CHAPTER 45

Animal Reproductive Systems

張永福
生物醫學暨環境生物學系
第一教學大樓九樓N923
07-3121101轉2701
[email protected]
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PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology, 12th ed.© 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Key Concepts
45.1 Both asexual and sexual reproduction
occur in the animal kingdom
45.2 Fertilization depends on mechanisms that
bring together sperm and eggs of the
same species
45.3 Reproductive organs produce and
transport gametes
45.4 The interplay of tropic and sex hormones
regulates reproduction in mammals
45.5 In placental mammals, an embryo
develops fully within the mother’s uterus
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 In what different ways do animals reproduce?

Figure 45.1a
This colony of
coral polyps is
reproducing.

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45.1: Both asexual and sexual reproduction
occur in the animal kingdom
▪ Sexual reproduction
− Sperm

− Egg

− zygote

▪ Asexual reproduction

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Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction

▪ Fission
▪ Budding
▪ Fragmentation
− Regeneration
Fission: sea anemone
▪ Parthenogenesis: (Anthopleura elegantissima)
mainly in invertebrates,
ex bees, ants, Komodo
dragon Hammerhead
Shark, whiptail lizards
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Variation in Patterns of Sexual Reproduction
▪ Hermaphroditism
− each individual has both male and female
reproductive systems
− Any two individuals can mate, and in some species,
hermaphrodites can also self-fertilize
− Several organisms can change their sex under
certain circumstances

Figure 45.2 Reproduction among

hermaphrodites. Sea slugs

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 Reproductive Cycles
▪ Reproductive cycles:
hormones, environment
▪ Ovulation (a) A. uniparens females

▪ Some organisms can

Ovary
size
reproduce both sexually Ovulation Ovulation

or asexually, ex Daphina Progesterone

Hormone
Estradiol

▪ Parthenogenesis:

level
− chromosomes doubling Time

after meiosis
− fishes, amphibians, and
Behavior: Female Male- Female Male-
like like
lizards (whiptail lizards) (b) The changes in sexual behavior of A.
uniparens individuals are correlated with the
cycles of ovulation.
Figure 45.3 Sexual behavior in parthenogenetic lizards7
Sexual Reproduction: An Evolutionary Enigma
▪ Sexual reproduction: offspring of varied phenotypes,
enhance reproductive success when environment
changed
▪ Asexual reproduction: advantageous in stable,
favorable environments
Asexual Sexual
reproduction reproduction
Female Generation Female
1
Generation
2 Male
Generation
3
Generation
4
Figure 45.4 The “reproductive handicap” of sex 8
45.2: Fertilization depends on mechanisms that
bring together sperm and eggs of the same species
▪ Fertilization
− external fertilization
− internal fertilization Figure 45.5 External fertilization
Ensuring the Survival of Offspring
• fewer gametes but higher survival zygotes
• eggs with calcium- and protein-containing shells
and several internal membranes
• Embryo develops inside the female
• parental care helps ensure survival of offspring
Figure 45.6 Parental
care in an invertebrate 9
Gamete Production and Delivery
▪ Gonads: organs to produce gametes
▪ Spermatheca: sperm stored
Accessory
▪ cloaca gland
1 Testis

2 Vas deferens
4 Ejaculatory
duct 3 Seminal
vesicle
5 Penis and
(a) Male fruit fly claspers
1 Ovary

Figure 45.7 2 Oviduct

Spermatheca
Insect
reproductive Accessory Uterus
gland 3 Vulva
anatomy
(b) Female fruit fly 10
 Figure 45.8 Inquiry: Why is sperm usage
biased when female fruit flies mate twice?
Results
1st sperm: 65% (70-5)
3
0
in spermatheca
lacking sperm
% of females

95% 2nd sperm:

2 with
0 25% (30-5)
sperm
1
05
0
Control; Remated to Remated to Remated to
not wild-type “no-sperm” “no-ejaculate”
remated males males males

Ejaculate from a second mating replace some but not

all of the stored sperm 11
Concept 45.3: Reproductive organs produce
and transport gametes
Human Male Seminal
(Urinary bladder)
Reproductive vesicle
(behind
Anatomy bladder) Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Urethra
Erectile tissue of penis
◼ Ejaculation Scrotum Vas deferens
◼ Semen Epididymis
Testis

(60% volume, alkaline,

fructose, prostaglandins..) (Urinary bladder)
Seminal vesicle (Urinary duct)
(Rectum) (Pubic bone)
Erectile
Ejaculatory duct tissue
(citrate)Prostate gland Urethra Penis
Vas deferens Glans
Bulbourethral Epididymis
gland seminiferous Testis Prepuce
(neutralized tubules Scrotum
mucus) 12
 Human Female Reproductive Anatomy
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
(Urinary bladder)
(Rectum) (Pubic bone)
Cervix (Urethra)
Body
Vagina Clitoris
Glans
Prepuce
Major vestibular
gland
Vaginal opening
Labia minora
Labia majora
•The mammary
glands：not in
Ovaries Oviduct
the reproductive
system
Follicles
Uterus Uterine wall
Endometrium
Cervix

