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Index
Letter from the Secretary-General 2

Letter from the Director 3

Letter from Nikita Khrushchev 3

History of Committee 5

Prelude to the Crisis of Berlin 5

The Formation of the NATO 5

The Formation of the Warsaw Pact 6

The Use of Proxy Wars in the Cold War 7

The Korean War 7

West and East Germany 8

West and East Germany Economy 8

Emigration and Defection Crisis 9

The Construction of the Berlin Wall 10

Current Situation 11

Reignition of Khrushchev’s Berlin Ultimatum 11

Characters 12

Bloc Positions 21

The Cold War 21

The Interest of the Warsaw Pact in Berlin 21

Committee Objectives 22

Bibliography 23

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Letter from the Secretary-General

Dear Delegates and Faculty Advisors, networking and negotiating skill from
delegates.
Welcome to NewMUN 2019! Before
anything, I would like to wish you the best I will just like to leave you the message,
of luck in this two-day conference which that the only way to be successful is to
is going to bring together the best MUN give your best. As Eric Thomas once said:
delegates from Lima. I am sure that I will "You will be successful when you want
witness the highest level of debate at this something as hard as you want to
conference. breath".

More than as a MUNer, but as a I wish you the best of luck in your
responsible citizen, I understand that the committees and hope you have an
global issues in our world must be solved amazing time in NewMUN 2019!
by the international community. I also
understand that MUN delegates don't Sincerely,
have the capabilities to take the decisions Santiago Bustamante
to change the world, but at least we have Secretary-General
the capacity to outrage ourselves when
seeing that something is not working for
our well being. That capacity to go out
and speak for your beliefs, to stand up
and raise the flag of your country
demanding for consensus, demanding for
peace, demanding for the well being of
everyone. That capacity is the only way in
which countries can move forward, and it
is the only way in which we will contribute
to building a better world. Maybe a little
visionary, but is the truth.

This year, the Newton team has decided

to increase the number of committees in
order to have a MUN conference of the
best quality. The topics that we have
chosen tackle issues from the past,
present, and future, therefore presenting a
challenge for delegates to combine their
knowledge and application to reach
solutions. In many of the committees,

Directors have been prepared to take the

flow of the committee to a maximum
moment of crisis in order to assess the

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Letter from the Director

Dear Delegates, The Crisis of Berlin of 1961 is a complex
subject. Not because of the conflict itself.
It is my honor to be your Director The Ultimatum introduced by Nikita
committee for this edition of Newton Khrushchev is straight forward. However,
Model United Nation Conference 2019. the intentions or reasons why and what
This year we will be hosting the topic of would be the consequences of accepting
the Crisis of Berlin of 1961 between the it or not is what is intriguing. Back in 1961
NATO and Warsaw Pact cabinet. shocked the world. Gladly, there was a
pacific ending towards it. However, it is
If you are reaching to read this letter,
up to you to decide the course of history.
great! You have accomplished something
that most people in MUN haven’t done. I wish you the best,
So I appreciate that. At the time of arriving
to the committee, ask for a hug or a high
five.
Sebastian Alvino
At the time of writing this, I am Newton Director of the Committee
College alumni who has currently been
accepted to the University of
Buckingham, Glasgow, Groningen and
Loughborough for the BSc program of
Psychology. As a person myself who
struggle with mental illnesses, I preach for
understanding from both of you as
individuals and as coworkers for this
conference.

After I have participated in 30

conferences, this would be the 31, I can
say firmly that the excitement or the rush
of adrenaline, at least at the time of
entering to a conference never goes
away. However, and this is my tip in this
letter, always remember that feeling goes
away as you enter the conference. It's you
who tries to look for the solution and talk
with the delegates representing different
ideologies or interest. Be yourself as
many of them can or will become your
friends. After 6 or 7 years being in MUN
has kept me going. Many of them have
become close friends of mine. And I wish
the same for you as delegates.

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Letter from Nikita Khrushchev

Dear Invited Representatives of the Nonetheless, even after my harsh words
Warsaw Pact, have been laid, it is not our intention to
start a belic conflict in middle of
Since the October Revolution, the prosperity. The effects of the Third Reich
Russian population stood together still ring in the memories of the soviet
against the vile tsarist autocracy. The first people. But seeing the effects of the
movement in its kind since the French American Empire and its allies resemble
Revolution. However, unlike France, we the actions of the late Adolf Hitler against
did not become an empire to conquer all the prosperity of the Warsaw Pact with
Europe but a unified nation who has been anti-communist ideology and spread
able to spare the words of Lenin and propaganda from the heart of their council
Marx across all the world for the better of and congress to the ears of people who
the mankind. trust blindly in their governments without
really knowing the actions that they are
Nevertheless, the capitalist empire
planning to commit. But, we must not let
embodied by the NATO and represented
that the NATO throw us to the ground and
by the United States has stopped the
kick us until we bleed. It is necessary, we
process of the humankind by invading
must take action. That is why I call a
countries and forcing their government
summit of the Warsaw Pact this 13rd of
into capitalist system without giving them
August of 1961.
the option of choosing. That is what
happened in Nicaragua in 1927. That I wish you the best and that the spirit of
what happened in South Korea in 1953. Lenin and Stalin feels your heart with the
That is what happened in Haiti in 1913. strength to take the appropriate decision
That is not the activity of a country that is
seeking the improvement and the Nikita Khrushchev
prosperity of democracy but a council of First Secretary of the Communist Party of
men with interest and clearing their the Soviet Union
agenda.

