Green Tourism in India: Need of Current Scenario in special Reference of

Krishna Circuit
Rochak Gautam1, Iffath Aayesh2, Saroj Kumar Ranjan3
Iffath.2421020003@[Link], Rochak.2421020029@[Link], [Link]@[Link],

Abstract

This review paper explores the need for green tourism in India, with a special focus on the
Krishna Circuit as a case study. Green tourism, an eco-conscious approach to travel, is
increasingly recognized as vital for balancing cultural preservation and environmental
sustainability. The Krishna Circuit, which connects key spiritual destinations related to Lord
Krishna’s life, serves as a model for integrating sustainable practices into heritage tourism.
Through a systematic review of literature, this study highlights the importance of adopting
renewable energy, waste management, and community participation to reduce the environmental
footprint of tourism. Key outcomes include the empowerment of local communities through eco-
tourism initiatives, the promotion of green infrastructure, and the identification of challenges
such as policy gaps and funding constraints. By addressing these issues, the Krishna Circuit can
exemplify the transformative potential of green tourism, offering a roadmap for sustainable
development in India’s tourism sector. The findings underscore the need for continued
investments in eco-friendly practices and collaborative efforts among stakeholders to ensure the
long-term success of green tourism projects. This paper advocates for the Krishna Circuit as a
benchmark for responsible tourism, aligning with global sustainability goals and fostering
economic and environmental resilience.

Key Words: Green Tourism, Krishna Circuit, India, Eco-Tourism, Sustainable Practices, Cultural
Preservation, Environmental Sustainability

Introduction
Green tourism provides a unique and enriching travel experiences that encourages personal
growth and learning while contributing to the preservation of the natural and cultural heritage of
the destination. Green tourism is also known as sustainable tourism, eco-tourism or responsible
tourism, it’s a type of travel that focuses on minimizing the negative impact of tourism and
promoting environmental conservation, cultural preservation and social responsibility.

Green tourism in India has been a new trend that helps in promoting eco-friendly travel
experiences along with preserving the environment, supporting local communities,
and showing respect to the cultural heritage of the place. With
India's high biodiversity, extensive landscapes, and diverse ecosystems, green
tourism attempts to balance tourist needs with sustainability in natural resources. Green tourism
in India can be a gateway to the experience of the diverse ecosystems and cultural heritage of the
country in an environmentally responsible manner. Supporting eco-friendly initiatives, protecting
biodiversity, and involving local communities can make green tourism a contributor to
sustainable development while preserving India's natural and cultural treasures for future
generations. Green tourism refers to a type of travel that emphasizes sustainability,
environmental conservation, and responsible interaction with nature and local cultures, green
tourism seeks to offer travelers the opportunity to enjoy nature and culture responsibly, while
helping preserve these for future generations.

Krishna circuit
The Krishna Circuit, in India, is a spiritual and cultural tourism route that connects various
important places associated with Lord Krishna. It is designed to give devotees and tourists a
chance to visit the most important temples, historical sites, and locations that have religious and
mythological importance in the life of Krishna, one of the most beloved deities in Hinduism. It is
a part of the Pradhan Mantri Darshan Yatra project, with tourism projects sanctioned and
supported by the government; its main goals include religious tourism, helping pilgrims, and
improving infrastructure for tourist centers.
These destinations cover different states under Krishna Circuit across the states like Uttar
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Gujarat to all places attached with Krishna.
The Krishna Circuit is an important religious and cultural tourism initiative in India, aiming to
develop and promote tourism in the regions associated with Lord Krishna's life and teachings.
Spanning key locations in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and other parts of India, the circuit encompasses
places like Mathura, Vrindavan, Gokul, Barsana, and Dwarka, which are significant to Krishna's
birth, childhood, and life.

