is open. The base of the prism 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a rectangle with 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷𝐶 = 2𝑥 cm

and AD = BC = h cm. The cross sections HGBA and EFCD are such that

𝐸𝐹 = 𝐻𝐺 = 8𝑥 𝑐𝑚 and 𝐴𝐻 = 𝐵𝐺 = 𝐶𝐹 = 𝐷𝐸 = 5𝑥 𝑐𝑚

The top, 𝐸𝐹𝐺𝐻, of the waste paper basket is such that 𝐸𝐻 = 𝐹𝐺 = ℎ 𝑐𝑚

The volume of the waste paper basket is 2250 cm3

The total surface area of the 5 faces of the waste paper basket is S cm2

1350
(a) Show that 𝑆 = 40𝑥 2 + 𝑥

Given that 𝑥 can vary,

(b) use calculus, to find, to 3 significant figures, the value of x for which S is a minimum.

Justify that this value of x gives a minimum value of S.

(c) Find, to 3 significant figures, the minimum value of S. [May 22/P2/Q8]

5. Two numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦 are such that 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4. 𝑆 = 5𝑥 3 + 𝑦 2

(a) Show that 𝑆 = 5𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 16

Given that 𝑥 can vary,

(b) Use calculus to find the value of 𝑥 for which 𝑆 is minimum, justify that this value of 𝑥 gives a minimum

value of 𝑆.

(c) Find the minimum value of 𝑆. [Oct23/P2/Q7]

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∎ Kinematics:

1. A particle 𝑃 moves along the 𝑥-axis. At time 𝑡 seconds, 𝑡 ≥ 0, the velocity of 𝑃, 𝑣 m/s, is given by 𝑣 = 5 cos 2𝑡.

(a) Find the value of 𝑡 when 𝑃 first comes to instantaneous rest. [2]

(b) Find the magnitude of the maximum acceleration of 𝑃. [3]

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑃 is at the point 𝐴, where 𝑂𝐴 = 0.2 m. When 𝑃 first comes to instanteous rest, 𝑃 is at point 𝐵.

(c) Find the distance 𝑂𝐵. [4]

2. A particle 𝑃 is moving along the 𝑥-axis. At time 𝑡 seconds, 𝑡 ≥ 0, the velocity of 𝑃, 𝑣 m/s, is given

by 𝑣 = 4𝑡 2 − 19𝑡 + 12.

(a) Find the values of 𝑡 for which 𝑃 is instantaneously at rest. [2]

When 𝑡 = 0, the displacement of 𝑃 from the origin is −4 m.

(b) Find the displacement of 𝑃 from the origin when 𝑡 = 6. [4]

(c) At time 𝑡 seconds the acceleration of 𝑃 is 𝑎 m/s2, find the value of 𝑡 when 𝑎 = 0. [3]

3. The particle 𝑀 is moving along the straight line 𝑃𝑄 with a constant acceleration of 2 m/s2.

At time 𝑡 = 0, 𝑀 is at the point 𝑃 moving with velocity 6 m/s towards 𝑄.

(a) Find an expression for the velocity of 𝑀 at time 𝑡 seconds. [2]

(b) Show that the displacement of 𝑀 from 𝑃 at time 𝑡 seconds is (𝑡 2 + 6𝑡) m. [2]

A second particle 𝑁 is moving along 𝑃𝑄. The acceleration of 𝑁 at time 𝑡 seconds is 6𝑡 m/s2.

At time 𝑡 = 0, 𝑁 is stationary at the point 𝑃.

(c) Find an expression for the velocity of 𝑁 at time 𝑡 seconds. [2]

(d) Find an expression for the displacement of 𝑁 from 𝑃 at time 𝑡 seconds. [2]

(e) Find the distance between 𝑀 and 𝑁 at time 𝑡 = 5 seconds. [2]

(f) Find the value of 𝑡, 𝑡 > 0, when the two particles meet. [3]

4. A particle 𝑃 is moving in a straight line. Initially 𝑃 is at rest at a fixed point 𝑂 of the line.

The acceleration 𝑎 m/s2 of the particle 𝑡 seconds after leaving 𝑂 is given by 𝑎 = 3𝑡 2 − 14𝑡 + 12.

(a) Find an expression for the velocity of 𝑃 at time 𝑡 seconds.

(b) Find the values of 𝑡 when 𝑃 is again at rest.

(c) Sketch, for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 5, the velocity-time graph for 𝑃.