This is why we are asking the allied forces

to retire their armed forces from West
Berlin. It is a weak point to us, Socialist
Countries. By having LIVE OAK forces in
the heart of the German Democratic
Republic is a danger to the GDR
population and a clear weak point for a
future NATO invasion. Not just that but
working with defectors by not improving
their border security and admitting illegal
immigrants is an offense to the entire
Warsaw Pact. They know that the
strength of us is our population and unity.

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History of Committee
Prelude to the Crisis of Berlin because of the amount of territory that the
USSR had in control at the time of the
The Formation of the NATO conference. This resulted in the division of
Germany between the allied occupied
From the remainings of the debris left by
territory, West Germany, and the
the fight between the Allied Forces and
Soviet-occupied land, East Germany or
the Axis Powers, humanity already knew
the German Democratic Republic (GDR).
that if the same methods. traditionally
used were implemented, it would
inevitably lead to another mass
destruction conflict. World War II was an
example of this: how the allied forces
implemented unreasonably harsh
sanctions in Germany, initiating one of the
darkest years in German history not just
breaking its economy but the morale of
the German people, giving to birth a
Fig 1. Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill and Henry
resentful nationalist wave that would put Truman shaking hands at the Potsdam Conference
Adolf Hitler in the history books. in 1945

After World War II, there were two newly In the meantime, anti-communist
implemented superpowers: the United propaganda was massively distributed by
States and the Soviet Union. The political figures inside of the United States
presence of the Soviet Union and the and the United Kingdom. While in the
communist ideology and economy started United States the Truman Doctrine1 and
to spray all over Europe. An inherent the Marshall Plan2 was out loud spoken
rivalry between these two superpowers and spread like fire, the strong
emerged as a result of mutual distrust and anti-communist point of view of Churchill
the American effort to exclude the Soviet was hardly missed. With his famous Iron
Union from the international community Curtain Speech, he marked the first
as their expansion was seen as a threat. instance of the intentions of the Soviet
This fear was not irrational. Union trying to divide Europe under
communist control. Nevertheless, this did
During the Potsdam Conference, held the
17th of July to the 2nd of August of 1945, 1
The Truman Doctrine was an US policy
the head of the USA, UK and USSR met under the Truman administration were
to discuss what would it be done with geopolitical, economic and military support
Germany and the rest of the territory would be given to countries opposed or not
set under a communist regime. This was seen
occupied during the Nazi regime. Not just
firstly seen during the Greek Civil War where
limited to the latter goal, the Potsdam the US supported with $400 million to the
Conference was intended to be the first non-communist bloc.
step towards rebuilding the political
2
The Marshall Plan was intended to attract
the interest of countries that were devastated
scenario in the modern world and to
during WWII with the promise by remaining
establish peace amongst the new capitalist. In return, the countries would be
superpowers. However, this failed given economic aid for the reconstruction of
their governmental infrastructure, armies, etc.

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not stop the Soviet Union to create the in the North Atlantic Treaty, or known as
Cominform on the 5th of October of 1947, the Washington Treaty, wherein 13
grouping all the communist political Articles the leaders of Belgium, Canada,
parties of Europe. Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,
The European nations, fearing that a Portugal, United Kingdom, and the United
communist revolution would take over States to protect each other nation by
Europe by either military, economic or lending military aid if the state is
political manners. In that sense, Belgium, prejudice, but at the same time restrain
France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and from any unnecessary military activity.
the United Kingdom signed the Brussels The treaty is signed by the latter countries
Pact, founding the Western Union. The mentioned the 4th of April of 1949.
Soviet Union responded with the Berlin
Blockade, leaving no option towards the The Formation of the Warsaw Pact
creation of the Western Union Defence
Organization (WEDO). Nevertheless, this In 1954, after the death of Joseph Stalin
proved to be effortless as that same year, and the appointment of Nikita Khrushchev
through a coup d’etat organized by the the minister of Foreign affairs of the
communist party and supported by the Soviet Union commented in the creation
Soviet Union, took the government of of the NATO as an aggressive pact as it
Czechoslovakia, turning another was the only member of the anti-Hitler
European country into a communist coalition not included. He suggested that
satellite. Parallely, the Soviet Union the only manner to change this would be
Forces organized what it would be known to accept the inclusion of the Soviet
as the Berlin Blockade of 1948, blocking Union into NATO. The proposal would be
all roads, canals, and tracks directing to accepted under the two conditions that
the allied occupied Berlin. this would be the Soviet Union would have
brief as Joseph Stalin would lift the comprehensive control of its military
blockade the 12th of May of 1949. control and planning and to secure the
freedom and democracy amongst its
territory. However, in the end, the
proposal was rejected and categorized as
“completely unreal”. This is because for
any action taken by NATo needs to be
unanimous. seeing the behavior of the
Soviet Union in the UN Security Council,
vetoing any action towards the ongoing
Korean War.
Fig 2. Joseph Stalin with the newly assigned Prime
Minister of Czechoslovakia, Klement Gottwald in
Fearing that the NATO or other the
1946. European Defence Community would take
future actions against the Soviet Union,
Fearing another European country would the minister of Foreign Affairs of the
be struck by another communist coup USSR proposed the creation of the
d’etat, the European leaders met with European General Agreement with the
American military defense and politicians proposed inclusion of the United States.
in the Pentagon. The negotiation resulted However, this was perceived as an action