Mathura (Uttar Pradesh): Mathura is considered the birthplace of Lord Krishna. The Krishna
Janmabhoomi temple marks the spot where Krishna was born, and the area around the temple is
filled with historical and religious significance.
Key Attractions: Krishna Janmabhoomi Temple, Vishram Ghat, Dwarkadhish Temple, and the
many ghats along the Yamuna River. Vrindavan (Uttar Pradesh): Vrindavan is the place where
Krishna spent his childhood, and it is the most famous in relation to his consort, Radha, as well
as several legends about the divine love shared between them. Banke Bihari Temple, Radha
Vallabh Mandir, ISKCON Vrindavan, and numerous sacred groves (vanas) where Krishna is
believed to have performed his leelas, or divine play. Gokul (Uttar Pradesh): It is the city
associated with the childhood of Krishna and is where he was nurtured by Nand and Yashoda. It
is one of the pilgrim centers meant for those people who want to experience the gauzy pictures of
Krishna's childhood. Major Attractions: Nandgaon, Yashoda Kund, Gokul Nath Temple, and the
historic Gokul Fort. Dwarka (Gujarat): Dwarka is one of the seven sacred cities of Hinduism
and was the kingdom of Lord Krishna. It is believed that Krishna established the city after
abandoning Mathura. Dwarka is also famous for its temples dedicated to Krishna.
Key Attractions: Dwarkadhish Temple, Rukmini Temple, Bet Dwarka (an island temple), and
the ruins of the ancient city of Dwarka submerged under the Arabian Sea. Kurukshetra
(Haryana): It is the battlefield where Lord Krishna taught the Bhagavad Gita to the warrior
Arjuna during the epic Mahabharata war. The site is highly spiritual as the teachings of the Gita
continue to inspire millions. Key Attractions: Brahma Sarovar, Jyotisar (where Krishna delivered
the Bhagavad Gita), Sannihit Sarovar, and many temples, such as Birla Mandir. Ujjain (Madhya
Pradesh): The mythological story of Lord Krishna's sojourn to this region is associated with
Ujjain, which is also an important pilgrimage centre, with other deities including Lord Shiva.
Top Attractions: Mahakaleshwar Temple, Kaliadeh Palace, and the ghats on the Kshipra River.
Rajkot (Gujarat): Rajkot is the birthplace of Krishna's devotee, Ranjit (a prominent historical
figure) and also believed to have connections with Krishna's relatives. Important Attractions: The
Khambhalida Caves and the Swaminarayan Temple in Rajkot. Brij Bhoomi (Uttar Pradesh):
The Brij region consists of parts of Mathura, Vrindavan, and Gokul is said to be the sacred land
on which Krishna's divine plays, or leelas, took place. These include the enchanting dance with
Radha and the Gopis, or milkmaids. Key Attractions: The Brij Mandal, Radharani Temple, and
numerous sacred lakes and ponds related to Krishna's childhood pranks. Shreenathji Temple
(Rajasthan): Shreenathji Temple at Nathdwara (Rajasthan) is dedicated to Lord Krishna in the
form of Shreenathji (young Krishna). Thousands of devotees visit this temple every year. Key
Attractions: Shreenathji Temple, and the sacred town of Nathdwara which holds a unique
cultural and spiritual charm. Dwaraka (Gujarat): It is the capital city which Krishna established
after leaving Mathura. Dwaraka is quite prominent in the Krishna Circuit as it is at length
included in the Mahabharata and is a great pilgrimage site.

Impact of Krishna Circuit in green tourism

The Krishna Circuit is a religion and cultural tourism initiative of the highest importance in
India, to develop and promote tourism related to the life and teaching of Lord Krishna. This
circuit covers important sites such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and several other places around India
forming Mathura, Vrindavan, Gokul, Barsana, and Dwarka related to the birth, childhood, and
lifetime of Krishna. If considered along with the idea of green tourism, the Krishna Circuit can
make a profound and sustainable impact in several ways. These include Wildlife and Nature
Conservation: The circuit consists of ecologically sensitive areas like Vrindavan forests and the
Yamuna riverbanks. Eco-tourism activities involving bird watching, nature walks, and river
conservation may focus on their ecological importance hence creating a means of protection of
this wildlife by visiting tourists. Agro-tourism: The movement through the country circuit creates
some connection between a tourist and farmer hence encouraging more sustainable agriculture
and agricultural activities. Building Local Sustainable Economies: There is organic and local
craft that can be sourced in green tourism, which would contribute to its economy without
detrimental environmental impacts on the rural location. Rural Employments: These include eco-
guiding, organic farming, management of waste among others. Many visitors come into this
place mainly for spiritual means with nature. Eco-spiritual tourism can involve the worship of
Krishna with eco-friendliness. It might motivate rituals dedicated to both deities and Mother
Nature. Eco-friendly Pilgrimage Practices: Encouragement of responsible tourist behavior, the
reduction of tourism wastes, and conscious consumption is facilitated among pilgrims visiting
from anywhere in the globe. Environmentalism Campaigns: The circuit might enlighten visitors
by cleaning rivers and afforestation/waste reduction exercises to make everyone feel responsible
to the environment. Green Technologies Incorporate solar lights and bio-toilets at temples, which
is an example for sustainable tourism circuits for other circuits. Sustainable Transport Electric
vehicle tours or bio-fuel boats or cycling tours can be offered to reduce carbon footprint. Carbon
Offset Programs: Plant trees and initiate renewable energy projects to counterbalance the carbon
footprint of tourism activities.

Starting of Green Tourism.

