Chapter – 1

Sets, Relations and Functions

Ex 1.1
Question 1.
Write the following in roster form.
(i) {x ∈ N : x2 < 121 and x is a prime}.
(ii) the set of all positive roots of the equation (x – 1)(x + 1)(x2 – 1) = 0.
(iii) {x ∈ N : 4x + 9 < 52}.
(iv) {x : x−4x+2 = 3, x ∈ R – {-2}}

Solution:
(i) Let A = { x ∈ N : x2 < 121 and x is a prime }
A = {2, 3, 5, 7}

(ii) The set of positive roots of the equations

(x – 1) (x + 1) (x2 – 1) = 0
(x – 1 ) (x + 1 ) (x + 1) (x – 1) = 0
(x + 1 )2 (x – 1)2 = 0
(x + 1)2 = 0 or (x – 1)2 = 0
x + 1 = 0 or x – 1 = 0
x = -1 or x = 1
A={1}

(iii) Let A = { x ∈ N : 4x + 9 < 52 }

When x = 1, (4) × (1 ) + 9 = 4 + 9 = 13
When x = 2, (4) × (2) + 9 = 8 + 9 = 17
When x = 3, (4) × (3) + 9 = 12 + 9 = 21
When x = 4, (4) × (4) + 9 = 16 + 9 = 25
When x = 5, (4) × (5) + 9 = 20 + 9 = 29
When x = 6, (4) × (6) + 9 = 24 + 9 = 33
When x = 7, (4) × (7) + 9 = 28 + 9 = 37
When x = 8, (4) × (8) + 9 = 32 + 9 = 41
When x = 9, (4) × (9) + 9 = 36 + 9 = 45
When x = 10, (4) × (10) + 9 = 40 + 9 = 49
∴ A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ,7, 8, 9, 10 }
(i.e.) x – 4 = 3(x + 2)
x – 4 = 3x + 6
– 4 – 6 = 3x – x
2x = -10 ⇒ x = -5
A = {-5}

Question 2.
Write the set {-1, 1} in set builder form.

Solution:
A = {x : x2 – 1 = 0, x ∈ R}

Question 3.
State whether the following sets are finite or infinite.

1. {x ∈ N : x is an even prime number}

2. {x ∈ N : x is an odd prime number}
3. {x ∈ Z : x is even and less than 10}
4. {x ∈ R : x is a rational number}
5. {x ∈ N : x is a rational number}

Solution:

1. Finite set
2. Infinite set
3. Infinite
4. Infinite
5. Infinite

Question 4.
By taking suitable sets A, B, C, verify the following results:
(i) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C).
(if) A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C).
(iii) (A × B) ∩ (B × A) = (A ∩ B) × (B ∩ A).
(iv) C – (B – A) = (C ∩ A) ∪ (C ∩ B).
(v) (B – A) ∩ C = (B ∩ C) – A = B ∩ (C – A).

Solution:
To prove the following results let us take U = {1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = {1, 2, 5, 7}
B = {2, 7, 8, 9}
C = {1, 5, 8, 7}

(i) Let A = {1, 2}, B = {3, 4}, C = {4, 5}

B ∩ C = {3, 4} ∩ {4, 5}
B ∩ C = {4}
A × (B ∩ C) = {1, 2} × {4}
A × (B ∩ C) = { (1,4), (2,4) } —– (1)
A × B = {1, 2} × {3, 4}
A × B = { (1,3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}

A × C = {1, 2} × { 4, 5 }
A × C = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 4), (2, 5)}
(A × B) ∩ (A × C) = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)} ∩ { (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 4), (2, 5)}
(A × B) ∩ (A × C) = {(1, 4), (2, 4)} —- (2)
From equations (1) and (2)
A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)

(ii) To prove A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) (A × C)
B = {2, 7, 8, 9}, C = {1, 5, 8, 10)
B ∪ C = {1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = {1, 2, 5, 7}

A × (B ∪ C) = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 5), (1, 7), (1, 8), (1, 9), (1, 10), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2,
5), (2, 7), (2, 8), (2, 9), (2, 10), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 5), (5, 7), (5, 8), (5, 9), (5, 10),
(7, 1), (7, 2), (7, 5), (7, 7), (7, 8), (7, 9), (7, 10)) …. (1)
A × B = {(1, 2), (1, 7), (1, 8), (1, 9), (2, 2), (2, 7), (2, 8), (2, 9), (5, 2), (5, 7), (5,
8), (5, 9),

