SHORT NOTES FOR

ANCIENT HISTORY SECTION OF UPSC

(ONE STOP SOLUTION)
This document will help you revise ANCIENT INDIA
comprehensively in the last �me (Just 32 pages)

SOURCES USED:-
1]NCERTs
2]PYQs of CSE(1979-2023),CAPF(1979-2023),CDS(1979-
2023,NDA,etc.
3] Few Prominent Coaching Short Notes
4]Reference book-A.L.Basham for specific chapter
5]Selective chapters from IGNOU from where the sources of PYQs
can be directly traced
Note: NEARLY ALL THE PYQs OF ANCIENT INDIA CAN BE EASILY SOLVED THROUGH THIS PDF IF
LEARNED PROPERLY

NOTE – THESE ARE MADE KEEPING IN MIND ONLY PRELIMS AND NOT MAINS.

AB YE TO KAM SE KAM PADH LIJIYEGA ART AND CULTURE KE LIYE�

�.

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 fcHAPTf R il sour<cE'.s ( C'HMT~R 2 )- PRE Hrsr01<1c PER.Joo
• Fblae.ograph,~ ➔ study of- devefo-pmerrt c,f-&.Dl'ptr -Robe.bt .Bcruc.efott (.knawn as frtth~ trF
• E:p,graph_y_ ➔ study ~ lnsaiptfan.s prehlS'turic ar-chaeorog~) is ttie arcnaeolo31's t
• .._, .,.,_,•srn-..,,c.s ➔ N.,d, 1 ..ct.co,'ns Who d , ~ ~ .the -ft'ls-st pa.Jeolithi'c too(
0
, ... "' w, -::>l'-' ::1 "'1 fn Jnd,a, the FbJ-la~ra m Hand· ~e. ·m 186...3
•ftra,o.e.ofo9>1 ➔ study of- mrnumentl"., ~a~~ . , (ntcu· ~E'.lm d£lJ chennaJ)
- s,~ ~erttme6 Whee/el(. ~~edm-, archa~/~ (a.
(Colo-niaJ ~ sites 1t2lctled 1D :rvc and the &m.lth~t, sitet
•Sir wi111arn .Jones -suppoa+ei:1 byWo.rren Hastt~ a:f kil<amedu e:tnd Brahmagilri .
. -storfad transla.:tt'n9 koJr'dasO~ (t~sgJ ~~olHht'c ➔ 1ewer-fnteolithf~ - ~~a.t-e is ~&t
~hrgyan ~hakun"talam Penoct - -cho(f1'ng-frn)ls -t,ando.xe ,clea·ve~
- founded -Asl'an'c scrdtl1y ot -Ben_ga.J in °"
51 ,ooo Bcf
-h> 1o,ooo BlE
-age is ~nted by Sohan c.u.t.lu><
nw In ~i.sk:ln .
Ca..( uctto. (f9g4) 8
.. Nef)~t?> rate - 6lle c5'f- ea~fest-site ~ ,~~ho.~t ra
• charles Wilk,'n.s - futnsla.reo Bha~it .a -fu'-oa ,(lc1Jt,eia - t fmem-ne-. +o ma..t.e. iot>k
Into E'nglish ( li>-8 5) -huntl'ng - (.0,y~ and Rock. she/~

•2!-r James 'Mac.kfntosh. futlrtdea eo-m

b~ -no l<:nowledge~Middle faJeolitt>ic -oJ::a gqe tf f/~es
af,Hwsas, -
asr@i'c .s&1'et:y ( 1go4J potte@ eti, . -~~ -f/ru:.es ,,~ lo.des,, patnten etz_.
• M~x Ml<.lle~ - ~an bcm <Sn'211ta(rst -u~uf,a.l,eoli'ffiic · -t;,!~::,e ~maJla,, l19hte€ an~
- wnsl o.ted HitDpocfesh by Vishnusha~"' fh rmo.9 -~€cent Dkawe~ -.D!cldn ~ imloi •
-.s~re~ 1'n <:211 (3f)~ at the e.,urlr~ cinima..J Wflot~
in+n (felSman .
~ ~Jndra n:t~ fD~lr is fcund In Bnimbetto i
- ~cred book ~ E'aist &,el,1e.s , ~~ allcw1al cave; . :rC1L
U£P.U
- ''Jndrans are Habit:uai-todespl>tic ~e. ' ~a1~4~ cf" -ch'ma.te became 6'm~f'W'ive_y
1 fhJeolt'tl1,·c - (a.sf ~~t!f qge.
8.-~s,
• :James p~·o~e- . SO'UAt1'2.lln TN w2:mn~ ~ ,~ oum,d.
t> nil!.g__areru -eme~9enct2. 6'- f'f(JTY]oSapt'ens
- Dedph~f d edt'ctr ~ ~noka rn 1837- Of- Vu .gficif.s - tl>ols ➔ innomti·ve-+ bu.~·ns 1 11q.poon.,
-~Gl'ph~ e& J;:tia-~.drti ~ Btahmi scripts ftshirtg ~fs,netotf ,,po~(lel si~E?d ,
~a.nam pi't{adasi - rea.tu re ➔ Red s.- Cn--em co k,u r- us~
- e.ime mt.s ibuna ovi!_y a,t cave
• 1\-fQJ)(ande~ cunningharn _ 1s-tdi~cw gma-a..l s <t~ af t::u~o-o, ana M<Achch t:10..
chintarnan i ~Iii in Afidhl'Zl
~ /rSj ➔ aka -fa..ttlaof. :rndrcm Archae,(o,gy
• f .o.ere.tel -1n 1905_, he unea.~e.d the - d1'rro.t2 got ~ m u - + ~ ~ 1

tio-n ca.pita.J ot- ~h ~an pr'1/ar .e>t<"Cll.Vated fn - tturrttno ,, fishing , · domerll'cat)'ng I