Green tourism started in the face of a backlash on negative environmental and social impacts
mass tourism causes - generally degradation, disruption of the cultural and exploiting of the
communities involved. There have been considerable documentation tracing green tourism
origins to the late 1970s and the 1980s as tourism increased awareness for its environmental cost
and responsible practice while traveling. The basis for green tourism was formed by the
environmental movements of the 1960s and 1970s, as people started to realize the global
importance of conservation issues. The release of such books as Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in
1962 made the world realize the harm caused by human activity on the environment.
This is when the first national parks, nature reserves, and protected areas came up in efforts
toward conserving biodiversity and the use of natural resources. Eco-tourism concepts had then
become their base and ground for establishing environmental travel. This was in the 1980s,
where a significant driver would come, giving this phenomenon some serious face to call "eco-
tourism". Pioneering organizations such as the International Ecotourism Society, founded in
1990, helped define principles for eco-tourism. Initial eco-tourism projects concentrated on
nature-based tourism, which encompassed trips to wildlife reserves, rainforests, and rural or
remote regions where tourism could be controlled without the exploitation of local environment
and culture.
It was during the 1990s that the idea of sustainability became the central theme in global
discourse and therefore in tourism. The concept of "sustainable tourism" was developed as a
broad framework that considered the environmental, economic, and social aspects of tourism.
International bodies such as the UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) started to call for
sustainable tourism practices within the industry. This included green tourism and not merely
reducing the impacts of tourists on the environment but ensuring that tourism invests positively
into the local communities and economies. The more the demand for sustainable travels was, the
more people witnessed the emergence of green certifications and eco-labels that guided the
travelers and businesses towards better choices. This led to some popular programs, such as
Green Globe, Earth Check, and the Green Key certification. This practice, including waste
reduction, water conservation, energy efficiency, and local sourcing of products, soon became
the norm of green tourism. In India, the growth of green tourism really took off during the early
2000s with the development of eco-resorts, wildlife tourism, and rural tourism. Eco-tourists find
India's diverse landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and wildlife an attractive destination. The
government and NGOs started initiating eco-tourism as a way of protecting India's natural
heritage and as an economic development opportunity for the rural and indigenous communities.
Awareness and responsible tourism were initiated by launching eco-tourism programs in regions
such as Kerala, Rajasthan, and Uttarakhand. Challenges are still facing, such as a lack of
infrastructure in rural areas, better regulation is required, and the balance of tourism growth with
the conservation of the environment. The future for green tourism in India seems optimistic as
the quest for more responsible travel is in demand. Modern Green Tourism Today, green tourism
is no longer a niche in the global market of tourism, but a mainstream sector, as awareness for
the environment has been increasing along with changing consumer preferences toward more
responsible travel. Social media, environmental advocacy, and the conscious consumerism
revolution have hastened the demand for green tourism. Sustainable tourism is no longer a niche
market but a significant force shaping global travel trends.

Need of green tourism in India

Green tourism, or sustainable tourism, is of growing importance in India due to a combination of
environmental, socio-economic, and cultural factors. India’s rich biodiversity, vast natural
resources, and cultural heritage make it a major tourist destination, but unchecked tourism can
lead to significant ecological degradation, loss of biodiversity, and disruption of local
communities. Green tourism offers a balanced approach to managing the challenges posed by
mass tourism, focusing on sustainability, conservation, and local empowerment. Vast
Biodiversity: India is home to a wide array of ecosystems, from the Himalayan Mountain range
to tropical rainforests, deserts, and coastal regions. The country’s national parks, wildlife
sanctuaries, and wetlands house a diverse range of species, many of which are endemic and
endangered (e.g., Bengal tiger, one-horned rhinoceros, and the Indian elephant). Conservation
Needs: Uncontrolled tourism, especially in sensitive areas like national parks and coastal zones,
has resulted in environmental degradation. Issues such as pollution, deforestation, water scarcity,
and habitat destruction threaten wildlife and ecosystems. Green tourism can help mitigate these
impacts by promoting responsible travel practices that emphasize the conservation of these
precious resources. Overcrowding and Pressure on Infrastructure: Popular tourist destinations
like Goa, Agra, and Rajasthan face the problem of overcrowding, leading to over-exploitation of
resources such as water, waste management systems, and local infrastructure. This can degrade
the quality of life for local populations and diminish the experience for travelers. Environmental
Degradation: Unchecked tourism often leads to environmental problems, including pollution (air,
water, and plastic waste), depletion of local resources (water, land), and negative impacts on
wildlife. Green tourism helps to mitigate these issues by advocating for minimal impact, waste
reduction, and the use of eco-friendly practices. Empowering Local Communities: One of the
key principles of green tourism is community participation. By encouraging local communities
to engage in tourism, green tourism provides a means for rural and indigenous populations to
generate sustainable income through eco-friendly practices, rather than relying on industries that
harm the environment. Job Creation in Rural Areas: Green tourism can stimulate employment in
rural and remote areas, where it can provide opportunities for local people to work in eco-resorts,
guiding, handicraft sales, agriculture, and hospitality. This decentralized growth ensures a more
equitable distribution of economic benefits, reducing urban migration and promoting rural
development. Long-Term Economic Benefits: Sustainable tourism provides long-term economic
benefits for regions by focusing on conservation and the sustainable use of natural resources.
This contrasts with the boom-and-bust cycles associated with mass tourism, where
overexploitation of local resources can lead to a decline in tourism appeal.