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against NATO with the purpose of its of 1946, the Paraguayan Civil War, the
liquidation. Again, this proposal would be Arab-Israeli conflict, etc.
rejected.
The Korean War
The 23rd of October of 1954, the Federal
Republic of Germany, or more known as As it was previously mentioned, between
West Germany was accepted formally the already formed NATO and the Soviet
into the NATO. This was the last straw for Union, it was necessary to have as many
the Soviet Union as, after several states supporting.
attempts, a recent country was accepted.
After the end of World War II, many of the
In this sense, with other 8 European
Japanese colonies were annexed. One of
countries, formed what will be known as
them being the Manchuria with the
the Warsaw Pact. This group would be
Korean Peninsula. While Manchuria has
most known for being confirmed by
been established as a puppet state by the
communists governments.
Japanese Empire, Korea has never had a
The Use of Proxy Wars in the Cold War true own government since 1910. From
the several internal conflicts, it emerged
With the creation of now International two leaders: Kim Il-Sung representing the
organization such as the NATO and the North of Korea under a communist
United Nations, maintaining the peace ideology heavily influenced by his
and order inside of the international education in the Soviet Union, and
political scenario was vital to prevent the Syngman Rhee representing an
birth of another pre-apocalyptic conflict. ultranationalist ideology in favor of a
capitalist democratic form of government.
Between the NATO, led by the United Up to this point, in 1950, the support from
States, and the Soviet Union with their the Soviet Union and China was
newly formed communist countries, it was increasing to the North as much the
a race between which bloc would support from the United Nation and the
maintain a more international presence by United States in South Korea.
having more members of more
prosperous economies. With this said, it
was needed in this case to secure either
an already established country or to turn a
country into a communist state.

The first state to be proven this method

was Vietnam and the rise of Ho Chi Minh
by declaring independence from the
French Republic. While the Soviet Union
supported Ho Chi Minh with the promise
of a communist regime, the United States
supported the French Republic preventing
the growth of the communist ideology in
Asia furthermore. From this point, other
internal conflicts such as the Iranian Crisis

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West and East Germany

As it was mentioned at the beginning of

this guide, the result of the Potsdam
Conference resulted in Germany divided
between four powers: the northwest to
Great Britain, the Southwest to France,
the South to the United States and the
East and the Oder-Neisse line to the
Soviet Union and Poland. This division
would be known as West Germany,
managed by the allied forces, and East
Germany, managed by the Soviet Union.

Fig. 3. Brother and sister being displaced because

of the Korean War.

From the Parallel, the war developed

throughout 1950 to 1953 with an overall
loss of 3 million lives, 2.5 million of them
being civilians of both North and South
Korea, ending a near starting amount of
territory that both the North as the South
had from the beginning. However, this
would be a glance of what would come as
much as the Cold War developed.

Fig. 4. Map showing West and East Germany

divided into provinces.

Even though both nations were part of the

same one, the management that both the
Allies and the Soviet Union radically
change German society.

West and East Germany Economy

At an early start of the 1950s data, there

was an already drastic change in both
Germanies economies. While for the year
1950, East Germany had an employed
labor force of 7.130 million, the West had
a proper 20.145 million workers

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supporting the internal gross income. The Soviet Union, dishearten farmers as it
gap difference increased with West highly prioritized the industrial sector. This
Germany having 24.340 million workers led to one out of seven farmers in East
while the East having 8.235 million Germany to move to the West.
workers. Not just that but the Gross
National Product per capita had a By 1958, this ignited a massive
marginal difference from 1950 data immigration problem by many East
showing that the East had 1290 in DM3 Germans fleeing through the border to
while West had 1984 in DM. West Germany. Not because of the
precarious situation of East Germany but
Karl Roskamp, Professor of Economics at rather the excellent state of West
Wayne State University during 1962 and Germany. Nevertheless, this took a tall in
commented in the data mentioned above: the economy by the loss of labor and the
“​...is reinforced that East Germany production decrease during those years.
performance was poorer than West
German. Because of a number of factors,
such as rigidity in planning, lack of
incentives, and absence of integration in a
world market, the East’s increase in
production, compared with those of the
West, required much greater effort and
sacrifice in terms of hours worked and
consumption forgone.”