Salmath. · 101000-6000 Be. ga.tnul'n9 ~~; ~lantr
- ~We: j l9 f
tNo.tt'Gnaltsr o.rpr0t2ch to llldicm· Ht:Storyj <lnlmaJ.s-+ tm!d. ancestlJrat--do_Q,
g}€~ , goa.h ~ - - '
• Ra.jend1'21 LAL. MiW- 1900~ .. It1do-A:~t:1n - Fi6St 'fl'me. man bu.il+~ir own houses
- , d !2.l. vo lume.s of -ft4:tt b1.unak 1?2~ ➔ be(f(f in life
•Vt:Shwanath kashrnath ~wa e.,.ma~a Hr~ry ~A;e6d0:ith . .
-(ho._~cteJsf..s'\)c 'fDols:;iMlCROLl'TH.S
• R·G-. 8handark all"'- recdnstrUc.red +fie po 11'-ti'tcJ
- sklrte.d ~ WM~ clo~ made ct the
hfstm"_y <!'f deccat?,, th~ .sat0-11ahar,as and an ,ma.J sfl:,t'n .
hfstN'j 4 vaishnovrsm an~ oth~ sects- - t'oltlo..ted Rock art , ~i'ntt,gs
- e1lso a soaaJ refznrn1~ - adnia:tle d gov-e tdea ~ow dev a;f ll?.tt'E31 m .
\AJ\'dow remarr i~ cmcl castigctted 01Hs -~ - ~or(PJ) ,Adcm~crll cmP),,
of castQ. .system , chi I~ mam'age . la~hnaj~. J) ,, Bitboonpur (.WB)
• Pondutranq Voman l<ane.--: hCwfZl'te · - mimliths ha~ oeenfoi.lnd in
~Ve!( vo.(lef, 4~·~ Tc(r·,~b06lYlaf),,
, H1'smn., at .bha21masha.ctras' V'.1fi <'ch W?.t.C. Na'IS'YYl~ci&., m~h, .
ehClfcfbrdr'o ~M'd'211t s~'al laws a.:castumJ - ThOt{gh fbtt~ ·t,;; a~nt ln~olrtlirc
• f<tmchandra r<o.9choudho.111 - i.te reu,nsfntcJ-ed stt:es, tt,,•ve beu, fmuld in
lan_ghrdj('Co)., ~lrror tt9im o:f-Oli~
the. hr'srO~ Or Indta fnrm -ttTnc2. c,'f (VP) 1
Mcthabh ar~ ( IQll'l l ~ ) to uup~(4-6 +,~Af))
anq -foz:.us~d Uf>d7) stre£¢ of- Mrlrtant-.-
NeD11t1,,c
pelSiod -Ckrrde.t"d>ilde, ~e.d --«",e Ntolr'ffi,~
erahmanrsm . ~ -' t · '" pho.se ~s ~blfthrc ~voltcticm .
J .shOWot;t.J <c::-1etne() ,
• R,C. Mg u.moor ~ 4 t11ndu re,viva.h~ . Gb60-'fooo Bl "The. Ne0!ittii'c age sa.w man twm,'tl_:9 1
Into a ~ producek" frm1 foo cf
• t::>-D -'~ ham bi - fatr~
_,
Marxrs~- M~'~id
app~a:.t, . QPJ::hexu .
 •Aha..- c<.utur€.. ( R~~~+ha n)
• k@~ c<.AL:tllre. ( modb_ya~~h)
• tlll1JWZI c.u..tft.ft-e -kr~~t charcolt'-thi'c
.setttement (m~t-.&a Prac9~n)
• s~lda tu.Ltu~ (DhtAtn'a,, mH)
• JMWe c.u.Ltute ( mH)
• Rane FU~ cn.J.J-u H: ( ({J)

-gr?Jn ~e I- ~tens,ve use c1f Jrc:m

10-00 -500 Be. •Jnm ~quentty te(Qz%ed in Yeda.s dS
syama /5~e,,mo.cp.s.
- Lrzrn ~tat ~o-ufhe.m ~ni'mu)a ls
often relate:3 to Meg ff'llc &Jnal! .
- In:1() qge i.s: n:ico9nl2.ed at la.te
H'a.&-Qfpan age.. . · ,
-r!lJ"1 lt-h le fealu re-+ &,.,a.I pit<
cc:rv~ed 'Nl'th la@~ ~~ .
~i~- HallU'r / Ma~ki CK~~)
-Nggariun~o. (Anbnra)
- ftd1'~ h chan oJ IUI( ( Thi) I
- ~In~ /10.J ~r-€ + 81ac,k'. ~ ~a P~
-im:la.ted Rl'a ccu;.t,Va1i'(!l1 ~ ~
tlht'que 1U itlrt ~-
~_, ~ '(fbk)
~ MuncU9o.lc C.Mgha!>r~r>) ..
-, Oh~d ~ Ha I la r- ( /::'am~
~ Afrao Ii lc:.h e!!g ( lJ P)
➔ &an°(centrZlJ rnd11V
➔ ("1.ahu,!1h~~ (l')(lA.tr na..gpuo-)

• BLt,--~horn

• d1i1G1na
e• t<oldft,·w;-- •
. Ma1iagar~ [)Q~ i
8h1'm~etis.g_ 1'!,8
□
Adamgom
~ tlavada:lnli

f:gtne -

---4c...Hunsg.i
Kumool cave.s
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 . [ CHAf"TfR 3 J~~ Q5tJOBC- -1 ~50 SC

- ~temp1ar!f dvilr'satl~s➔ f.9yptal01\9 Nile ,Y M~potatnia-. ~phrat"s and Ti'gris ;

· · . (,h1'ria- y~lloui (Ive~ ·Clod cpngtse. basin .
- .ttorappa - ~~ Dayaram Sahni' in · Ct~!lc,)
1

-Moher;,lociaro -by R,P.8dne!.F <n (19!1~

· · '
*
- :J~hn M~rshall , the di_rect?rr ~ ·n eml_ Archae,(a.9icoJ Su.wey , off,'cr'o..ll.9 aonoc.mcqJ ·#le
~odlng tJF-, IVC ·,·n 1~24 . .
4 ph~'ses of' ·· · · · ·
evo Iw,·cm.
'. l
' ' J::', .
I ' ,r
~ . · tAJe. Haro.p pg r,
' '

he tiarllppah eo-:i,1y tt~~ppcm 1 mafure ttaw.pe=ir, .

-gmdual· d~cay ~
-eastun eaJoch(sto,,· - ~dtmeota~ tcwn plannln.9 -full fie~e~ aYir,·~·4'rl . urban .traits ·
- 't0Wrl s t bumt b ~'cks
- Mehr.go~ - <¥1a9.9a-r-~ra }!alley -te+MJ
- ko.f iba1J9at'>
• .J• b . - tr~Mltf5n 'mrm rum,l
- _OOln~tc f"!Op.le . ~'? . . 'fl> urban·Ifft. . .r; .~ pldnm·~
ft> lead -seff1ed t19n _s,·t~ A - • I< t d ... ~res-
k~le , , L!!!!!1, _o u,,
.· ~ ·u
. rban
- .