Education for Tourists and Locals: Green tourism encourages environmental education, raising
awareness among both travelers and local populations about the importance of sustainability. By
engaging in activities such as nature walks, wildlife safaris, or farm tours, tourists can learn
firsthand about environmental issues like climate change, conservation, and resource
management. Changing Tourist Behavior: As awareness of environmental issues grows globally,
tourists are increasingly seeking more eco-conscious travel options. Green tourism allows India
to tap into this market, encouraging travelers to make sustainable choices—such as opting for
eco-friendly accommodations, reducing waste, and respecting local cultures and traditions.
Respecting Local Cultures: Green tourism emphasizes the importance of respecting local
cultures and traditions. It encourages tourists to engage with indigenous communities, learn
about their lifestyles, and participate in cultural practices in a respectful manner. This helps
preserve cultural heritage, especially in rural and tribal regions, where the threat of cultural
erosion is high. Preventing Exploitation: In many parts of India, local communities face the risk
of exploitation due to poorly managed tourism practices, where outsiders profit from the region’s
natural and cultural assets without benefiting the local people. Green tourism aims to ensure that
the benefits of tourism are distributed equitably and that the integrity of local cultures is
maintained. Carbon Footprint Reduction: Tourism is responsible for a significant amount of
carbon emissions, primarily due to transportation (flights, cars, buses) and resource-intensive
facilities. By promoting eco-friendly practices such as low-carbon transport (cycling, walking,
and eco-friendly buses), renewable energy sources, and energy-efficient accommodations, green
tourism can help reduce the carbon footprint of the tourism sector. Sustainable
Infrastructure: Green tourism promotes the development of infrastructure that uses renewable
energy, water-saving technologies, and waste management systems that minimize the
environmental impact. This is particularly relevant for India, where many regions are prone to
water scarcity, energy deficits, and pollution. Balanced Regional Development: Popular tourist
spots like Kerala, Ladakh, and Rajasthan are experiencing over-tourism, leading to
environmental and social stress. Green tourism promotes the idea of "dispersed tourism,"
encouraging visitors to explore lesser known but equally attractive destinations. This helps
reduce the pressure on overcrowded sites and fosters balanced regional development. Quality
over Quantity: By focusing on quality experiences that emphasize nature, culture, and
sustainability, green tourism encourages travelers to spend more time and money on authentic,
meaningful experiences, rather than short, high-impact trips. This model helps sustain tourism in
the long term without damaging resources. Policy and Regulation: The Indian government has
begun to recognize the importance of green tourism through initiatives like the Swadesh
Darshan Scheme and the National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture to promote eco-tourism
projects. However, more robust policies, regulation, and incentives are needed to further
mainstream sustainable tourism practices and create a favorable environment for green
businesses. Tourism as a Tool for Conservation: Several Indian states have already integrated
eco-tourism into their development plans, such as Kerala’s “Responsible Tourism” initiatives,
which focus on empowering local communities and conserving resources. Other states like
Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Himachal Pradesh have also launched successful eco-tourism projects.

The future of green tourism.

The future of green tourism is shaping up to be an exciting and critical part of the travel
industry's evolution. As environmental concerns grow, both consumers and businesses are
increasingly prioritizing sustainability. Carbon-Neutral Journeys: More travelers will seek ways
to offset or reduce their carbon footprints. Airlines, for example, are investing in sustainable
aviation fuel (SAF) and carbon offset programs. Tourists may increasingly opt for trains or
electric vehicles instead of flying, and eco-conscious tour operators will offer carbon-neutral or
low-carbon itineraries. Green Certifications: We will likely see a rise in globally recognized
sustainability certifications (like Green Key, Earth Check, or the Global Sustainable Tourism
Council's GSTC standards). Tourists will be able to easily identify eco-friendly hotels,
attractions, and tour operators. Demand for Authentic, Local Experiences: People are looking to
travel in ways that support local communities and preserve ecosystems. This includes staying in
locally owned accommodations, eating sustainably, and participating in cultural and nature-based
experiences that prioritize preservation. Generation Z and Millennials: Younger generations, who
are more environmentally aware, will continue to drive demand for sustainable travel. Their
preferences will shape destinations, hotels, and activities, pushing the industry to reduce
environmental impact and adopt ethical practices. Moving beyond sustainability to a model
of regenerative tourism, this concept focuses on not just minimizing harm but actively
contributing to the restoration of ecosystems and communities. Tourists will increasingly seek
out destinations and experiences that help regenerate biodiversity, ecosystems, and local cultures.
Smart Tourism: The rise of AI, big data, and IoT (Internet of Things) will allow for smarter,
more sustainable tourism. Real-time data can help optimize energy use in hotels, minimize
waste, and offer personalized, eco-friendly itineraries. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented
Reality (AR): These technologies can provide virtual travel experiences, reducing the need for
physical travel and alleviating pressure on over-touristed destinations. Traditional hotel stays will
give way to more sustainable lodging options like eco-lodges, glamping (luxurious camping),
and sustainable vacation rentals. Many of these use renewable energy, water-saving
technologies, and eco-friendly building materials, and they prioritize low-impact designs.
Additionally, treehouses, tiny homes, and farm stays will become more popular, especially for
travelers looking for closer connections to nature. Many popular destinations will embrace
sustainable tourism practices to combat the negative effects of overtourism, such as
environmental degradation and overcrowding. This could include visitor caps, more responsible
tourism education, and the creation of sustainable destination management plans. Off-the-
Beaten-Path Destinations: Instead of overcrowding a few popular spots, sustainable tourism will
encourage travel to lesser-known regions, promoting local economies and preserving more
fragile ecosystems. Local communities are becoming more involved in managing and benefiting
from tourism. Community-based tourism will rise as travelers look to connect more deeply with
the places they visit. This could include staying with local families, engaging in cultural heritage
programs, and participating in eco-projects that directly benefit the community.