Vagina
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Gametogenesis ▪ Spermatogenesis
Primordial germ
Key Epididymis Seminiferous
tubule cell in embryo
Diploid (2n) Mitotic divisions
Haploid (n) Spermatogonial 2n
stem cell
Lumen Mitotic divisions
Testis Spermatogoniu 2n
m
Mitotic divisions
Sertoli Primary
cell 2n
spermatocyte
nucleus
Meiosis
I
Secondary n n
spermatocyte
Spermatids Meiosis II
Early n n n n
spermatid
Neck
Tail
Plasma Midpiece Hea Differentiation
membran Lumen of
d Nucleus seminiferous Sperm
e n n n n
Acrosome tubule cell
Mitochondria
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 Primordial germ
cell Mitotic
▪ Oogenesis Ovary

divisions Follicle
2n Oogonium
Primary oocyte
Mitotic divisions within follicle

Primary oocyte (present

2n at birth), arrested in Growing
IN EMBRYO prophase of meiosis I follicle
Completion of meiosis I
STARTING AT and onset of meiosis II
PUBERTYn
n Secondary oocyte,
First arrested at metaphase
polar of meiosis II
body Mature follicle
Ovulation, sperm entry Ruptured
follicle

Completion of meiosis II
Second Ovulated
polar n secondary
body oocyte
n Fertilized egg

Corpus luteum

Degenerating
corpus luteum
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▪ Spermatogenesis differs from oogenesis in three
ways
− All four products of meiosis develop into sperm
while only one of the four becomes an egg
− Spermatogenesis occurs from adolescence

− Sperm are produced continuously without the

prolonged interruptions in oogenesis

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Concept 45.4: The interplay of tropic and sex
hormones regulates reproduction in mammals
▪ Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH):
− secreted by the hypothalamus, directs the release of
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH
(luteinizing hormone)
▪ FSH and LH:
− from the anterior pituitary, regulate processes in the
gonads and the production of sex hormones
▪ sex hormones:
− steroid hormones
− Androgen: Testosterone
− Estrogens: mainly estradiol and progesterone
− Functions: gamete production, sexual behavior, the
development of primary and secondary sex
characteristics 17
Skills exercise: making inferences and
designing an experiment

Human sex chromosome in

metaphase (duplicated)

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Hormonal Control of the Male Reproductive System

Hypothalamus

GnRH

Anterior
Figure 45.12
pituitary
Androgen-dependent
male anatomy and
behavior in a moose LH
FSH
feedback

feedback
Negative

Negative
Sertoli cells Leydig cells

Inhibin nourish Testosterone

Spermatogenesis
TESTIS 19
Hormonal Control of the Female Reproductive Cycles
▪menstruation: endometrium shed
▪two cycles of female reproduction
− ovarian cycle:
1. follicular phase (D0-14): GnRH → FSH and LH →
estradiol and follicle growth → LH → ovulation
2. Ovulation (D14): secondary oocyte released
3. luteal phase (D14-28): ovulation →corpus luteum
→ progesterone and estradiol
− uterine (menstrual) cycle:
1. proliferative phase(D6-14):endometrium thickening
2. secretory phase(D15-28): nutrients secretion
3. menstrual flow phase(D1-5):endometrium
shedding
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 (a) Control by hypothalamus 9 Inhibited by combination of estradiol
Hypothalamus − and progesterone
1 GnRH + Stimulated by high levels of estradiol
5
Anterior pituitary − Inhibited by low levels of estradiol
4
2 FSH LH
(b) Pituitary gonadotropins 6
in blood

LH
FSH
3 FSH and LH stimulate LH surge triggers ovulation
(c) Ovarian cyclefollicle to grow
7 8
Degenerating
Growing follicle Maturing follicle Corpus luteum
corpus luteum
Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase
4 Estradiol secreted by growing Progesterone and estradiol
follicle in increasing amounts Secreted by corpus luteum
(d) Ovarian hormones Peak causes LH surge
in blood 5
Estradiol 10
9
Progesterone
Estradiol level very low Progesterone and estradiol promote
Thickening of endometrium
(e) Uterine (menstrual) cycle
Endometrium
Days

Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase

0 5 10 14 15 20 25 28
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▪ Ectopic: cells of the uterine lining migrate to
an abnormal location, ex endometriosis
Menopause
▪ the cessation of ovulation and menstruation

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Menstrual Versus Estrous Cycles
▪ Menstrual cycles:
− humans and some other primates
− Menstruation: endometrium shed from the uterus
− Sexual receptivity is not limited to a time frame
▪ Estrous cycles:
− most mammals
− The endometrium is reabsorbed by the uterus
− Estrus: sexual receptivity is limited to “heat”
− The length and frequency of estrous cycles vary
from species to species

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Human Sexual Response

▪ Two reactions predominate in both sexes:

− Vasocongestion: the filling of tissue with blood

− Myotonia: increased muscle tension

▪ The sexual response cycle has four phases:

excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

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Concept 45.5: In placental mammals, an embryo
develops fully within the mother’s uterus
Conception, Embryonic Development, and Birth
▪ Conception: fertilization, in the oviduct (fallopian tube)
▪ blastocyst
▪ Pregnancy: gestation
3 Cleavage
4 Cleavage
continues.
Ovary
2 Fertilization