(d) Find the distance travelled by 𝑃 in the first 3 seconds of the motion.

(e) Find the total distance travelled by 𝑃 in the first 4 seconds of the motion.

5. A particle P is moving along the 𝑥 −axis. At time t seconds (t ≥ 0) the velocity, 𝑣 m/s, of P is given
by 𝑣 = 3𝑡 2 – 23𝑡 + 30

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(a) Find the values of t when P is instantaneously at rest.

At time t seconds the acceleration of 𝑃 is 𝑎 m/s2

(b) Find the range of values of 𝑡 for which a > 0.

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑃 is at the point with coordinates (d, 0)

Given that, when t = 8, P is at the point with coordinates (26, 0)

(c) find the value of 𝑑 [Jan 22/P2/Q5]

∎ Integration:
𝜋
1. (a) Find ∫ 6 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥. (b) Hence evaluate ∫𝜋6 6 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥. [2 + 2 = 4]
9

2. The region enclosed by the circle with equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5

and the straight line with equation 𝑥 = 1, shown shaded in the figure,

is rotated through 360° about the 𝑦-axis.

Use algebraic integration to find the exact volume of the solid generated. [5]

1
3. Figure shows part of the curve 𝐶 with equation 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 3)2

and the line 𝑙 with equation 2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3.

The line 𝑙 crosses 𝐶 at two points.

(a) Find the coordinates of each of these points. [5]

The finite region bounded by 𝐶 and 𝑙, shown shaded in the figure,

is rotated through 360° about the 𝑥-axis.

(b) Use algebraic integration to find, in terms of 𝜋, the volume of the solid generated. [5]

4. Figure shows a sketch of the curve with equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), which passes through the points with

coordinates (−1, 0), (𝑏, 0) and (𝑎, 0) where 0 < 𝑏 < 𝑎.

(a) Given that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 − 26𝑥 + 12, find:

(i) the value of 𝑎, (ii) the value of 𝑏. [8]

(b) Use algebraic integration to determine the exact value of

the total area of the shaded regions shown in the figure. [5]
1
𝑑2 𝑦
5. A curve with equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is such that 𝑑𝑥 2 = (2𝑥 + 3)−2 + 5 for 𝑥 > 0. The curve has gradient 10 at

19
the point (3, ).
2

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𝑑𝑦
(a) Show that, when 𝑥 = 11, 𝑑𝑥 = 52. (b) Find 𝑓(𝑥).

6. Figure shows part of the curve C with equation

𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 – 1 and part of the curve D with equation

𝑦 = 9 − 9𝑒 −3𝑥 . The curves intersect at the origin O

and the point A.

(a) (i) Show that the x coordinate of the point A

satisfies the equation (𝑒 3𝑥 )2 – 10𝑒 3𝑥 + 9 = 0
1
(ii) Hence, show that the 𝑥 coordinate of the point A is ln 9
3

The finite region bounded by 𝐶 and by 𝐷 is shown shaded in Figure 2.

(b) Use calculus to find the exact area of this region. [May 22R/P2/Q8]
7. A curve has equation 5𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4. The 𝑥 coordinate of point 𝑃 on the curve is 4

(a) Find an equation, with integer coefficients, for tangent to the curve at 𝑃. [6]

(b) Find an equation, with integer coefficients, for normal to the curve at 𝑃. [2]

(c) Find the area of the triangle formed by the tangent at 𝑃,the normal at 𝑃, and the 𝑥-axis [3]

The finite region bounded by the curve, the normal at 𝑃, and the coordinate axes is

rotated through 360°about the 𝑥-axis,

(d)Find to 3 significant figures, the volume of the solid generated.

8. The curve 𝐶 has equation 5𝑦 = 4(𝑥 2 + 1). The coordinates of the point 𝑃 on the curve are (𝑝, 8), 𝑝 > 0.

The line 𝑙 with equation 5𝑦 − 24𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0 is the tangent to 𝐶 at 𝑃.

(a) (i) Show that 𝑝 = 3.

(ii) Find the value of 𝑞 [4]

(b) Find an equation, with integer coefficients, for the normal to 𝐶 at 𝑃. [5]

(c) Find the exact value of the area of the triangle formed by the tangent to 𝐶 at 𝑃, the normal to 𝐶 at 𝑃 and

the 𝑥-axis. [3]

The finite region bounded by 𝐶, the tangent to 𝐶 at 𝑃, the 𝑥-axis and the 𝑦-axis is rotated through 360°

about the 𝑥-axis.