As the environmental impact of tourism becomes more critical, governments and international
bodies will likely impose stricter regulations around environmental standards in tourism.
Countries and cities will implement sustainability policies that encourage energy efficiency,
waste reduction, and low-carbon footprints within the tourism sector. Tourism tax systems may
become more common, where travelers contribute directly to sustainability programs or
conservation efforts in the places they visit. The idea of a circular economy—where waste is
minimized, and products are reused and recycled—will infiltrate the tourism sector. Hotels,
airlines, and tour operators will adopt more sustainable practices like reducing plastic waste,
using eco-friendly materials, and ensuring that resources like water and energy are used
efficiently. Wildlife tourism and conservation efforts will become more integrated. Travelers will
increasingly look to destinations that promote wildlife protection and habitat restoration,
participating in eco-tourism activities like wildlife watching or volunteering in conservation
projects. As climate change impacts various destinations, the tourism industry will focus
on resilience and adaptation. Destinations prone to extreme weather will invest in infrastructure
that can withstand these changes, ensuring that tourism continues to be viable even in the face of
challenges like rising sea levels or more frequent wildfires.
Literature Review

The connection between environment and economy is a major topic in traditional discussions of
sustainability. After these conferences, responsible tourism helped the economies of a few
countries. "Green" tourism aids communities in accomplishing their cultural and environmental
goals while conserving their finite resources by promoting local companies and landmarks.
Kerala was a pioneer in environmentally friendly travel. The RT projects are in different phases,
with a focus on sustainable responsible travel practices in green tourism. These findings
demonstrate the challenges that come with using RT. Although RT's initial rollout was a failure,
its later phases showed a lot of promise. More research is needed in other culturally remote
locations to develop sustainable tourism on a global basis. (Shuvasree Banerjee, 2023). The
relationship between attitudes toward the environmental ecosystem and green tourism, as well as
personal and social norms regarding pro-environmental behavior, perceived behavioral control,
perceived green image of destinations (PGID), behavioral intentions regarding green holiday
destinations (GHD), and willingness to pay (WTP) more for visiting them, is captured by a
model among Gen Z. whether there are cultural variations in the connections among these
factors. The most significant findings show that (1) Gen Z's intention to travel to green vacation
destinations is most strongly influenced by the perceived green image of those destinations; and
(2) the suggested variables explain the willingness to visit green vacation destinations to a far
greater extent than the willingness to pay a higher price for such trips. The literature on pro-
environmental (transition) planning, generational shifts in tourism, and the growing green
economy and marketing. (Marek Nowacki, 2023). Bibliometric approaches are used to
understand the current state, development, and growth in the field of AI and AR in tourism
marketing from 2012 to 2023. Among the methods employed are thematic mapping, factorial
analysis with multi-correspondence analysis (MCA), keyword occurrence analysis, and multiple
collaboration networks. the use of augmented reality technology based on location in a few
sustainable tourism fields. It also aims to examine the policy actions taken by the Indian
government during the pandemic era to attain sustainable tourism development in the country. It
illustrates how researchers in countries such as China, Spain, the US, and India have studied the
technical aspects of augmented reality and AI in the tourism sector in detail. India's tourism
sector has been found to lag significantly behind in the use of AI and AR technologies. Thus, a
novel method based on artificial intelligence to explore the possibilities of marketing tactics in
the tourism sector (R. J. Reejo 2023).

Commercial and environmental concerns must be balanced, according to mainstream

sustainability talks. These conversations lead to the development of responsible tourism (RT)
practices, which play a major role in the "greenification" of economies across several nations.
Green tourism encourages travel that supports both the preservation of the destination
community's finite resources and ambitions for the environment and culture. Kerala, India, is a
leader in the implementation of RT and conducts exploratory analyses of the RT initiatives at
various stages, particularly through the lens of sustainable responsible tourism initiatives for the
development of green tourism. The analysis is descriptive in nature and is informed by the
bottom-line approach (TBL) for green economic development. the dynamics of difficulties
encountered at the various stages of RT deployment. Considering our examination of the
secondary data, the second and third phases of RT implementation appeared to be more
promising than the first, which was not very effective. the need for more research in other
culturally remote locations, which will lead to the adoption of promising methods as substitute
tactics for the growth of sustainable tourism worldwide. (Nimi Markose,2022). Many
developing nations believe that tourism is crucial to advancing their economies and reducing
poverty. It is equally evident, though, that there is no guarantee that tourism will lead to
economic expansion and a decrease in poverty. It largely depends on whether tourism leads to
the creation of jobs, links the economy, especially with the agricultural and service sectors, and
encourages the building of basic infrastructure, such as ports, airports, and roads, as well as the
provision of financial services that benefit the economy. It also depends on whether a national
strategy that includes institutional, regulatory, and administrative frameworks with enough
incentives to promote the growth of supply capacity in domestic markets is driving the
development of tourism.