UHesCo WH.S ( ~IO

-Bankcst,- Rovi
-cimeW + lcn.veb'~ ·'
-cm:.nom·es .
-qrld po:ttU\'I city
,. -N~e,}'bust <11: rnola.
.- · . ·• P~ .· . I , - ~ btt)\'(d \tviff' / --•.J _
_____, ' hUmaf'\ oral pit b,l h ~
- i.Jt~ fl bf e,caira,teo
· dfte.t iod~atne·
' ·~ ,. la · · + -c.op 0.'l(,e: - Sa.Hu· S?i
, ' :Z 'art.lVt:.d~ ·

VN~Cl> WHS bl.a.I)

-9t) ,-avi Luru'.R.ive,:r- .
-1Gk Ho
-lstrnefflffl ti' -sfto I a
-1rcu1dieSI« 41vc. -Un
- DollJila, Bum.I (M,-~) - ~ ll"~~Y' .I •
Pt'c.a. ttustt ◄ fi•.e ~ - l a ~ Ho.~. n ~crfrth'«n\
u~ _rz,.- d\'\I' pu~e:r_r··
r~imi,.bo.c:l} -se.nes c1' domt
1 • -str:ldlutr> ; . ,, •
' .
I • ·,,

' ......
·,
~

CD Town planning and strudtJre-

-streats ~ lanes -, w.thhg acn>Si' ~'ght an9le
-ci~-aparts < dtadd
. lowe.rm.un (w1mdn_g dass)
-only df:9 w/o citad~ ➔ chanudarn
- ~cfc\rt9lllav 9~·0 pmtem
- use at- eu~t B1ich ~ ~psum rnd'l'tu'
(fay Pt ➔ Om tm'cb)
-c:wsu,a af ~ bulldr'rg .
- grea..t ernp~S1s en so..n'itzttt <m
@) PoUt icoJ I,f~ -no cleacY aJiow-- govt- 4:1vc @2 A-rts ~ c.rnfts - c<r1aea in Mc no~~
1'dea
w ~tmlr'G{)d Au.ttioritg -siandara ra1io 41-~ric.ks & t2efig1an- .rf £4'S pr"1cm>inc:mt~9 a, ·el • nts
. 1tlnru_gl-xrut det1'en~ socul(:\r clvll(.sa1l(m and th. ~eltgl~ m,e ,
- No wn~es rt1 !VC -1$ta.n~alrdfsed we{gh't3" ·{furugh pt.eset?t I dra oat dom1na.te2 tf?~ .m!ne.
l & mea.suttas- 0 -th .s a Futiri+7J 90dbes (rnt1f11fh"
.'. p~,bllk]·~~lin..9 , I -SQdls 1t,t tradi~ dz.>_. , -IM1'Sh1·pp.t eo11_ ·~ . _'::J , go~)
by Pb,'ests. can b~ .et1'.trll'o<1ted ,
- e,i:cellen
, , . -: · '."~~e.de,ty (Prm .shwa)_
[, r~nt~ OVl ~ t Sherr,:,
. .
. · · he1ds · ea ·
·. . , .·
dra\noete .. ~ ·clent mu~~f><ll lldmln(stQJt'<m . . . ~S~f19 pos{ute of !}Jgi . . , .
- No po.Jae.a. t'oentip'ed ... no e.vioenca. ~ d~n()S'hc ~on!9 cneS(20.) -fu1.mh @ mtl,eQJoda;;r, 1
• •

' rwe. l . d
~·ft• d o.s fbgi~ mat?o. ev
@ SodaJ hr~ 1
-.~ct.I dlvis1'~Wd&r pre.sen~ . - t.. _ -@hfs7ed .z deus CD~~T S)
-piQ?rbW').Y l ,.~ .urban habctutro:r,. ' '· :, -sun U::~-' -.sv.~no~ 6y f?hr'no,, ~lepharit 1
-fo-od - , whea.t.,.ba,ley,,'ll1'~;onlmttl foocJ . · -· ~ tr:" · t{g~,,Wffiilo .
--~~-U«~catttn, S.WDt>\,,·emb.~ ·~~,, -~ -~~·P. 0
~OM~
U.Se. at noamentS' . ( linnoJar
.,. O.se a,-. CD.st'Yldl'CS ~s amiman·• · ti·pt,nt~,' )
- ~e of /tmtL(etJ-' ➔ iL bel(eVed ir, Uir farCD.& ~mf,,-
··· · · J : , : , .'
· · · 9-rrum @ tta11Z:1ppan Seb\pt - Mt ye~ d~d~e,ed.
© Ag~cu.trure & sub~istn m stn:thgle.s - _~'1te.n fnrm @gnt tr> reft;
- wheat,, Go._-1ey, rll.i I peas, ~me, 1en-n'f, ®Weiehts- ~ mea.sore.r-
cn,cti:pea,, rnustara. - made of stzrne c.aLJeo che.rl"
- n,fllet-s ➔ CrJ ·
,
-Re re. WZ¥
C trlhoJ paddy)
.
y,e(onvefy f"are -g~ernlly e.u.JolcaJ ? no ma'b'k1ng.
.... metal scale-pans have a.lso b'2t2n ftrund.
.