Not just that but while the East Germany Fig. 5. Two Families fleeing through the border from
economy was mostly based in the Soviet East Germany to West Germany.
Union’s division of GDP sectors and
Emigration and Defection Crisis
economic plan, the West had the support
of the allies with the back of the Marshall One of the bases that held the Soviet
Plan, not just aiding in the reconstruction Union as a rising economic socialist
but in the modernization of business nation was its vast population and strong
procedures and changing the the labor force. As the state gave work to
methods of production, out-taking Britain everybody, the production would be
in comparative productivity levels during efficient and boosting the supply and
the 1950s. This led up to what it would be export good. However, when there is a
known as the ​Wirtschaftswunder or the lack of, it results in the own economy to
Miracle of the Rhine. The economic crumble. This was the case in East
miracle caused by the management and Germany in 1952. While this was fairly
the Marshall Plan led to a country that 5 common in Europe, the defection of
years ago, was in bankrupt and defeated citizens from a communist regime to a
morally was a leading economy in Europe. capitalist one, having a point of
This cannot be said about East Germany. comparison was what it was the most
The economic plan implemented by the humiliating in the eyes of the international
community. This was commonly referred
to as brain drain. This was because most
3
DM stands for discount margin which is the
average expected return earned plus to the
floating rate security.

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of the well-educated population led to able to hold much if the citizens

leave East Germany. constantly escaped.

Many of the citizens of East Germany flee The Construction of the Berlin Wall
to West Germany to seek more
opportunities. However, there were many While the construction of a physical
cases that families escaped because of barrier between two different countries is
the military oppression and feared the a ridiculous and expensive idea, it was
secret police. more manageable to divide the city of
Berlin because it was the most frequent
But nevertheless, why did all the area were people defected because of the
defection cases occurred in Berlin? The loophole.
reason why is because Berlin was divided
exactly in half, still sharing a lot of its In the 15th of June of 1961, after
infrastructures such as rail system and suspicion of the creation of a physical
public transport easily open. Moreover, barrier to solve the defection problem,
the creation of a physical war would have Walter Ulbrich mentioned in an interview
prevented the creation of new railways that there was no intention to make a wall.
connecting the trade between West and
Walter Ulbrich with the funding from the
East Germany. The creation of this
Soviet Union and the authority of East
railways was necessary after the incidents
Germany, ordered the construction of a
caused during the Berlin Blockade of
wall separating both East and West Berlin
1948. This led the 26th of May of 1952 to
the 13rd of August of 1961. The cost of
Walter Ulbrich, First Secretary of the
production of the wall is estimated to be
Socialist Unity Party of Germany, making
between 7 and 9 billion US dollars. There
him the Chief of staff of East Germany’s
was opposition towards even the idea of
government, close the inner border
the wall as most of the money can be
between both Germanies with a severe
directed to other more needed services
penalization for defection with heavy fines
such as public transport, education,
and even 3 years of prison.
health services and more.

Fig. 6. A mother giving his child through the Inner

Border over barbed wire.

From 1945 to 1950, around 15 million

people flee from the Soviet germany to
the West one. With this in mind, the
economy of East Germany would not be

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Current Situation
Reignition of Khrushchev’s Berlin either the Warsaw Pact or any of their
Ultimatum allies. Having said that, depending on
either the rejection and the following
The 27th of November of 1958, just 3 actions between the NATO or the Warsaw
months later after the execution of the Pact would have as a middle ground
former Prime Minister of Hungary after a Germany. Either if it is political or military
secret trial conducted by the Communist intervention. In the meantime, the
Party of Hungary, Nikita Khrushchev, construction of the Wall of Berlin has
Premier of the Soviet Union, files an been schedule for the 13rd of August,
ultimatum to the Allied forces to retreat after being approved by Nikita
any military force inside of West Berlin. It Khrushchev and Walter Ulbrich.
is not clear what were the intentions
behind the ultimatum. One of them would
be a weak point inside of the Iron Curtain
and that the LIVE OAK4 would organize an
attack to East Berlin. Another reason
would be the tension between both the
NATO and the Warsaw Pact. After just
acquiring another member -Hungary-,
anything could react another belic
conflict. Because of this, he knew that the
proposal would be heard and would be
likely accepted. However, the leaders of
France, United States and Britain
postponed several summits to talk about
the ultimatum.