Equally significant are the measures taken to reduce the negative effects of tourism on the
environment and cultural heritage, as well as the degree to which the national policy restricts
financial leakages from the domestic economy, which seem to be a recurring issue in many
developing nations. Even if the role of tourism in structural economic advancement and
sustainable development is not a recent addition to the global agenda, there is still a pressing
need to address the issue of how to make tourism more sustainable and support the sustainable
development goals of poor nations. (Dr. Moiz Akhtar, 2022). Given the dearth of studies on
behavior in relation to sustainable tourism in India, the framework for forecasting the mediating
function of personal norms in influencing the intention to embrace sustainable tourism in India
was developed.( Prerna Garg, 2020). A descriptive literature evaluation of research published
between 1990 and 2019 that focused on the conservation and development objectives of
ecotourism was conducted to examine ecotourism as it is implemented in India. To give a better
picture of the ecotourism approaches that are now in use in India, they have been grouped
according to Honey's taxonomy of ecotourism. Given its dual conservation and commercial
slant, the Indian ecotourism sector may eventually become unsustainable. the necessity of
updating ecotourism management and planning to guarantee a sustainable tourist model over the
long run. The literature currently available on ecotourism emphasizes emphasizing the
advancements and challenges of the specialized sector. (Sachin C. Pujar, 2020). The impact of
tourism on Kerala's economy, environment, and sociocultural aspects is examined, along with
how Kerala made sustainable tourism development a key goal to develop tourist destinations'
economies, environments, and sociocultural aspects. Kerala’s tourism industry's sociocultural,
economic, and environmental sustainability. Selected locations in Kochi, Alappuzha, Kovalam,
Trivandrum, Ponmudi, and Munnar were the sites of the questionnaire survey. The questionnaire
survey was distributed at random to the many stakeholders, visitors, locals, and operators of
tourism-related businesses. 292 respondents, who represented visitors, the local community, and
tourism industry owners, made up the data set. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and survey
analysis have all been used to assess how different stakeholders view the governance and policy
of tourism as well as the sociocultural, economic, and environmental sustainability of
destinations. The component analysis offers a unique perspective on the elements that contribute
to Kerala's tourist attractions' sustainability. The results of the study show that the key elements
influencing the sustainability of Kerala's tourist destinations are resource exploitation, resource
management, economic and social sustainability, heritage management, destination management,
tourism governance, and waste management. This offers thorough and scientific proof of the
sociocultural, economic, and environmental effects of Kerala's tourism growth. When creating
and carrying out tourist policies, government organizations, travel agencies, lodging and dining
establishments, and non-governmental organizations can all benefit from the research findings.
The other states should include and apply sustainable development ideas in their plans and
initiatives for the growth of the tourism industry. (Dr. Venugopalan, 2017). Investigate how
well the four sustainability dimensions—economic, sociocultural, institutional, and
environmental—predict local satisfaction with the growth of sustainable tourism. The conception
and analysis of visitor satisfaction were the primary topics of earlier research.
(Kashif Hussain,2015). Under the aegis of sustainable development, eco-tourism is a novel idea
in the travel industry that offers an alternative route to environmental preservation. Ecotourism
offers exciting opportunities for both environmental preservation and economic growth in
underdeveloped nations. This paper's goal is to highlight the diverse range of ecotourism in India
by concentrating on a few of the country's ecotourism destinations. Since "Green Travel" has
been promoted as a "win-win" solution for the third world (developing nations), the
environment, tourists, and the travel industry, eco-tourism has been growing in popularity as an
economic reader and a tool for striking a balance between environmental issues and sustainable
development. The government's initiatives to promote ecotourism to combat today's
environmental problems, as well as a few studies on India's top ecotourism destinations. (MS.
RUCHI SINGH, 2016). Initiatives for development and environmental preservation face certain
difficulties in Ladakh. Its distinctive landscapes, biodiversity, and culture have drawn adventure-
seeking travelers from all over the world since it opened to the public in 1974. Particularly in the
last few decades, tourism has grown extremely quickly, bringing with it several social and
economic shifts as well as negative environmental effects. Considering the dangers that
unplanned tourism poses, several local organizations and institutions felt compelled to launch
sustainable community-based tourism initiatives that would safeguard the region's wildlife and
natural resources while providing the local populace with alternate sources of income. Because
the homestay model in Ladakh is based on the idea of fair access, households from all
socioeconomic backgrounds can use it. The Worldwide Fund for Nature's (WWF-India) Korzok
homestays near the Ramsar wetland Tsomoriri serve as an example of how conservation
objectives and community development requirements can coexist. It goes into detail about the
initiative's development, some of its first effects, and potential future directions. Additionally, a
broad range of suggestions is provided. (Anupam Anand, 2012). The concept of "responsible
tourism" and how it is now used in the literature on travel. We contend that the idea as it is
currently used is all-encompassing and, as such, does not contribute anything to the conceptual
landscape of tourism trends and names. After that, we present our own interpretation of the term,
contending that although responsible tourism is associated with sustainability initiatives like
ecotourism, ethical tourism, green tourism, soft tourism, pro-poor tourism, geo-tourism,
integrated tourism, community-based tourism, alternative tourism, etc., it also establishes a
distinct analytical domain. We propose that the term's actual usage in places where it has been
adopted—like, say, Kerala and South Africa—indicates a relatively limited use. We determined
that this area represents the corporate social responsibility (CSR) agenda's sector-specific
expression in the tourist industry. In accordance with Flyvberg's [(2006). Five common
misconceptions regarding case-study research. The responsible tourism effort in Kumarakon,
Kerala, is provided in response to the need for exemplars and paradigmatic case studies to
promote knowledge in a particular domain (Qualitative Inquiry, 12(2), 219–245). Kerala's
governance framework and the role of tourism in the state economy. The state and municipal
responsible tourism efforts are then explained, emphasizing the "how" of execution and the
results that have been obtained. The next step is to identify general, non-prescriptive principles
that may be considered essential in some way for the effective application of responsible tourism
concepts to practices. This method contrasts with one that relies on the private sector's self-
initiated voluntary adoption of "responsible" activities. It is believed that responsible tourism can
advance practice if the conceptual terrain is distinguished from other types of tourism and if
studies conducted within the terrain are able to analyze the types of difficulties raised by the
delineation itself. (Angelique Chettiparamb, 2012). The comprehensive view of sustainable
tourism's many facets. The concerns that have already been recognized are confirmed by the
conversation with important practitioners. (Himani Kaul, 2009). Mountainous areas have
garnered a lot of interest from Indian and international tourists in recent years. Mountains have a
wealth of natural and cultural assets, including biosphere reserves, flora and fauna, lakes and
rivers, and traditional rural resources, which can be used to promote green tourism. Uncontrolled
visitor numbers and associated haphazard infrastructure in the sensitive alpine regions present
significant environmental consequences for the tourism industry. With direct and indirect
environmental impacts as well as the production of solid and liquid waste, ecological pressures
are endangering land, water, and wildlife resources. For this reason, green tourism is becoming a
crucial endeavor to forge new connections between communities, governmental organizations,
and the private sector. The plan emphasizes ecodevelopment, environmental preservation, and
ecological understanding. Environmental preservation, education, and cash sharing to locals
based on solid partnerships are the main characteristics of green tourism. The objectives of green
tourism, which raises awareness of the importance of environmental resources, are greatly aided
by a variety of information systems . (R. B. Singh, 2004). For hundreds of years, religious
pilgrimages have occurred without having the detrimental effects on the environment, culture,
and society that come with tourism. Common characteristics of pilgrimages include not putting
an undue strain on the environment; helping local communities; only happening during specific
seasons of the year; people bringing their own bags and buying food, etc. locally; pilgrims are
peaceful and law-abiding; and it is forbidden to kill animals or take from the environment. These
can teach us a few things about contemporary tourism. ( Vasanti Gupta, 1999).