- ~he.st pu>pl~ to ~Ybdu~ c.crftlm . _(srncfon) - ~~hee ~enamenaJ1d11t"6f- ~ha (1,2;4, i,r,, ..J,;111J
-~~war at- prime d.tltumJ !mpmt:ina fowt< ,ti,1,,foo)
-oxen ➔ used fin' plou9htr~ insome pl~tes'. lowerdenm,ena..trcm~ fDII~ +Pie da::lmtt.l sv-ttam .
-most~ !VC si'f:12S are locr,Jed ln sem, ~n·& (Q~, •, t
tJSn0e imga~·c:m was pn~blg_t'2q~'reo frn- 11_9>1. @ ·sa::tls atl:I Sedf1'!9§- . ·
-@ Ha~o ~,m -sfm1yghar (Nghari,~n). · .
. ~ '-ee.s -t ~noA · -m~~ seak a~ £quo.re pbq<Ae rn6Sf!_y maae f;mr,
(
u'
\I~
~a.t- "~ In PJ /s<ndh)
·- '- . ~ttaotite.
-at>1'maJ/h1,m,an -fi~ .csne cme s1'de.. -
-use Cl\- Ho-me. fs not ~ esabtrshed & insclsipti'<:m <Jtf O'fhe,y~ .
- p1au,9h.ed fie!ds (t,crtJM.n pt~h) , - ammeiscJaJ ptA&-pO.SU_, ~o.n o.mu.letr, q,dlAalfl~
-\-tnc,.atffa models o't pltn.iQh •Setl$ Z sHmbol ~fmi(etr to So.el.sh~ ~e. ·
tP. Economy- .
- n1A111er-01A, S£!')'PtT ~,gn nai,,e. ~ 6'2((? fin.met
\31 - - t.m1'mm -~c11 pt- 6!\
5 .1 TrodQ. ~c.ammeis-<:e- -reeu,ano wt~ n,~ ~ ftlt and scul:pture__s _ Af>C nD~.s
-wei9htr• c.hm, hmes+tme , steMf~ ➔ Wbka.1 - -----~ ·-
- mesopotami'~n tel(ts spea..t:s o,t- -ttvea •Tl?eotr'es ot q<:cll'rie ot- rvc ?
int12.irrnedrru-e. -traclin...9 s'fatl'ani :- · ~ .thyan 'Jnvasian
• onmun• 8'2hn>.tn ·t,·NoturoJ ,foctors
• Ma.J(an -, rno.#::'3t> lo-rut ,amar,
• Meluhh~ ~ "JVC. · •WdS Hdra.t?P?n cuJ..ture Wdl'c?
.- ..semi -ma:ncte ttaf'a{>pl>'> phasQ las~ Ihm 2.9'1:>-fol9ouc
-lmPort- -ti'mbe.y, capp,u,,~1d,,1vo~, pr~.simi a. R,g Vedt1 <s placed ~n,unc J.5cro ec.
-~port - a9ri ptt>du$ StAch ~ WheoJ,
dlsteds .
,feu ea~,, - f'fannea -tz;wns-,c~~,,,cornme-CQ and large
etit,tdu~.s be.ti It' tJf bumt b1ktt-ma»: the.
- fts, ished. ~ds ➔ latfon 9®ds, ~ ,b0ltf ma:tu6-e tfa ~R>OO prose .
tewaa,~ fi3uau, ~ trooocls . 1.r ~voda Hoes not Antt,ire "::tRl.e. ·
- ~~-•d. :9~ up tr~_
di_n.9 ~cm)' tn ~ ~ o.
1
s.,.,·1ndu~~· . · · . · ,. •
'19.· ~ W~vt'rl~- f::nGlm)
- "ft.)C'flJe. .Indtt~~ _. ~_pe.a,pi_
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'
 @HA PTER- 41-'{<a::Jr'c Culture
.1-~,!c-1ron dlscove~
,, . ...€conom
---~~
- rasmallsts +cattle reahl'nq -main
· occupw
_...,.,ar,_. ?qn'cu.Uure- main c,ccupa:t,'cm C!1- vecHc people
~.._.,;;..:.;.:.i.;;.
-fforse !( c.ow ~ mru:t Imp cmr'mals - ~ iin,10'.Jd, ~ilve,, '!nm ,.~old, Brm,212,, capp~
cattte,sh~p,Cn>a.ts,h«:rrces
-4> , · ·
➔ ~ milk' rn<Wt~ . 'Nelfe knawrl '10 tatQ4 vedfc pe~ple.
-TrE<>S!Ar•• w-.< a,.11.a Sa119r<:<hltrr /Bhogdul:hq
Po-J<~~ya - peo ~le. vvho revered cO'U.JS - vse af- 1nm ·toots helptcl deo.r for.est.
-4mlat -wea,(ttiy pustm -slowel~ beg1'n-lo o.~wre th<l chowcJ-uist,·~ crf
""h 't , d h"' urbtrn 'tlTWl'l-' ctlbeH' rl,tdlmenta~ -
-_ v1o1 1 n - aug. ,er- •. trade - i fir dass af heis'l'd 1ta4!Y
- fat-et9n • mu-chants
~veshan~ -·t1terafft_J means $rch far the row {Vo.nlro) aime ih~ ~,stanca.-
bW ,·t o.lio means .s€G battle ~inc.a. battles ·
YVC,\S'1. ftrn9ht tNex cattte.
-had ~~owledge of~ri·cc.u~re W- was not
-the prima~ occ.upa5'6Y>. . . _c_a.ko. \/~h
Yo.v(). (modeDn bo:a-tey) - - - ~ Now people. Ltiliivo.ted wtieat ,Rt'c.Q. ,pwse.c,
'1 P,"OdUl2d
-medlUm ~ €JC.d1an,qe., Nc's hkhg (unrt cf- 1ent1'\s, millet~ sugdrcane.
- lai'ns w~e not 1:.nown . curreno,,) use (1f lo-I os ➔ N,skha .
- no reguJar- revenue ~tem bu.t ~,·n99~ was ➔ k~·shno.Ja
ma1't1tait1ro by Volunta~ tribute ( Bali) ➔ satmana
; .
~ '

~ SO CJ E.T. Y...,
-sa-s€c( dYl krnship ·l"dlll u'Dd acquired new epitheJ·
!c:.ul---, err-am~ Vish ~ Jan _,. _ ~,r11·1_y still remo.r'r1ed basfc social unit bu.t now
'"':;.\,basre ~!fftno unit,. - k< •~ ~een fa rge '!i,mii !es Wl'tt> s /4 ge,,,"'1fans Ii '1n9 to9ettiu
unit v . · ~n/~itly~ j - Jntrodu·on011 a-f ~t.ra byrtem b~l2d an~mi!9 lint~
~ul~ ~ the head of the fumily . · t--1ahisi - Bt'ilth 111- Va.mo.system_
-mama9e ➔ aFtets aftain(ng ma.ti.m·ty · .· ~ B!9V81tA.,Ml man~➔ Pu~sti S ~ ➔ ~ l/4>'11tU
➔ no c.hlld m~ - No rt,.rc!ab sy.str2m •~tvwfn9 numbM Df .saczjfi~ ~nd 2(ltuals meQt
➔ prachta ct sat< wa~ o.b.tenb .. ~r21hmaos ('fl(Jyt! ~ . ·
., m<mogamy
~ur h' 1:.. P~sc.t,'coo
pre.valenl-
btl(t1qamYfarm ~ m-9<-- f-o, mOYJ09am01.As M·,·g ~ ' we-«e. f'rQr..:01(ed
r,., 1
but po ~9"~
. ~ "~ 1., ra r..:- :;i r ., became frettueot . ,
- can not be consiaued totall9 ~oJita~an so«e~ - Kshairi'yO-f wue ~,as.
as so-cloJ stmnfitatran wzu basea by !>1V1:S1011 - ~shal'.lma ~y.s:tem
~ to.bour ~ Qenda-- . ., -.- -- 4 erahmC1cna~a ~wru a .m4dent- life
-could o.do-pt ctiff. O'CCrJf>a:lfdYI, based an cho1(er . 4 em·nastha•W'1.S o. lift- c,f hcru.se.ho\dE!6S
- ~av·~ 6f- CtJW's. malt prohibited , 4vdna.prastha ~ He2Smi1tl9e ~9e.
-wemen e'2)oyed ~c.\abte po~1'Hcrn 4 sanyas~ · _
~(mp pom _ ~,, V1shwz,mv-ar.:T,, 4t>osh~1 .. fo)tl'~ '~'<m <lf°~wue now ~tncted
· f~amuarq ._ _ _ -ch~ld m 94.f. came ir,to eJ<t'stcmci
1
.
~~Gt c.hl){)~Q, hLlSOOtJO 6'f thef(6W¥l .ci?01Ct, - A.ttare.3t\ S~hrr1an~ dal@htex h~ re qQ.SC~beo
~ -r~e port In ptbceedfngs 4 b-1'bo.J . .. a~ soutrte q- m,·s~ ·
ast~mblt~ called Babho. anq .&am1b -Unto-uchabillt.Y. b-.f>p.eab"ed ~ Nts;~., chcmdaJa,
-1he_v d1cl not use ,·ron ted)t1oto9y bLtA- 'fi..m' .sh~ar. w~e Me- _untPud?ablu- memi0r1ed.
fc(~iliar ti> d:Oppe-6 • . • Mo.i t~v.anr Samh,ta -ment,mieq ~ ~ils-
1,q_uor, 1/1/Drneh iond d1'ca.,