On the Vienna summit which was given

the 4 of June 1961, Nikita Khrushchev
filed again the ultimatum giving it a
deadline for the 31st of December of Fig. 7. Tanks and military forces from both the LIVE
1961. Nikita ensured that the OAK and the Soviet Forces stationed in East Berlin
communication between the Allies and are placed in the Inner Border while the
the capital of West Germany would be preparations for the construction of the wall begins.

shut but rather respected, as well as its A meeting has been arrange for both the
trading lines. The ultimatum would be in a NATO as well as for the Warsaw Pact for
manner to ensure the security of East the 13rd of August of 1961 to discuss
Berlin rather to prejudice the West one. about the current political crisis that is
occuring in the heart of the Germanies.
As its stand by, the NATO forces need to
give an answer before the deadline before

4
The LIVE OAK were the combination of the
military forces of the United States, Britain
and France stationed in West Germany and in
West Berlin.

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Characters
The following list of character will be the delegates invited to the summit of the Warsaw
Pact held the 13rd of August of 1961. In the case of any incident prejudicing the invites not
to attend or continue the summit, others would be invited in their behalf.
Name Position Description
Born a 12 of September in 1894 in a small
town named Bremen under the German
Empire had since the beginning an interest
in socialism, joining the Socialist Workers’
Youth the 1910 and the Social Democratic
Party of Germany in 1913. In 1933, he was
sent to concentration camps for illegal
political activity for 8 months. However, he
was under constant police surveillance until
Friedrich the end of the Third Reich.
1st Lord Mayor of East Berlin
Ebert, Jr.
He became elected chairman of the SPD in
the province of Brandenburg. However, he
influenced the merge of the Communist
Party of Germany (KPD) and the SPD
forming the the Socialist Unity Party. After
the end of the allied collaboration, he
assumed the position of 1st Lord Mayor of
East Berlin the 30th November of 1948
where he currently holds the title.

Born the 18th of July of 1909 in the town of

Staryya Hramyki under the Russian Empire.
At an early age, he experienced the effects
of the Bolshevik revolution and its effect in
the country starting believing in the atheist
beliefs of communism and introduced them
in the orthodox small village where he was
born. During his time in high school and in
technical school, he became member the
Andrei Minister of Foreign Affairs for
All-Union Communist Party Bolsheviks, the
Gromyko the Soviet Union
Central Committee of the Communist Party
of Byelorussia. However, after participating
in many of the former committees, he was
called to the diplomatic services of the
Central Committee Commission. From that
he would work in the People’s Commissariat
for Foreign Affairs in Moscow. He was
appointed as Permanent Representative of
the Soviet Union to the United Nations in

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April of 1946. From that he would be

appointed by Joseph Stalin as the Soviet
Ambassador to the United Kingdom the
June of 1952. After having already formed
links with Winston Churchill, he was
appointed as Minister of Foreign Affairs of
the Soviet Union the 15th of February of
1957 under the administration of Nikita
Khrushchev, Nikolai Bulganin, Alexei
Kosygin and Nikolai Tikhonov in the
Chairmanship of the COmmunist Party of
the Soviet Union.

Born in Voronezh in the Soviet Union the

18th August of 1918 has shown to be a
prodigue since an early age, gain his title
from the Moscow Institute of Philosophy
and obtained a master degree from the
Moscow Institute of History. While being a
student, he joined the Communist Youth
League (Komsomol). After serving in the Red
Army during World War II, he was named
soonly as Secretary of the World Federation
of Democratic Youth and granted general
Alexander consultative status in the United Nations
Chairman of the KGB Economic and Social Council, captivating
Shelepin
the attention of Stalin.

After the death of Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev

liked him as he saw his activity in the
Communist Youth League and saw an
opportunity to degrade the secret police
status that was unreachable under the
administration of Stalin. In early 1958,
Khrushchev appointed Shelepin as Central
Committee Secretary in charge of the Party
Organ and Chairman of the KGB.

Erich Mielke, East German Government

Minister, was born in Berlin, Germany on
December 28th, 1907. He grew up in the
Erich Minister of State Security of working-class district of Berlin, Wedding. He
Mielke East Germany lost his mother at a very young age, making
his raising and infancy very difficult.
However, due to living in “Red” Wedding,
and his father heavily favoring the KPD,

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Mielke joined the communist youth group at

age 12. He was a bright young man, earning
a state scholarship, which would later be
lost due to the great difference in
educational prowess that his
underprivileged raising had caused him. He
would then dive further into his communist
activities, entering the “Party Self-defence”
paramilitary group for the KPD. Overall, the
paramilitary group only acted as a placebo
for the KPD’s relevance, however, this
changed when 23-year-old Mielke shot a
policeman dead during a Berlin
demonstration. After this event, Mielke
would retreat to Belgium using false
documents, and 9 years later, he would
enter the Soviet Union. After being trained
as a revolutionary at Lenin School, Mielke
would return to Germany once World War 2
had ended, helping to found East Germany.
With his politically uncultured background,
and his deeply rooted hate for social
democrats during his childhood, Mielke
would become a ruthless leader when being
appointed as the head of the Stasi in 1957.