Importance of sustainable tourism

Sustainable tourism is increasingly seen as essential for ensuring that tourism remains a positive
force for both the environment and local communities. Protecting Natural Resources: Sustainable
tourism prioritizes the conservation of natural resources, including water, energy, and raw
materials, helping prevent the depletion of these finite resources. Biodiversity Preservation:
Tourism can negatively impact ecosystems, especially in sensitive areas. Sustainable tourism
practices preserve biodiversity through responsible visitation of natural sites, wildlife protection,
and habitats. Reduction of Pollution: Sustainable tourism encourages activities that reduce waste,
carbon footprints, and environmental degradation such as the reduction of plastic use,
encouraging recycling, and the use of eco-friendly transport options. Respect for Local Cultures:
Sustainable tourism promotes respect for local traditions, values, and ways of life. It protects
cultural heritage and encourages cross-cultural understanding. Exploitation or commodification
of indigenous cultures is avoided. Cultural Exchange: Sustainable tourism supports authentic
cultural experiences and protects the integrity of local communities. It ensures that local
communities benefit from tourism without their culture being diluted or distorted for commercial
gain. Supports Local Economies: Sustainable tourism spending directly benefits the local
community in the form of locally owned businesses, restaurants, and markets. It generates jobs in
eco-tourism, hospitality, and local craftsmanship. Long-term Economic Stability: Focusing on
long-term sustainability rather than short-term gains, sustainable tourism guarantees that the
economic benefits of tourism continue to feed into the local economy without depleting the
resources or destroying the environment. Empowering Local Communities: Sustainable tourism
practices promote community-based tourism, which has the local population involved in the
planning and management of tourism activities. This fosters more balanced and inclusive
economic opportunities and assists in empowering local communities. Improving Quality of
Life: By promoting local development through tourism, sustainable activities can improve
infrastructures, health care, education, and other essential services among the local populations.
Reduction of Carbon Footprint: Tourism is a source of significant carbon emissions primarily
due to transport and accommodation. Sustainable tourism emphasizes the use of environment-
friendly transportation (such as electric vehicles), energy-efficient accommodations, and carbon
offset programs that will help reduce tourism's contribution to climate change. Promoting Green
Technologies: By advocating energy-efficient hotels, renewable energy sources, and waste
management solutions, sustainable tourism helps in reducing the industry's overall environmental
footprint. Ensuring Long-Term Viability Sustainable tourism ensures that destinations are
desirable and sustainable for the next generation of tourists. It prevents degradation of natural
and cultural resources that could otherwise lead to a decline in tourism activity, economic losses,
and the irretrievable loss of such unique attractions. Over-Tourism Management Sustainable
tourism helps manage visitor numbers and promotes less crowded, less impacted destinations. It
avoids over-tourism in fragile destinations, ensuring tourism is spread out more evenly and does
not strain local resources or infrastructure. Creating Awareness Among the Traveler: Sustainable
tourism makes travelers aware of global issues, such as climate change, degradation of the
environment, and social inequality. This type of tourism encourages tourists to be
environmentally responsible, choose sustainable travel options, and act as ambassadors for
sustainability. Educating Industry Stakeholders: Sustainable tourism initiatives educate
businesses, government agencies, and tourism operators on best practices, helping them align
their operations with environmental and social goals. This ensures that sustainability is integrated
into the very fabric of the tourism industry. Avoiding Exploitation: Sustainable tourism prevents
the exploitation of local communities, cultures, and environments. It promotes virtuous behaviors
including fair wages, responsible wildlife tourism, and prudent consumer behavior amongst the
tourist consumers. Equitable Distribution of Benefit: Through putting equity and fairness at
center stage, sustainability in tourism fosters the even distribution of tourist benefits in relation to
minimizing tourist-business community discrepancies.
Methodology
The methodology outlines a systematic and structured approach to reviewing the existing body
of knowledge on green tourism in India. By synthesizing insights from various sources, this
review paper aims to highlight the critical importance of green tourism in addressing the
environmental and social challenges of India’s tourism industry. The methodology for this
review paper focuses on analyzing existing literature, reports, and case studies to evaluate the
need for green tourism in India. A systematic review approach is employed to gather, assess, and
synthesize data, providing a comprehensive understanding of the current scenario and future
prospects of green tourism in the country.
Research Design
This study adopts a qualitative research design to explore and interpret secondary data sources.
The methodology is structured to ensure an unbiased and thorough examination of the available
literature on green tourism in India.
Data Collection
Secondary Data Sources:
Academic Literature: Peer-reviewed journals, books, and conference proceedings on green
tourism, sustainability, and environmental management in India.
Government Reports: Policy documents, tourism development strategies, and sustainability
initiatives released by the Indian government and related organizations.
Industry Reports: Insights from tourism industry associations and consultancy firms to
understand market trends and challenges.
Case Studies: Examination of specific green tourism projects or destinations in India, such as
eco-tourism hotspots, community-based tourism, and heritage sites.
Search Strategy: Keywords such as "green tourism in India," "eco-tourism," "sustainable
tourism practices," and "environmental conservation in Indian tourism" will be used to search
databases like Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Grey literature and online repositories will
also be reviewed to include non-peer-reviewed but relevant documents. Literature focused solely
on international tourism practices without Indian context.