Uterus 5 Implantation
1 Ovulation

Endometrium
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First Trimester
▪ human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG):
− embryo secretes hormone
− maintains secretion of progesterone and estrogens
▪ trophoblast :
− the outer layer of the blastocyst
− mingles with the endometrium to form placenta
▪ Organogenesis: development of the body organs
▪ Fetus: major structures of embryo present by 8
weeks

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▪ Changes occur in the mother
− Mucus plug to protect against infection
− Growth of the placenta and uterus
− Cessation of ovulation and the menstrual cycle
− Breast enlargement
− Nausea is also very common
Maternal arteries Maternal veins
Placenta
Maternal
Umbilical cord portion of
placenta
Chorionic villus,
containing Fetal
Fetal capillaries portion of
placenta
Maternal (chorion)
Uterus blood pool
Umbilical
Fetal arteriole Fetal venule arteries
Umbilical cord Umbilical vein
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Figure 45.17

first trimester second trimester

(a) 5 weeks (b) 14 weeks

Figure 45.17 Some stages of human development
during the first and second trimesters
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Second and Third Trimesters
▪ the second trimester:
− The fetus grows and is very active
− The mother may feel fetal movements
− The placenta takes over the production of
progesterone to maintains pregnancy
▪ the third trimester:
− the fetus grows and fills the space within the
embryonic membranes
▪ Labor:
− a series of strong, rhythmic uterine contractions
− regulated by prostaglandins and hormone such as
estradiol and oxytocin
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Figure 45.18

Estradiol Oxytocin
from from fetus
ovaries and mother’s
posterior pituitary
Activates oxytocin

Positive feedback
receptors on uterus
Stimulates uterus
to contract

Stimulates
placenta to make

Prostaglandins

Stimulate more
contractions
of uterus

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Figure 45.19

Placenta
Umbilical cord
Uterus
Cervix

1 Dilation of
the cervix

2 Expulsion:
delivery of the infant

Uterus
Placenta
(detaching)
Umbilical cord
3 Delivery of 32
the placenta
Maternal Immune Tolerance of the Embryo and
Fetus
▪ A woman’s acceptance of her “foreign” offspring is
not fully understood
▪ It may be due to suppression of the immune
response in her uterus
▪ Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune
disease of the joints, become less severe during
pregnancy

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Contraception and Abortion
▪ Contraception:
− three categories:
⚫ Preventing release of eggs and sperm: birth control
pills, Tubal ligation, Vasectomy
⚫ Keeping sperm and egg apart: rhythm method, Coitus
interruptus (withdrawal), condom, diaphragm
⚫ Preventing implantation of an embryo: Intrauterine
devices (IUDs)
− Progestin:
⚫ synthetic progesterone,
⚫ cervical mucus↑→ blocking sperm entering,
⚫ ovulation↓
⚫ change endometrium→ implantation ↓,
▪ Abortion: the drug RU486 terminates a
pregnancy nonsurgically within the first 7 weeks 34
 MALE FEMALE
Method Event Event Method
Production of Production of
sperm primary oocytes
Vasectomy Combination
birth control
Sperm transport Oocyte pill (or injection,
down male development patch, or
vaginal ring)
duct system and ovulation
Abstinence Abstinence
Condom Female condom
Coitus
interruptus
(very high Sperm Capture of the
failure rate) deposited oocyte by the
in vagina oviduct
Tubal ligation
Spermicides;
diaphragm;
Sperm movement Transport progestin alone
through female of oocyte in (as minipill
reproductive oviduct or injection)
tract

Meeting of sperm and oocyte

in oviduct
Morning-after pill;
Union of sperm and egg intrauterine device
(IUD)
Implantation of blastocyst
in endometrium
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Modern Reproductive Technologies
Infertility and In Vitro Fertilization
▪ In vitro fertilization (IVF): mixes
eggs with sperm in culture dishes and
returns the embryo to the uterus at
the eight-cell stage
▪ Sperm or sperm nuclei can also be Figure 45.21 In vitro
injected directly into an oocyte fertilization (IVF)

Detecting Disorders During Pregnancy

▪ Invasive: amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling
▪ Noninvasive: ultrasound imaging
▪ The mother’s blood contains DNA from the embryo;
thus a sample of maternal blood can be used to
analyze the genome of the fetus 36
 Summary by Questions

1. Distinguish between asexual and sexual

reproduction
2. Explain how hermaphroditism may be
advantageous to animals that have difficulty
encountering a member of the opposite sex
3. Describe various ways in which animals may
protect developing embryos
4. Using diagrams, identify and state the
function of each component of the male and
female reproductive systems

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5. Describe oogenesis and spermatogenesis;
describe three major differences between
them
6. Explain how the uterine and ovarian cycles
are synchronized and describe the functions
of the hormones involved
7. List the various methods of contraception,
how each works, and how effective each is
8. Describe techniques that allow us to learn
about the health and genetics of a fetus

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