He is known to be the most feared and

detested man in all of East Germany, as he
commands the secret police, and an
espionage organization, commanding a
network of over 92 thousand professional
spies and 170 thousand informers. His
secret police was in charge of suppressing
any possible form of political opposition,
which was accomplished through any
means available; prosecution, arrests,
suppression, kidnapping or even murder.

Born the 27th of April 1903 in Berlin under

the German Empire. Coming from humble
beginnings, he started as a metal worker.
Minister of Interior and Head of However, he joined the COmmunist Party of
Karl Maron
the German’s People Police Germany (KDP) in 1926. During the Nazi
regime, he fled to Denmark and then to
Russia. He returned to Germany after the
downfall of Berlin in World War II. Soon, he

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would join the Socialist Unity Party of

Germany (SED) and would be appointed
deputy mayor of Berlin under the
supervision of Friedrich Ebert. However, he
would become Chief of the German
People’s Police or Volkspolizei in June of
1950 when former chief, Kurt Fischer, died.

Soonly enough, Walter Ulbricht would gain

an interest, naming him Minister of Interior
with the hopes of stopping the deffection
crisis in 1955.

Born the 3rd September 1903. He is one of

the East German politicians. he serves as
Minister of Foreign Affairs of East Germany.
He studied law at the universities of Breslau
and Kie. After his studies he started working
as a lawyer at ​Breslau.

In 1930 he joined the Communist Party of

Germany. However due to the Nazi Germany
takeover in 1933, he was forced to stop
working as a lawyer. After that he went to
Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Moscow to work as a teacher in the
Lothar Bolz Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute. In 1941 to 1945
German Democratic Republic
he became the director of the Antifascist
school were he teacher the prisoners of
Germany to become antifascists. Due to his
time on Moscow he was able to earn his
double nationality when he became citizen of
the USSR.

Later on 1947 he went back to Germany and

joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
where he later became Minister of Foreign
Affairs.

Born the 28th of december of 1897 in a

humble family in a village of Podosínovski.
He had little formal education during his
early life as he worked as a lumberjack until
Commander in Chief of the
Ivan Konev he was called by the soviet army in 1916. he
Soviet Forces in East Germany
was assigned to the 2nd Heavy Artillery
Brigade at Moscow and then graduated
from artillery training courses. In 1917 he
fought in the Kerensky Offensive. When the

____14​____
_____________________________________________​NewMUN 2019: The Berlin Crisis of 1961

Russian Revolution Broke he was sent back

home, however he joined the Bolshevik
party and the Red Army, serving as an
artilleryman in 1919. During the Russian Civil
War he served with the Red Army in the
Russian Far Eastern Republic. His
commander at this time was Kliment
Voroshilov, later a close colleague of Joseph
Stalin and Commissar for defence.

In 1926 Konev was able to complete

advanced officer training. Due to his action
during his service he was able to become
the Deputy of the Supreme Soviet in 1937
and in 1939 a candidate member of the
Party Central Committee. During WWII He
commanded the Kalinin Front from October
1941 to August 1942, After that he was
promoted to ​Colonel-General by Joseph
Stalin. Moreover he led the Kalinin Front and
later the Western front in the battle on the
Rzhev salient. After the war Konev was
appointed head of the Soviet occupation
forces in Eastern Germany and also Allied
High Commissioner for Austria. Yet he
became the Commander in Chief of the Soviet
Forces in 1956

Ivan Gošnjak ​was a Croatian communist

who held numerous important offices in
Yugoslavia during and after World War II,
serving as the Minister of Defence since
1953. In 1936 Gošnjak was sent to a military
barracks in Ryazan where he was given the
designation "Number 36", instead of his real
name and was given military instruction
Federal Secretary of People's before being sent as a volunteer to the
Ivan
Defence of the Socialist Federal Spanish Civil War in January 1937. As a
Gošnjak
Republic of Yugoslavia great admirer of Joseph Stalin, Gošnjak was
appointed captain in the International
Brigades. After the defeat of the republican
forces in Spain, Gošnjak was detained in
France in 1939. After the capitulation of
France in 1940 Gošnjak escaped from the
camp, going in 1941 to Germany as a
worker.

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As a Spanish civil war veteran, he was given

command of all Croatian partisan units in
1943. Gošnjak was appointed as deputy
commander-in-chief at the end of the war, a
post which he held until 1950. Until now he
is known as the Federal Secretary of
People's Defence of the Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia

He was born the 22nd of April 1914 in

České Budějovice in the family of a factory
worker. He studied at the grammar school
in České Budějovice, then volunteered to
join the army. In August 1936 he graduated
from the Military Academy in Hranice . He
served at the Infantry Regiment 14 in Košice
as a platoon commander, then he was
exceptionally appointed as commander of
the company.