(7, 2), (7, 7), (7, 8), (7, 9)}

A × C = {(1, 1), (1, 5), (1, 8), (1, 10), (2, 1), (2, 5), (2, 8), (2, 10), (5, 1), (5, 5),
(5, 8), (5, 10), (7, 1), (7, 5), (7, 8), (7, 10)}

(A × B) ∪ (A × C) = (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 5), (1, 7), (1, 8), (1,9), (1, 10), (2, 1), (2,
2), (2, 5), (2, 7), (2, 8), (2, 9), (2, 10), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 5), (5, 7), (5, 8), (5, 9),
(5, 10), (7, 1), (7, 2), (7, 5), (7, 7), (7, 8), (7, 9), (7, 10)} …… (2)
(1) = (2) ⇒ A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C)

(iii) Let A = {1, 2}, B = {2, 3}

A × B = {1, 2} × {2, 3}
A × B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 3)}
B × A = {2, 3} × {1, 2}
B × A = {(2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 1), (3,2)}
(A × B) ∩ (B × A) = {(1, 2), (1, 3),(2, 2), (2, 3)} ∩ {(2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 1),(3, 2)}
(A × B) ∩ (B × A) = {(2, 2)} ——- (1)

A ∩ B = {1, 2} ∩ {2, 3}
A ∩ B = {2}
B ∩ A = {2, 3} ∩ {1, 2}
B ∩ A = {2}
(A ∩ B) × (B ∩ A) = {2} × {2}
(A ∩ B) × (B ∩ A) = {(2,2)} ———- (2)
From equations (1) and (2)
(A × B) ∩ (B × A) = (A ∩ B) × (B ∩ A)

(iv) To prove C – (B – A) = (C ∩ A) ∪ (C ∩ B)
B – A = {8, 9}
C = {1, 5, 8, 10}
∴ LHS = C – (B – A) = {1, 5, 10} …… (1)
C ∩ A = {1}
U = {1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10}
B = {2, 7, 8, 9} ∴ B’ = {1, 5, 10}
C ∩ B = {1, 5, 10}
R.H.S. (C ∩ A) ∪ (C ∩ B) = {1} ∪ {1, 5, 10}
= {1, 5, 10} ……. (2)
(1) = (2) ⇒ LHS = RHS

(v) Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} , B = {3, 4, 5, 6}, C = { 5, 6, 7, 8 )

B – A = {3, 4, 5, 6} – {1, 2, 3, 4}
B – A = {5, 6}
(B – A) ∩ C = {5, 6} ∩ {5, 6, 7, 8}
(B – A) ∩ C = {5, 6} ——– (1)
(B ∩ C) = {3, 4, 5, 6} ∩ {5, 6, 7, 8}
B ∩ C = {5, 6}
(B ∩ C) – A = {5, 6} – {1,2,3,4}
(B ∩ C) – A = {5, 6} ——- (2)
C – A = {5, 6, 7, 8} – {1, 2, 3, 4}
C – A = {5, 6, 7, 8}
B ∩ (C – A) = {3, 4, 5, 6} ∩ {5, 6, 7, 8}
B ∩ (C – A) = {5, 6} ——– (3)
From equations (1) , (2) and (3)
(B – A) ∩ C = (B ∩ C) – A = B ∩(C – A)

(vi) To prove (B – A) ∪ C ={1, 5, 8, 9, 10}

B – A = {8, 9},
C = {1, 5, 8, 10}
(B – A) ∪ C = {1, 5, 8, 9, 10} ……. (1)
B ∪ C = {1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A – C = {2, 7}
(B ∪ C) – (A – C) = {1, 5, 8, 9, 10} ……… (2)
(1) = (2)
⇒ (B – A) ∪ C = (B ∪ C) – (A – C)

Question 5.
Justify the trueness of the statement.
“An element of a set can never be a subset of itself.”

Solution:
“An element of a set can never be a subset of itself ”
The statement is correct
Let A = {a, b, c, d} for a ∈ A
‘a’ cannot be a subset of ‘a’

Question 6.
If n(P(A)) = 1024, n(A ∪ B) = 15 and n(P(B)) = 32, then find n(A ∩ B).