(d) Find, to 2 significant figures, the volume of the solid generated. [Jan 14/P1/Q11]

9. The curve with equation 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 and 𝑦 = 2𝑒 −3𝑥 + 1 meet at the point 𝐴.

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(a) Find the coordinated of 𝐴, giving your answers in terms of natural logarithms where appropriate.

The tangent at 𝐴 to the curve with equation 𝑦 = 2𝑒 −3𝑥 + 1 intersects the 𝑥 −axis at 𝐵.
1
(b) Show that the 𝑥 −coordinate of 𝐵 is 2 (2 + ln 2)

The tangent at 𝐴 to the curve with equation 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 intersects the 𝑥 −axis at point 𝐶

(c) Find the area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 [Jan 00/P2/Q14]

4 2
10. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + )
𝑥

(a) Find the four solutions of the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 25.

(b) Find the coordinate of the stationary point of the curve 𝐶 with equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and determine each

point is a maximum or minimum.

𝑃 is the point on 𝐶 with coordinate (1, 25). The line 𝑙 is the tangent to 𝐶 at 𝑃.

(c) Show the equation of 𝑙 is 𝑦 + 30𝑥 = 55.

The line 𝑙 intersects the 𝑦 −axis at the point 𝐴 and the point 𝐵 is the reflection of 𝐴 in the normal to 𝐶 at 𝑃.

(d) Find the coordinate of 𝐴 and 𝐵. [May 95/P1/Q14]

11. Figure shows the curve with equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 4. Given that the curve

passes through the point with coordinate (1, 0),

(a) find 𝑓(𝑥)

The curve has a maximum point at 𝑃 and a minimum point at 𝑄.

(b) find the exact values of the coordinate of (i) 𝑃, (ii) 𝑄.

(c) Write down an equation for

(i) The tangent at 𝑃, (ii) The normal at 𝑄,

(d) Find the exact value of the finite area enclose by the curve between the points 𝑃 and 𝑄, The tangent at 𝑃

and the normal at 𝑄. [Jan 08/P2/Q8]

12. A curve has equation 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1). Show that an equation of the normal to the curve at the point
1
where 𝑥 = 2 is 4𝑒𝑦 − 8𝑥 + 3𝑒 2 + 4 = 0 [May 01/P2/Q6]

13. Figure shows the graph of part of the curve 𝐶 with equation

𝑦 = √2𝑥 + 6. The finite region enclosed by the curve 𝐶 and the

straight line with equation 3𝑦 − 𝑥 = 3 is rotated through 360°

about the 𝑥-axis. Use algebraic integration to find the exact volume

of the solid generated. Give your answer in terms of 𝜋.

[Oct 23/P1/Q5]

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COORDINATE GEOMETRY
1
1. Given that 𝑦 = 3𝑥√2𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 > 2

𝑑𝑦 3(3𝑥−1)
(a) Show that 𝑑𝑥 = [5]
√2𝑥−1

(b) The straight line 𝑙 is the normal to the curve with equation 𝑦 = 3𝑥√2𝑥 − 1 at the point on the curve

where 𝑥 = 1. Find an equation, with integer coefficients, for 𝑙. [6]

2. The curve 𝐶 has equation 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 2 where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are integers and a stationary point at (3, 9).

(a) (i) Show that 𝑝 = 6 and find the value of 𝑞.

(ii) Determine the nature of the stationary point at (3, 9). [7]

The straight line 𝑙 with equation 𝑦 + 𝑥 − 10 = 0 intersects 𝐶 at two points.

(b) Determine the 𝑥-coordinate of each of these two points of intersection. [3]

The finite region bounded by the curve 𝐶 and the straight line 𝑙 is rotated through 360° about the 𝑥-axis.

(c) Use algebraic integration to find, in terms of 𝜋, the volume of the solid formed. [5]

3. The curve 𝐶, with equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), passes through the point with coordinates (0, 4).

(a) Given that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3, find 𝑓(𝑥). [3]

(b) Show that 𝐶 has a minimum point at 𝑥 = −1 and a minimum point at 𝑥 = 3. [6]

(c) (i) Find the coordinates of the maximum point on 𝐶.