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- lhls "~'od
ICHAPTER 5I-Mahajanapada~
.
(6oo ecE) ~a -<~ 3 Orbanrs;an_·~
. h ' •A 1 ,.,..1.azi~
•
Ul:n ll1ntm.1 anu
_ r Was d01.pt ly lnfluenc.e and d1nven by devel"Pment O'f phrlo.t~ 1u.u :..u, StAdcfr.mt.
urban settteoient + use at- iron ml ➔ enabled irrmwell'l af bi:9e teMimrl-'!J' c.a.Uftll
- Rt' h I m~najanp~a.s ~ 0)-'
c andOtWJ~ called ~ fuina.pd1ls -srheuJ& /aricOCIJfleis:5'• ~hah::u -labouD€6 <p,.~a~

- At that b'l'Y!e ➔ u .such mahajanapadas

---
B~ddhlst fa~t ~ A:n9t.cttz.ir Nlkaq
i;souroos ? ~
O

Ja,n -te-xt ~ Bhagwansw-ra

➔
- ~·n,g ttifs time B"Jahmi ~CIJ1·pt appeared ¼n--the ff'rst time .

kHAPTfR Gf-Pre-Maurgan Bnpire

S'U

Si' a,_rnos~ ~ q l:1.-

~dr:'jOOl<:tl :
. .,!
 ~HAPTER 6 -~-.Ja..inism ~nd Bucloli.sm
- Dub1·ng the late.6 vedfc .P.e.riod (~round 6-lt> and s 111 centui:Y Be) , G.l diffe.1><2.nt
s ew; e,volved I ouk oi- th'2YY1 th ru e,<celled and developed iritll rel fgl~ .
'Th~e. thre<t we'rje 'b'ivikas;., euddtnsm df>d Jainr:S-m .
- rouse~ ot cr1gln-
·expensive dnd armpliro.t@d Vedic rituals, supu.stiti~ belt'ef~ ,rnantrru
confused the people-
• h1ghl_y phlloso:phicaJ t:12acb1'ng.s 6f Opor'..shads Wea-{> not ur,c1e~d by
~c-rnmon peo pie .
• prevalent regi1 caste .sys.t:r2.m geneirafed t:ensi'cm.s: in Stsdety
· sac~if'aa.l ~emonf~
, \arqei5 1·nt~'21Sts · ~ the people vvzrnr a .simple, sl>o~ and intell~ible
vv&..y of 9::UVafl6r? .
• \::~'1~1qas had ~ented the. dominatt'ari af ptie.stfy class .
•des1'r'1. q- VCMShy~ to improve thef r -Sotio.l ~,·t,t,n due to ioc(~e io
{'rn.de and, e.amowic ~~~ because ot d"'~ w·banr.sat,~.
••unrest rti serq·e:t:y du~ 1v ~u.pr~rnacl/ 1 bra.hmanas
•pracnu. ot fdllr'ng uws/ oxes became rn'nd~ance to the ne.J.» ~gYicuftT.ircu -
e usneffrl~.
rl • 'Li te~ ,;y &ru re.es - ·
Buddhism -ce.~lo-nese ctmmtd!ls-
_,,,.__ , s L ,. - . t, Mahavarma by Mananama
-futlnde'! -si'dd harth (mu.mm (bDrn ,·n 56 3 f?>lf) 4 D1'pavamsa }bv wattg9 amcmi
4 !\tt-0 mttw 1
- Teach1rigs-Buddha asked tis follow~ V>
ovOid the two extremes 6f (r\dulgence in -\,'be.tz:to ch~1·cles-
woy;ldJ pleo.sure.. ~nd ~~e p~c.Hce <r-f- &tri·c,t- 4 Divyavadana - l~alachaj:::r°'
nd
ab~rnence a o.scetic,.1s.~ -Tn'pit~
h~ asca1bed The. Madhya mMaUJ -mt'ddle pci.tti ~ su.ttapi taka (.su.m r'1loow to s~aam & (m1)pan(<m)
• {)oct~r·()e of Buddhism - ~ Yinct&Of>itaka- (tnanggtJ·c b1.lles)
- 81.Addhrsm refrained frcmi enga9in9 ?n the 4 ~idhamm<tprtokq ( Poctrio~j C':~>'
, dfsc.ussfons about the Saul ar,d B~hm~ bu.t- _J ~ ~!dote
frrW~ ~ eo.lth[y ma:tt12is. · · -s-ttm·~ re(ct.ted -tl> ·bt'D"th c,1- buddho.
-&A,ddhl'.sm accepts the. tmn~migratt'cm a na -1'n chinece -tn~ c1re ca..lled Sadok
t'mpamo..nence. tJut f~ec.t.s ttie idea 4 Crod ana - M1'l~ndawnho . 'lt\Q.SO'O't\s 4 Millndo.-t:hru- ts
I