In the autumn of 1938 he attended an air

observatory course. After the declaration of
the Slovak State , he returned home in
Bohumír Minister of National Defence of March 1939 and went to study at the
Lomský Czechoslovakia Chemical University in Prague . In August
1939 he ​entered the Polish Air Force. In
March 1940 was a member of the Eastern
Group of the Czechoslovak Army, where he
first served as a squadron commander and
from October 1941 he became Chief of Staff
of the Group After WWII in 1945 he worked in
leading positions in the Czechoslovak Army
and officially changed his name from Lenc to
Lomsky. From 1948 to 1949, he was the
commander of the division, moreover he
became the chief of the Military Staff in 1949,
and finally in 1956 he became the first Deputy
Minister of Defense.

Born the 6th of December 1906 in. Łódź

Poland. He was one of the leaders of the
Minister of Defence and resistance movement Gwardia Ludowa
Marian
Representant of Służba (People's Guard), then Armia Ludowa
Spychalski
Bezpieczeństwa (People's Army). During World War II he
belonged to the communist underground
forces operating within Poland and was one

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_____________________________________________​NewMUN 2019: The Berlin Crisis of 1961

of the leaders of the resistance movement

Gwardia Ludowa (People's Guard), and then
Armia Ludowa (People's Army). Born to a
working-class family, Spychalski graduated
from the Faculty of Architecture of the
Warsaw University of Technology in 1931,
That same year he joined the Communist
Party of Poland. After World War II, he held
a number of offices in the government of
Poland within that from 1945 to 1948 was
both Deputy Minister of Defense and a
member of the Politburo of the Polish United
Workers' Party.

In 1949 he was removed from his remaining

political posts and then in 1950 imprisoned
as part of the Stalinist purges of
social-democrats in 1949–1953 where he
was accused of anti-Soviet tendencies akin
to Titois. In 1951 he appeared in a show trial
where he was instructed to deliver official
(and false) testimony against Gomułka.[2] He
was only released in the mass release of
political prisoners in April 1956, and
subsequently reinstated in the Polish United
Workers' Party. Moreover due to With
Gomułka's rehabilitation and return to power
in 1956, Spychalski became the Polish
Minister of Defence.

Born the 13rd of May of 1908 in in Hunan,

Great Qing China. Since the beginning of the
college career, he showed an interest in the
communist ideology, joining to the National
Political University and the Communist Party
of China in 1925. From that he would
participate in the uprising of Shanghai
Member of the Communist
workers and organizing armed uprises by
Liu Xiao Party of China and Ambassador
leading the Fengxian County Committee.
of China in the Soviet Union
However, in 1929, he would join a less
militar position by forming part of the
Anti-imperialist Alliance’s Distribution
Department and serving as Secretary
General and Inspector of the CPC Jiangnan
Provincial Committee. From that, he served
as Minister of Organization Department in

____17​____
_____________________________________________​NewMUN 2019: The Berlin Crisis of 1961

the Fujian Provincial Committee. He even

participated in the Long March of the Red
Army and served as the Minister of Local
Work of the Political department of the Red
Army in 1934. However, when the the War of
Resistance against Japan and the Second
Civil War Period came in, he served a major
role in the Southern Bureau of the CPC
Central Committee in 1940. From that point,
he would be attending to the 7th National
Congress of the Communist Party of China
while being the deputy director of the
Central City Work Department for the CPC.

After the foundation of the People’s

Republic of China, he became a member of
the East China Administrative Committee
and director of the People's Supervision
Committee in 1953. However, this title
would be exchange in 1955 as became the
Chinese ambassador to the Soviet Union. In
1956, he would be elected and chosen to be
member of Central Committee of the
Communist Party of China and deputy
minister of Foreign Affairs.

Born the 31st of May of 1902 in Bratislava,

the Austria-Hungary Empire. Since 1921, he
formed part of the Communist Party of
Czechoslovakia. However, he would rank up
quickly inside the Czechoslovak Communist
Party until being part of the secretary and
deputy of the Communist Party between
1935 to 1938. However, he left to the Soviet
Union the autumn of the same year where
Viliam Prime Minister of he became part of the foreign secretariat of
Široký Czechoslovakia the Communist Party of China in Paris. He
was sent to Slovakia to run the Communist
Party of Slovakia (KSS) which was illegal at
the time. However, this resulted in his
naming of as the Chairman of the KSS and
prolonged member of both the Central
Committee of the Communist Party and its
Bureau from 1945 to 1961 (current date).

However, he placed from Deputy Prime

____18​____
_____________________________________________​NewMUN 2019: The Berlin Crisis of 1961

Minister (1945-1953) to Minister of Foreign

Affairs (1950-1953) to Prime Minister (1953)
where he currently holds the position. Under
his supervision, he introduced and signed
Czechoslovakia as member of the Warsaw
Pact.