(ii) Show that the point found in (i) is a maximum point. [3]

(d) State the range of values of 𝑥 for which 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0. [2]

4. Figure shows the curve 𝐶 with equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6.

The curve 𝐶 crosses the 𝑥-axis at the points with coordinates (−2, 0),

(𝑎, 0) and (𝑏, 0).

(a) (i) Show that 𝑎 = 1, (ii) Find the value of 𝑏. [4]

The point 𝑃 on 𝐶 has 𝑥 coordinate 2 and the line 𝑙 is the tangent

to 𝐶 at 𝑃.

(b) Show that 𝑙 crosses the 𝑥-axis at the point with coordinates (−2, 0). [6]

(c) Use algebraic integration to find the exact area of the finite region bounded by 𝐶 and 𝑙. [4]

5. The point 𝐴 has coordinates (−3, 4) and the point 𝐶 has coordinates (5, 2). The midpoint of 𝐴𝐶 is 𝑀.

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(a) The line 𝑙 is the perpendicular bisector of 𝐴𝐶, find an equation of 𝑙. [4]

(b) Find the exact length of 𝐴𝐶. [2]

The point 𝐵 lies on the line 𝑙. The area of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is 17√2.

(c) Find the exact length of 𝐵𝑀 and 𝐴𝐵. [2 + 2 = 4]

(d) Find the coordinates of each of the two possible positions of 𝐵. [4]

6. The point 𝐴 has coordinates (−3, −6) and the point 𝐵 has coordinates (5, −2).

The line 𝑙 passes through the point 𝐴 and the point 𝐵.

(a) Find an equation of 𝑙, giving your answer in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐. [3]

The point 𝑃 has coordinates (𝑘, −2). The line through 𝐴 and 𝑃 is perpendicular to 𝑙.

(b) Show that 𝑘 = −5. [3]

The point 𝑄 has coordinates (𝑒, 𝑓). The line through 𝐵 and 𝑄 is also perpendicular to 𝑙.

(c) Given that the length of 𝑃𝑄 is √85 and that 𝑓 > 0, find the coordinates of 𝑄. [6]

(d) Calculate the area of quadrilateral 𝐴𝐵𝑄𝑃. [4]

5. The straight line L1 passes through the point A with coordinates (4, 7) and has gradient m, where m < 0
Another straight line L2 is perpendicular to L1 and passes through the point B with coordinates (4, k)
where k ≠ 7. The lines L1 and L2 intersect at the point C. Given that the y coordinate of C is Y
7+𝑚2 𝑘
(a) show that 𝑌 = 𝑚2 +1
.

Given that the triangle ABC is isosceles,

(b) find the value of m. [May 22/P2/Q9]

6. An equation of the straight line 𝑙 is 𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 3. The point 𝐴 on 𝑙 lies on the 𝑦 −axis.

The point 𝐵 on 𝑙 has coordinates (10, 𝑏), where 𝑏 is an integer. The point 𝐶 divides 𝐴𝐵 in the ratio 2: 3
The straight line 𝑘 passes through 𝐶 and is perpendicular to 𝑙
(a) Show that an equation of 𝑘 is 3𝑦 + 𝑥 − 49 = 0
The point 𝐷 with coordinates ( 𝑝, 𝑞), where 𝑞 is positive, is such that 𝐴𝐷 is parallel to 𝑘
and the length of 𝐴𝐷 is 12√10
(b) Find the coordinates of 𝐷.

The point 𝐸 lies on 𝑘 such that 𝐷𝐸 is parallel to the 𝑦 −axis.

The point 𝐹 lies on 𝑙 such that 𝐷𝐹 is parallel to the 𝑦 −axis.

(c) Find the exact area of triangle 𝐸𝐶𝐹. [May 22/P1R/Q11]

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1
7. The point 𝑃 with coordinates (4, 4) lies on the curve 𝐶 with equation 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 2 .

(a) Find an equation of:(i) the tangent to 𝐶 at 𝑃, (ii) the normal to 𝐶 at 𝑃.

The point 𝑄 lies on the curve 𝐶. The normal to 𝐶 at 𝑄 and the normal to 𝐶 at 𝑃 intersect at the point 𝑅.

The line 𝑅𝑄 is perpendicular to the line 𝑅𝑃.

(b) Find the coordinates of 𝑄.

(c) Find the 𝑥-coordinate of 𝑅.

The tangent to 𝐶 at 𝑃 and the tangent to 𝐶 at 𝑄 intersect at the point 𝑆.