soul (atman) ({T€t.k. klt19 M~oonba- o.nd. aosw~ of

--emphasr2ed the l6tlcept.s ~ ~rmo. and 0him£~ bud~\'.st fOOTlk Nogseoo
-0PP0SE'D the preva.lellt VOd'nD. _system • '?, Jewel~ 4 8Uddh1sm - ( T~rlUY)a)
--euddo1srn a..c~ut:2d tnaJ-dw~ctld is fujl at-S03\'0W~ -BuddhQ ~ founda /Teac.hel)
and pMple.- ~ due tu esrr~. ,
L . 1J'6in t'M • Dhqmmq- 'feachrrgs
c(S'f)qu~ng de.sires leadS, tD Nitwana / ~ J -son ho- Olci'2.lf crl- Buddhist (Yml~ /hW1~
freutarn f'rorn -the tJ.Jde ot b,rth ~~q death· 9 . . , U .
• fue:lt 8/ents o1- @>uddoo~ 1,Je. -
• Ckll.l.tam BL1ddha1 (s6~-4e.aec) ~vent ~,Ymbol
.. Br'rth elac.e • Lurnbln! ( Capito.I ~ -S~ya Pepu.hlt't) 1.)Av~ranti(l~~'c!YI (1( -----, wht't-e_ elephctnt
- \eat~4"~ - AlaraJc::ama and Udr~Ramp~ ·. c1e.scent)
- fnlfghtMmeot- 1't tne age.~ ao years unou l-) Ja.H (B1'rih)----~ lotus~ Bu.ti
ttie people b"eo@ UctJvella (eodh9ayo) ' ·3 )Mal-xtbhrnishk~mar, , H~e
~ the banks ~ RIV0s' Nlra~ar.>~ (fa.19u) c,grei:t-· ~uro•ah'or))
-first Sem?Oll-@&Hma.th 0'11 Dho.~ Ctxl~t7.l' 4)N(~l'>a}Sotrlbldh'1 -~eodh1 bee
• pac5ivab1uoo t1> 5 d1sc1p1es indl.(d,'n_g Ma~lc:a q (enh'11nt:enment'
1
M tl.. R aJ . ci1rd1'sc.l le) .:::J" -,1
- tJr,,~~ ...!..,.. -,. ~hama9ll . ~) Dt'O-lnnacn~t'21 -~w11
~ fost~➔ ~har~4f?clti qrru7lltni fo~va~na (11+~(11)) e.Q,J
-Mahap:?~Oi~N - ~@. taAshinoga~ o..t <=)M4~'1lOl~na. - - - + .sh•""
t:f)e. age ~ .00. '--- ,../7 coea:tn) •"i'"'
 • Place~ vr'.sited by Buddha- ,
• 5 teacht'ngs 1 ~uddh~ -( d=a®rtitil ) I/ .. ' t, . . l , .• I I '

l) No Id lll'n.9 respect fo-r IITe ~~ vai~haJi 1---.-..

. rsr-_gumon , . ,fi!'mbltor gi~ · , -Am-,aP.£11i
i0 _1\-b.stenh'oYl from theFt Bel CAvz:m iAhclr i, -< ni:\ l,llb111€1)

i1'i)' A-bst£nt1'cm mm .¼(uoJ MA'sumduct

-@ucnt:l!I) Bh~~k . dtsdpl_inl.. . . • r

Iv) ,¼..t~~ti6Yl furm fuh.th01ld

v) *s.tetttl'011 nm-vi ·Jt\hxicafltm.

• 4 No b\e 1rLLth~ -( ,:;:\r~i.~~) • ..

i) World ·is fu.11 of S(MlJW and m~Q.~ 1, Po.v{)/mo.Ho kusht'FIO.Ja(
· J, ( Sabbarn ·Dukkorn) -~ho.po.~nl~an~ _ _
ii) OQsire. 1:S the mot ei S(}l(l)VV
i · ( ~rolityo.t£Ymu.tp~d) * rep,embe~ - ~yCcatidhora. ~ (rVanti wil.t net "'s.ited
euddh~. c fl/~) . .
iil)P<?SI fe. cnn be conqtieA"ed .
·.t <.. t>uJd::ho Nirodh) • kfngs who adopW the. doctrine.~ Bud~hism
iv) !XlSi.re. 'cpn be co-nq~er~ b] follow'ri_g the. and b~came 'etAddha'f- ~dp\es .,.
~tz:rn.9tka rna l"_g · · i) PrasQaj1't <rt- koro.la
' • 5 foldJfiuh -C3'eif3'ai,·'ITTSf:) · ·: H) j?lmblsara 6t-_magl1dha
11\e ~ .,s ums1st ~ vaai'oU.t thtas-'cannede'.a ut) ·~cmha.t~ 4 mggadfxJ
~vities reJa!Qd tt> kMwledge/ ca-nducJ- , • lMp~nt dt'&d~ ~uddh~ or -.---7
m-edito-.tiv.e.. ~dice..s.
· R vre..w 1 .so.~putta , MoggoJ Ian a , lt-t\a ~ ,,. 1
if\b!nb'on ka ~aea I upo.l i .2. t:i' nds crt
S\'.X?-ech .
I
' .., . . · . . · ct1scJ'p\e. "
,_Af\ti,f?>udd hr'st kiri9s ➔ ks✓,"-~
y~1
;~/
ac.hon
tivelin&od ·
m1ndfu.U oess .. ~
QF-fol1s i),Pucil~Q(Y)\tra "§.bUYJ:9a .(bhibhuI) kJo~._ 'P~
~o-ncen~ · . ·, . p~cutcah_ ~1Addh1sts - .(9~0.-~i~)
Ii) J:!una king' Mihia-ku\a
··. · . ·. PeKte.cuteo ·el,\dlistr .
·· 1i,J Shashank' ~uda
· · cut oft eodht· tree