Thematic Analysis:
Data Categorization: Organize collected data into themes such as policy frameworks, community
involvement, challenges, and success stories. Pattern Identification: Identify recurring themes
and trends that highlight the current status and need for green tourism in India.
Interpretation: Analyze how these patterns contribute to understanding the broader context of
sustainable tourism.
Comparative Analysis:
Compare India’s green tourism practices with those of other countries to identify gaps, strengths,
and opportunities for improvement.
Ethical Considerations: Proper citations and acknowledgments will be given to all referenced
works to maintain academic integrity. No primary data collection involving human participants
will be conducted, thus ensuring compliance with ethical standards.
Limitations
The study relies exclusively on secondary data, which may limit the scope of findings. The
availability and quality of data specific to India’s green tourism initiatives might affect the
comprehensiveness of the review.
Important Outcome
The review of literature on green tourism in India, with a focus on the Krishna Circuit, reveals
several significant outcomes. First, it highlights the role of green tourism in preserving India’s
rich cultural and natural heritage while promoting sustainable economic growth. The Krishna
Circuit serves as a unique case that combines spiritual tourism with eco-conscious practices, such
as promoting carbon-neutral transportation, sustainable accommodation, and community
participation.
One of the key outcomes is the potential of green tourism to empower local communities by
creating livelihood opportunities through eco-tourism initiatives. For example, local artisans and
small businesses along the Krishna Circuit can benefit from increased tourist inflow while
adhering to sustainable practices. Additionally, the circuit showcases how green infrastructure,
like solar-powered facilities and waste management systems, can significantly reduce the
environmental footprint of tourism activities.
The study also identifies challenges, such as the need for policy coherence, stakeholder
collaboration, and adequate funding for green initiatives. Addressing these issues can enhance
the implementation of sustainable practices and ensure the long-term viability of green tourism
projects.
In conclusion, the Krishna Circuit demonstrates the transformative potential of integrating green
tourism principles into heritage tourism. By leveraging sustainable strategies, it can set a
precedent for other tourism circuits in India, fostering a balance between cultural preservation,
environmental protection, and economic development.

The outlines a systematic and structured approach to reviewing the existing body of knowledge
on green tourism in India. By synthesizing insights from various sources, this review paper aims
to highlight the critical importance of green tourism in addressing the environmental and social
challenges of India’s tourism industry.
Discussion and Conclusion
Discussion:
The review highlights the growing significance of green tourism as a sustainable alternative to
conventional tourism in India. The Krishna Circuit, a spiritual tourism route connecting key
destinations related to Lord Krishna’s life, serves as a compelling example of integrating green
tourism principles into heritage and cultural tourism. By emphasizing eco-friendly practices,
such as promoting the use of renewable energy, waste management systems, and community-
based initiatives, the Krishna Circuit has the potential to set a benchmark for sustainable tourism.
The study underscores the need for proactive government policies and stakeholder collaboration
to address existing challenges like over-tourism, lack of infrastructure, and environmental
degradation. The Krishna Circuit’s success depends on balancing the preservation of cultural
heritage with modern sustainability practices. Lessons from other green tourism models
worldwide can be adapted to ensure long-term environmental and economic benefits.
Conclusion:
Green tourism is essential in addressing the environmental and social challenges of India’s
tourism industry, and the Krishna Circuit exemplifies its potential. By focusing on sustainable
practices and community engagement, the circuit can become a model for eco-friendly spiritual
tourism. The findings emphasize the need for continued investments in green infrastructure,
awareness campaigns, and collaboration among government bodies, private stakeholders, and
local communities. As India strives to meet global sustainability goals, the adoption of green
tourism practices, as seen in the Krishna Circuit, can pave the way for a more resilient and
responsible tourism sector.

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