Final Revision

1. Renaissance is the rebirth of art and learning

2. Renaissance began in northern Italy
3. In the Middle Ages there were wars and plague
4. The Renaissance was the period following the Middle Ages
5. In the Renaissance period the demand or the Middle Eastern
products was increased.
6. In the Renaissance period they encouraged the use of credit
and banking
7. The control of Mediterranean Trade was from the causes of
the Renaissance
8. The crusades were from the causes of the Renaissance
9. The printing press was invented in the renaissance age
10. Before the printing press they used to write their own
books
11. Leonardo Da Vinci was an artist in the Renaissance age
who painted the Mona Lisa
12. William Shakespeare was and English writer and author
who started his writings in the Renaissance period.
13. The Protestant Reformation was a religious movement in
the 1500’s that split the Christian Church in western Europe
and led to the establishment of new church
14. Martin Luther was a German monk and professor of
religion at the University of Wittenberg.
15. Martin Luther was one of the leaders of the Protestant
Reformation.
16. Martin Luther was against the Catholic Church because
they asked the people to pay money for their mistakes
17. Martin Luther was expelled from the church by Pope Leo
X.
18. In England the reformation began by King Henry VII
19. King Henry wanted to divorce his wife, but it wasn’t
allowed in the catholic church to divorce.
20. King Henry made his own church to divorce his wife
21. King Henry became the Supreme Head of the Church of
England
22. King Henry’s wife was called Catherine of Aragon
23. King Henry had two daughters their names were: Mary
and Elizabeth
24. Queen Mary I was Catholic like her mother Catherine so
she reestablished the Catholic Church in England.
25. Queen Mary I was called “Bloody Mary” because she
killed many protestants and burned 300
26. Queen Elizabeth I was protestant like her father King
Henry
27. Queen Elizabeth, I ruled England for 44 years and she
was never married.
28. Scientific revolution was from 1500s till 1700s
29. Scientific revolution was the beginning of modern science
30. The Scientific method depends upon logic, observation
and reason rather than faith
31. The Catholic Church said that the Earth is not moving
and the sun is moving.
32. Nicolaus Copernicus was an astronomer and he said that
the Earth revolves around the sun, and the sun is the center of
the universe
33. Galileo invented the telescope to help Nicolaus
Copernicus to prove his idea that the Earth revolves around
the sun.
34. The first land explorers came from Portugal
35. The explorers wanted to go to Asia
36. The explorers thought of having all-water route so they
passed by Africa.
37. When the explorers reached Africa they married the
wealthy women there.
38. Christopher Columbus was from Italy
39. Christopher Columbus went three times to explore the
Americas, as he wanted to get the shortest route.
40. Christopher Columbus called the new place that he
explored “The New World”.
41. Cristopher Columbus made 4 voyages to the Americas, on
each voyage he claimed more lands for Spain.
42. Amerigo Vespucci crossed the Atlantic Ocean after
Christopher Columbus.
43. Ferdinand Magellan sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean
with five ships. His trip took 3 years
44. Ferdinand died in the Philippines during his journey and
they left him and continued the journey.
45. John Cabot was an Italian captain of an English ship. He
explored the coast of North America.
46. In 1519 the Spanish people heard rumors that the Aztec
had gold.
47. Cortes was an expert Spanish conqueror who made an
army and went to the Aztec.
48. The leader of the Aztec was called Montezuma.
49. Montezuma didn’t order his soldiers to attack Cortes and
his army as there was a legend that said a god will come to the
Aztec that year so Montezuma thought that Cortes was that
god.
50. The soldiers who were with Cortes were afraid so they
asked Cortes if they could return back to their country. Cortes
burned all their ships not to have any other option and that
they should stay with him.
51. As a result, the Spanish army was so strong and the Aztec
soldiers surrendered.
52. 10 years later the Spanish people heard that there is gold
in Inca.
53. Pizarro was a Spanish leader who took an army and went
to Inca.
54. Inca at that time had civil war so they were very weak.
 55. Pizarro took the Inca leader as prisoner.
56. The Inca leader made a deal with Pizarro that he would
fill the room with gold for Pizarro and Pizarro should let him
free.
57. The Inca leader fulfilled his promise and filled the room
with gold, but Pizarro didn’t fulfill the promise and he took the
gold then killed the Inca leader.
58. Pizarro killed the Inca leader as he was afraid that the
Inca leader could gain strength and fight him again.
59. The reasons that the Spanish won were:
a) They reached in the perfect time
b) They had very bad immune system so they had a disease
called small pox.
c) The Aztec and Inca had never seen guns and horses so the
Spanish were equipped better than them.

60. The English people started to make colonies on North

America.
61. The first colony was in North Carolina.
62. The Native Americans planted tobacco for the English
people as they made it for them to take money.
63. There was protestant colony called the Quakers who
believed in Peace, founded Pennsylvania.
64. The last colony was in Georgia.
65. The most powerful Islamic Empires were Safavid empire
from Persia and the Ottoman Empire from Turkey.
66. The first leader of the Ottoman Empire was called Osman
67. The Ottomans changed the name of Constantinople to
Istanbul.
68. The Golden age of the Ottoman empire had 3 powerful
leaders: Sultan Bayezid II, Sultan Selim I and Sultan
Suleyman the magnificent.
69. Ming dynasty’s leader as from the peasants.
70. The leader of the Ming dynasty treated the peasants with
a very good way, as he was peasant like them.
71. The Qing dynasty came after the Ming dynasty.
72. The leader of the Qing dynasty was one of the Manchu
army.
73. Ming means bright.
74. Qing means pure.

Important Dates:

- 1492: Cristopher Columbus sailed west from Spain with three

ships.

- 1519: Ferdinand Magellan sailed west across the Atlantic

Ocean

- 1519: Cortes invaded the Aztec

- 1521: The Aztec surrendered

- 1492: Columbian exchange began

 - 1497: John Cabot’s voyage to America

- 1620: Colonists went to Massachusetts.

- 1733: The colonists founded Georgia.

- 1300: The Ottoman Empire started.

- 1500: The Safavid Empire began.

- 1453: The Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople.

- 1481-1566: The Golden Age of the Ottoman Empire.

- 1520: Sultan Suleyman the magnificent became the leader of

Ottoman Empire.

Important Figures in Islamic Empire:

 Sultan Osman: The first leader in the Ottoman empire

 Sultan Bayezid II : He built a powerful navy.

 Sultan Selim I: He won the control of Mecca and Medina

 Sultan Suleyman the magnificent:

- He Captured several European cities.

- He fought three wars against Persia.

- He reformed the laws of the Ottoman empire

- He ruled for 46 years.