, I• •
 • 0uddhf.st Vnlvusitie-1 ~ their fm.mdeAsr-
•. eiuddhfst ~
~ NaJa~a@ Bihar ➔ ~Ul'7tl~upm 1 (Cruptn)
rast fl!._OUryal? _ _ ~tZA.~ f>o.rt~tz,. 2.) ~ntptA~@ 8ihar >- (rz, po.Jo. ( fb.Ja)
• mahavamsa • rnaho.va~ 3) v;~~ilQ@ f3i'hor __,. !)ho.rrnnno.Ja (fb-1~)
•Div4adanq •Samadhinlrmocan0$ultn '
• ParmanvacJto~ 4J~orno.p«ui @ ~ Seng,,.)➔ Pho.~~ (pc,.lo.J
• lAlitavistar~
• fottu su.tro •Vq.Jrac.hedllca~~- s) .Jogadal@ Be09oJ -~~m~~ (p6.lo.)
• ~ra:kun~o..ka .mha • sa m~d hi rllJa~una 6) VoJAabh·, @ Qtfp rat ~ Bha.l:m ~ (mo.lty~)
• ~_aotravibhaog~ .. yogocata manuaJ_
• VNES(O WHS related to e,uddhlsm ~
• V1~hw:1dhirm999 •Advo.~slddhi
• Upades~
-- ,\YchAtD1[$<co..l ~ltt of- NoJand4 Mi,.hmtlm ~
•Vimo.lklati N1'meshtutra
Na.landll , Sihor.
•Shura~amsutra • ~ shabhumica su.ha
-B1.H~dhi'6t' Mo-numentx@ sane.hi/ mr
• Dho.m-io.sho.stms - M~habDd hi tem~t c.miplex, Bod hgd~ ,9ioor
• iatvo.samgl\rah~
-Ajo.nl:o. cav-er,, ~ mn9a.ba£1 , rnaho raslrw.
" Milt'rdpanho
• U"'.'0cu,a
~
~rits a1io<.d r,'f( ~
-doetis -Gt- ~dcl~
~ ht s dt'sdp\4 • Jmportant t:mris -
• Va.i pu.l!)a sutra cm4ho.ya,,o.J • A-rihant- m,e who want- ~ achfe.Ve nirlM:lf'lQ
• Suiimv,bhorg:1
• t:::ra ndaJca For free CSAT Course-
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• Uda~vara&-,~ WITH NEELESH • Shramana -sed::u,wflo ~ s . acts otat.i.t~f],asc.t-t\"c..
•~sholcavandanQ • Oposak91 - rnole fr, flouJ~ wt, o have ta.ken atj\'.jt.
,·n ~"ha ,.so.n_gha,, Dhamm::i , but wilo ha~
• 8odhisattva1- fn matxi_yana , Bodhls~ u not t?lkel) mOTJasn·c vows .
•_Up~sil~OJ- fe.rt1aJe fcltowe-6 c-
11
o p12t5SDYI who has attained enlr'ghtenme.ot - )

bt,ij h~s de.lo.9ea hl'.s n1fflana ~ help afne.£ •Pa.ttimokle.h~ -two sets ct ~,es tho.:t govem
a'ttz:t(n enl1'9nteotrlert . mO"ll~ ~ nuru
9Ma.itrq~ - fu,ture buddoo ~~rlt't.rl ~n~ •_s~andtlaka- membasot retrgr"<rUsg~p
-~ ~ft-abodhi~ living ~ethu m m<n1astfc community
- populalf taught~ Buddha. • Upostha /Pc,~dl?q - ~~ dwn·n9 Wh<cb ma-na&ti~

2
)SarnanW.bhadrn - universal 6odh1!:<illv.l
- as.sGC,{'o.ted t med ,·tatttm
a.re -ID pu-.i~ ~ IQSlore tt,elr p,u,:«J)ts
new M.t mO"t"n C.?- ddY-1 /maffu)
ti@
- mdnifestzlh'ln'l is. Adi'Cl'l •Pa2$\yrajak.ll - wzrndereE.s
3). Vaj m pa 11 i- ho Id< thw, derlo I~
~de~,tl<!d a• 3 P"'~·ve delh"e& on,und e,,&.,
L. • UP" sal< - lag lollOWe<
•<he.~ - 8d..- nun< In 0uddhlsm [ N f ~ w.maj
(~cur two• Maaj~h~· ,NaJoki{eshwara) •Tha.th~oJhQ -6Ylt c.cl,o hai attzl.fneo what 11 i.s
) Man..:.Iii,sh ii - s imuJam-""u
ur OOe.,rlcmd Inn
:::, - proCfo.J'rnlo hlmsel f'1stru-'em\OTl ·
1ha..ttlagcdhll@ rl'<'- 9 so ·
4
-holds 10 lloo~d~01bt'~ Paramilra • Vw( ns _group q m<mb
G) Ayajo\::I t;esnwa ~ - kfnohearlea-
- man/pi~tJ- 8uoo~ s l!mloosc.i<SY>
1
r~
.1"he-Ya9a:ttia - so-t1gs
•1he1n·9atna - - - - -etd~ - -- nuns
*
by 01011~
,)lsrj,ibg()_'b'i,h~-guo.o01ar, ~ pu~aftme, ~childllt) • tuiag:o·shaJa - TRAve/1~ /lay~.s QSeo! to
~ ~dl1~a1Ya 4 heU b.a.ifl01" cf< eaafh immcrtbJ b.a.t'~ hold discuss/cm £3rd deb& at
':1-) £adapa-nbhLtrn - rnaniM "eva-a.,a~·~ • ~arooa- d1>.11'n_g rttr'n~ ~MS6Yl~ /retreat mcrrit:&
spfbl't m~ ~Qt-he.- w c.0T1~ tt1el r crftcoe9£.
t)Alcas-h@ ~ha - he ts bou.noleor ru sta~ I( a.ko. l.JT'OS-tha I ro~ad h'l / pa,va)aXla._

- - ma nr•~~ of- ~om

a)Afnit,bha - Suddho. <l(- hrovw ('"'"'f~ '-J 1 .•~/,·~thua,.. t/i~'ne 6udd hq r/
=> ""'-t • .I:'.:' 4
Tm~t~. ,:i~
1°) f)ipan~ra - suddha at fbst . •---~--- 011\boha -wfw oc.hiexv saJvan'Cfr) ~
.fhe.lY ~ 8< l.OU.lo l'\.Ot ~c.h bu.th b> o-1--h~
 , • 1eact>,ng~ 4 Maha111'ra - .
----~~~=-=::r-,. .,.
~infsm (,

- ~ecJ-ed " ~ crt, vedl.s ~ vedc aitual.s

• Rrg veda ment,·on~ name~ c,1- R,'.sha6h~ dnd -oh~ not 6elieve ·,o -e.xtstana. af ~d ·
l\'tfshtenami Jain 1irthankart\
-doctrt'ne_ 61- :Jainr'sm is Q(de~ than the.
-beli12.ved in k"d~ £.tronsm~ldh scrul- j
f,udd hi.st doctn·ne,. ~
- trnphost~ ,the. ~aJitq
,BOT did ~ot ~demn~ma sy-S't.ernc...----.
-Jai'~~/Jina = ~E»aY ·
-Ja1n1sm_do~ not have a s1'n9/e founde(>' . •Tenets ilf:Jar'nism .
-The@ wea-e ~4 tt'rthan~ras (teacners) -Jat nlQ1l n:>cogoi:20:J "the e,,,f,st:an02 <!f 6-od. ot.lt
. 4 j.St"-, f<1snabl?anath pl~CQd them lowu tha11 Jena (mahavira)
- ~ i n.c:i tt> Maho.vi0,.a ~ is bt,rr, in
I