(d) Show that the line 𝑅𝑆 is parallel to the 𝑦-axis. [May 12/P1/Q9]

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CIRCULAR MEASURE
1. Figure shows a sector of a circle. The circle has radius 𝑟 cm

and the sector has angle 𝜃 radians.

The sector has an arc length of 18𝜋 cm and an area of 126𝜋 cm2.

(a) Find the value of 𝑟 and the exact value of 𝜃. [2 + 3 = 5]

(b) Find the perimeter of the sector to 3 significant figures. [2]

2. Figure shows a shape 𝐴𝐵𝐶 in which 𝐴𝑂𝐵 is a triangle, 𝐴𝑂𝐶 is a straight line and 𝑂𝐵𝐶 is a sector of a circle

with centre 𝑂. 𝐴𝑂 = 10 cm, 𝑂𝐶 = 𝑂𝐵 = 6 cm and the length of arc 𝐵𝐶 = 𝜋 cm.

Find, to 3 significant figures,

(a) the length of 𝐴𝐵, [3]

(b) the area of the shape 𝐴𝐵𝐶. [3]

3. Figure shows the sector, 𝐴𝑂𝐵 of a circle with centre 𝑂

and radius 8 cm. A circle of radius 2 cm touches the lines 𝑂𝐴

𝜋
and 𝑂𝐵 and the arc 𝐴𝐵. ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 is 2 radians, 0 < 𝜃 < 4 .

(a) Find, to 4 significant figures, the value of 𝜃.

(b) Find, to 3 significant figures, the area of the region shaded in figure.

4. Figure shows a sector 𝑂𝑃𝑄 of a circle with centre 𝑂. The radius of the

2𝜋
circle is 18 cm and the angle 𝑃𝑂𝑄 Is 3
radians.

(a) Find the length of the arc 𝑃𝑄, giving your answer as a multiple of 𝜋

Figure below shows the sector 𝑂𝑃𝑄 and the kite 𝑂𝑃𝑇𝑄.

𝑃𝑇 is the tangent to the circle at 𝑃 and 𝑄𝑇 is the tangent at 𝑄,

such that angle 𝑃𝑇𝑄 = 𝛼 radians.

(b) (i) Find 𝛼 in terms of 𝜋

(ii) Calculate, to 3 significant figures, the area of the region, shown shaded in Figure which is bounded

by the arc PQ and the tangents PT and QT. [May 21/P2/Q3]

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5. Figure shows two circles, C1 and C2, each with a radius of 6 cm.

The centre of C1 is O1 such that O1 lies on C2

The centre of C2 is O2 such that O2 lies on C1
The circles intersect at the points A and B and enclose the region R,
shown shaded in Figure the area of region R is P cm2
Find the exact value of P, giving your answer in the form 𝑎𝜋 – b√ 𝑐 .
where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are integers. [May 22/P2/Q4]
6. Figure shows sector ORS of a circle with centre O and radius 4 cm.

The size of angle ROS is 𝜃 radians. The area of sector ORS is 2π cm2
(a) Find the exact value of 𝜃

(b) Find the perimeter, in cm to 3 significant figures, of the sector ORS.

The point T lies on OR such that OT : TR = 1 : 3

The region shown shaded in Figure 1 is bounded by the line TR, the line TS and the arc RS of
the sector. The area of this region is A cm2
(c) Find the exact value of 𝐴 [May 22R/P1/Q3]

7. Figure shows sector 𝑂𝐴𝐵 of a circle with centre 𝑂 and

𝜋
radius 𝑟 cm. The angle 𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 3 radians. The point 𝐷 divides

𝑂𝐴 in the ratio 3 : 1. The area of the region 𝑅, shown shaded

in Figure 1, is 79.5 cm2.

(a) Calculate the value, to 2 significant figures, of 𝑟

(b) Calculate the perimeter, in cm to 2 significant figures, of the region 𝑅 [Jan 22R/P2/Q4]

8. Figure shows the sector 𝑂𝐴𝐵 of a circle, centre 𝑂 and radius 𝑟 cm.

The radius is increasing in such a way that angle 𝐴𝑂𝐵 has the constant
𝜋
size 3 radians and the length of the arc 𝐴𝐵 is increasing at a constant

rate of 0.03cm/s. Calculate the rate of change, in cm2/s to 2 significant

figures, of the area of the sector

𝑂𝐴𝐵 when the length of the arc is 15cm. [Sp 18/P1/Q3]

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