Walter Ulbricht, born in Leipzig, Germany on

June 30th, 1893, he was the First Secretary
of the Socialist Unity Party for East Germany
and and was overall, a leading figure in the
German Communist political panorama.
With both of his parents actively working for
the Social Democratic Party, Walter’s entry
was pretty much expected. Officially joining
on 1912, he served in the Eastern front
during World War 1 from 1915 to 1917.
However, he ended up deserting twice due
to his strong opposition to war in general.
After his liberation from the fall of Imperial
Germany, Umbricht would join the
Communist Party of Germany in 1920 and
was elected as part of the party’s central
committee in 1923. Umbricht would then
spend several years as part of the regional
Walter First Secretary of the Socialist parliament of Saxony and a member of the
Ulbritch Unity Party for East Germany Reichstag from 1928 to 1933. He would
then flee abroad after Hitler’s ascension to
power. However, after his return to
Soviet-occupied Germany in 1945, he
became a leader in the reestablishment of
the KPD and its merge with the SPD.
Ultimately, becoming the head of the soviet
East Germany.

He has been an active member of the Soviet

Party since the very beginning, making a key
player in holding together the Warsaw Pact
Bloc. However, while wanting a strong
alliance between these countries sharing a
similar political ideology, he wishes to
prevent war and conflict at all costs. As the
head of East Germany, he has both, the
influence and authority to do so.

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____20​____
_____________________________________________​NewMUN 2019: The Berlin Crisis of 1961

Bloc Positions
When taking decisions, writing directives would show the world the prevalence of
and secret actions delegates are the Warsaw Pact and solve the defection
encouraged to take into account broad problems as most of the transgression
characterizations of committee actors occurred in Berlin. Not just that but it
based on their political point of view. would improve the economy of East
Some factors to consider during the Germany as it depends heavily in the
committee are the relations between each workforce and in the innovation of the
character. The ​Warsaw Pact will introduce professionals towards the development of
major USSR representatives and related the country.
which will be discussing the action that
will be taken against the West Germany Nevertheless, by improving the stability of
and their leaders. East Germany would improve the stability
of the rest of the Warsaw Pact. The
The Cold War reason why is because of the of the
already established Comecon, it is mainly
Since the end of the World War II, the decided either what changes should other
United States and the Soviet Union have economies have but more into strength
been in a tense relations. This is mostly the stability and future actions of the
because of what they represented. While organization. Not just that but with a
the United States was the greatest stronger economy, there is room for
capitalist economy at the moment, the improvement in the military aspect.
Soviet Union was believed to be the Aspect that all of the Warsaw Pact
example of a working large scale member share.
communist economy. However, as the
Cold War was developing, it was not just It must be reminded that because if a
that anymore. It became a race in all military conflict is engage in Berlin, this
aspects. From the development of new would involve the participants of all the
weaponry and technology such as new member of the Warsaw Pact and the
ballistic missiles and their transportation NATO as it is stated clearly in the article 5
and launch from submarines to the space of the NATO and one of the basis
race. But its most drastic, and the one established in the signing of the Warsaw
that it will be seen in this committee is the Pact.
political and military one.

The Interest of the Warsaw Pact in Berlin

Berlin was the focus point of the constant

conflict between the capitalist and
communist blockade. However, since the
brain drain t​ hat started occurring because
of the massive defection of the citizens of
East Berlin, it showed how people were
scared of a new system. Unifying both
Berlin's and having them under the same
flag -the German Democratic Republic-

____21​____
_____________________________________________​NewMUN 2019: The Berlin Crisis of 1961

Committee Objectives
1. What should it be our immediate reactions if the Berlin Ultimatum is accepted? What
should it be if they are rejected?

2. What approach should this committee deliver regarding the acceptance or rejection
of the Ultimatum? Should diplomacy reign over military intervention?

3. Should it be considered military intervention if any events emerges in the Inner

Border between East and West Berlin?

4. Should the construction of the Berlin Wall continue? Or would it be better to find an
alternative solution and deviate the budget to another cause?

5. If in the end, it results in a declaration of war between either West Germany and East
Germany, what involvement should other countries have in this conflict?

6. What methods should it be implemented to either convince or persuade the Allies to

accept the Ultimatum?

Position Paper Requirements Disclaimer

A position paper is a document that Any awards would not be based on the
outlines and states the position of a use of costumes. Nevertheless, it would
nation/delegate in the committee. The be recommended not to bring any prop
format that will be accepted is: that could be interpreted as something
offensive or close to that nature.
1. Font: Times New Roman
2. Size: 12 pt It is highly recommended to send and
3. Spacing between lines: 1.0 submit your position paper if the delegate
in that matter wants to be consider for an
It will be expected as well the name of the award.
Committee, Character, Delegate, Topic
and Educational Institute.

We highly recommend the position

papers to be sent in a PDF format for
avoiding compatibility issues.

Please submit your position paper on the

7th of April to the following emails:

● Sebastian Alvino | Chair

| ​[email protected]

● Jaime Loaiza | Co-chair

| ​[email protected]

● Joaquin Medina | Co-chair

| ​[email protected]

____22​____
_____________________________________________​NewMUN 2019: The Berlin Crisis of 1961

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