4 .2.anJ➔ Parsh;\vana.tti
; aodr\ne.t h1'ghu 6r IM"e¥ 'J/.GWetf vecma ~ thecm.se~a
~,.rnlrEhten~ in Yebt! .shar<-
-Ahit'l!-'a (llm'\· l~u lt ud~~?
ru,04 of ~!')I~ (cmy "r tt,e srn ar the virtues
('n the. pre-vkrlAs b,~
• , 11 h,Q (& not , ,~) ti belt'ef in .. transmJgra.n'tm ~ .!aul
hl.s; fi?llav..ree« coll~ M
-
11e/ Nn33rz:lnthru
•::;.vt~
-~
(bo not ste.at) ~ 41-fe. ~ve 4 ~e-d1'naJ pri'n¥
''T"'~~ho Cdo not- A~ims,1
. ., ~ at- ktlm->a.
- CA~ Ay~n1bl/ fast-generallg related tro.Jain~
· acqwte Plbf~) ~¥
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•'T~~ erQltms.: ~ t+ie &ddhist and -!ain s~terns lllJst. no,rtt,~
• ft..~ro..v - lf\ftOW ~ ~mas to ,ouJ that 6uddf7a wru a_gnos-fl•c (,gncrret god), cdlife. MahQvirQ ·
OC.(Ur& @ Q.>/e@ second in 11~ denitd g&d a.c ffl~ c.reo..ta c,t -ffle onlv-use. and
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• tH~om - sheddll)9 / remo,al af- accumuJo./cl ""1/I~ ec,ddhltm do.s ·
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~upre.me ~d0r>1- ,·n (t. 01A8ohlsm SEt-eo.a <~~:Hy '\1> fer~{9"
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~bt Q ~ ifl~t"r\. ct~t~cj
• ~ Y.E£ar>i<f., - ~~diu.6f haJf doff\s
.. fofl~ o/ P-f~n,barnr-
• \<u.yc,ha.ka..s - tam rela.tea to jaio~m
• gpndhara ~ chi~ dkdplt ~ iht.-
{jrlhcm~o)'lA .
• Sa mavsar-ad"a - b'~t1 ~ms -rot OT\
-th ~e w /o ~d,1 ~ t~.
• St'dd hg - lt'be.ra.ted soi<l
• §mvakas I sw.viJc:a - lay fbllaweia- ,·nJaln'
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- - J,folfett ~hnine&'fyy f2ic l'labho. (t/;tt,an
~ mbo_~r~ ~ rn LJ~~foJ.::o ~C?.d-.
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vas ~ e-rnpi re.
- Mo._godila - W?1Yd 1tt tfrne me.nb'a-ned in Afhawa~o..
- Mqgo.d.na '.s ~·SQ tt> po-ti'h'~ supremo.~ b~gan ~·th f>t'n1bi.ca~ , wP>o be.10f19ed fl>
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-- · James- f~n~ in rt?>r M>.
was bm,~- 8rahmanic.oJ
af- fl>$111.idta t~olitr'c1ru he
!Mm1ell In -the cov,t-oi- • ea,clt
• • M/!l" t1IIAr .J.
,+-treo..t -tl,e end. at his ~(!"
NO.ndos. ~;ng 1b '9uddh1~ ~tl'tl\ • !'OJ.ff ~eek ed1Ur atY~ A,shoht~ ~icm 4-
he. WZ{t 0. !cshC1.tn'r p~ufW uu.~c.a.1hrtn\9h Dhamm~

-1t,e. plot af- chanakg~ and how he help~ -tne. •J4 ~11t Roe)( edid!'
chctncl ~9~ta conquex hrs e,nemi06" are desoibed -~lmil~r ln frrrm d1men ti'd)U".
tn cieta.11 1n Mud~ralc-~has _fypu <Guf.f CblbU01'8 ~o8ctant.
-stzma wed .s,,ott~ while t1~shme
4a pla_y Wll'iten ~y -Mosify monolitfl -4- pc((~ht4 .J<A~ct...
\f tsnaJd1adaitn
-&jnc.ipl~ crt- ~ham~
fdtc.t t - Prohibiir animal -tac.r,i·w
• .?r,u.~ces _mau ~ati 'E:mpf re - -+--1 · d(tplch mtA.tUte-f .!ail'fAl VJei
--1--B _ re.trc.t- Frrr e~hman.r
(OJ.i~!l:I.~~~'!L ~e ~qg!lclho.nli! (~ llm ~ ·rvpect- firr e.Adar
~-r-ap "6irrtn'lent of- I)h11 mme1 'nb.mo.~
l) Mhas\'\astra by ~llfil.~ (aka lndlan MachitAvelli) a
1•+helr l.d\'es •
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WcJ:6 I< pwca. and ctt'plmnacy. --«- ;i .. to le rz:tOCQ,
ii)Ja..tz,.m stt>rl'es ~uboha~ pre-viou~ ltte , -s -.t>hamma~dfras-
__..'--9 .. d 1'.ro!rd i'l9 m ec:m ,'t\,91 t..S.r (ib,d.ls"
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4 ~~ins inftrrmatihn a.bcut '@>indusara ,about
----11- t>hamma polt'~
f\shota'.s e¥-~d1'tl'dn to t,.xlla t?> supr,!~ a t>peo.J -rn oJA rel I~\~
- u - l!2..•a fin- 'n>~
11?.belh'on and about his crnvasfan1t> Bubahlsm
,._ s-~.h'rp ()Jal"
iv) T'lrlni~ Buddh~t lftera.tute ~-,~ -h·~f li~ r,urti:fn tpeno aclfsiaut Jffi•.
-Matn~msa
-M r'l1'nd pct_ntlo
- Maho.bha~hYll

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lHL Jau-9rufo' (ocHsh"

....__--yuaguddf G4t,dh~--.-

·• m~ja-, ~od( edids

,A P1'llar edtc.ts
o Cct~ ed1'dr
o mtne¥- ntk. ~Ith-
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.B~ddh1'.sm
P mo.ua
~w,~J a.·111 l,itq,,

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• Prov,'ndaJ & loCAJ A;dmin(s~ra.11'cm ..
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• ~·stli'ct ~min ·~·cm, • fM1'~br\ hAn tAte • ~aJ famil.Y 1ivi~ sett
ll ndeir inc.ha~ of- ~iq:iu ( ~\'1r11 klr t»eo1'?:~) • Chandrajtt4>t?l maufJO. ~hf Meo tn Jaini~rr,
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-6 cmnmrtfeu ot; memb~ e,di frTr o.dmini
s~'n9 -f:tie, lfHtnid ttJes-.
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n,'..t 'lff1'clo.t -.r~-ror4 Oi>P:l
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fpcu:- PHn~~ ~&ff ~€fn~nt:r
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It well ni.sed 8tr1> c.ho.'llofr
&- un~ at- No.1
'ft?.MPOt'f

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