Solution:
n(P( A)) = 1024 = 210 ⇒ n( A) = 10
n(A ∪ B) = 15
n(P(B)) = 32 = 25 ⇒ n(B) = 5
We know n(A ∪ B) = n{A) + n(B) – n(A ∩ B)
(i.e.) 15 = 10 + 5 – n(A ∩ B)
⇒ n(A ∩ B) = 15 – 15 = 0

Question 7.
If n(A ∩ B) = 3 and n(A ∪ B) = 10, then find n(P(A(A ∆ B)).

Solution:
Given n(A ∩ B) = 3 and n(A ∪ B) = 10
A ∆ B = (A – B) ∪ (B – A)
n(A ∆ B) = n [ (A – B ) ∪ (B – A)]
n(A ∆ B) = n(A – B) + n(B – A) —— (1)

(Since A – B and B – A are disjoint sets)

A ∪ B = (A – B) ∪ (B – A) ∪ (A ∩ B)
n(A ∪ B) = n[(A – B) ∪ (B – A) ∪ (A ∩ B)]
n(A ∪ B) = n (A – B) + n (B – A) + n (A ∩ B)
(Since A – B, B – A and A ∩ B are disjoint sets)
n(A ∪ B) = n(A ∆ B) + n(A ∩ B)
10 = n(A ∆ B) + 3
n(A ∆ B) = 10 – 3 = 7
∴ n(P(A ∆ B)) = 27 = 128

Question 8.
For a set A, A × A contains 16 elements and two of its elements are (1, 3) and
(0, 2). Find the elements of A.

Solution:
A × A = 16 elements = 4 × 4
⇒ A has 4 elements
∴ A = {0, 1, 2, 3}

Question 9.
Let A and B be two sets such that n(A) = 3 and n(B) = 2. If (x, 1), (y, 2), (z, 1)
are in A × B, find A and B, where x, y, z are distinct elements.
Solution:
Given A and B be two sets such that n (A) = 3 and n(B) = 2.
Also given (x, 1), (y, 2), (z, 1) ∈ A × B
A = { x, y, z }, B = {1, 2}

Question 10.
If A × A has 16 elements, S = {(a, b) ∈ A × A : a < b} ; (-1, 2) and (0, 1) are two
elements of S, then find the remaining elements of S.

Solution:
n(A × A) = 16 ⇒ n( A) = 4
S ={(-1, 0), (-1, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2)}

Ex 1.2
Question 1.
Discuss the following relations for reflexivity, symmetricity and transitivity:

(i) The relation R defined on the set of all positive integers by “mRn if m
divides n”.

Solution:
Let Z = {1, 2, 3, ……….}
R is a relation defined on the set of all positive integers by m R n if m divides n
R = { (m, n) : m/n for all m, n ∈ Z } n

(a) Reflexive:
m divides m for all m ∈ Z
∴ (m, m) ∈ R for all m ∈ Z
Hence R is reflexive

(b) Symmetric:
Let (m, n) ∈ R ⇒ m divides n
⇒ n = km for some integers k
But km need not divide m, ie. n need not divide m
∴ (n, m) ∉ R
Hence R is not symmetric.
(c) Transitive:
Let (m, n), (n, r) ∈ R
Then m divides n ⇒ n = km and
n divides r ⇒ r = k1n
r = k1(km) = (k1k) m
m divides r
∴ (m, r) ∈ R
Hence R is transitive.

(ii) Let P denote the set of all straight lines in a plane. The relation R defined
by “lRm if l is perpendicular to m”.

Solution:
P = {set of all straight lines in a plane}
lRm ⇒ l is perpendicular to m

(a) lRl ⇒ l is not perpendicular to l

⇒ It is not reflexive

(b) lRm ⇒ l is perpendicular to m

mRl ⇒ m is perpendicular to l
It is symmetric

(c) l perpendicular to m ⇒ m perpendicular to n ⇒ l is parallel to n It is not

transitive

(iii) Let A be the set consisting of all the members of a family. The relation R
defined by “aRb if a is not a sister of b”.

Solution:
Let F = Father,
M = Mother
G = Male child
H = Female child
A = { F, M, G, H }
The relation R is defined by
a R b if a is not a sister of b.
R = {(F, F), (F, M), (F, G), (F, H), (M, F), (M, M), (M, G), (M, H), (G, F), (G, M),
(G, G), (G, H), (H, F), (H, M), (H, H)}

(a) Reflexive:
(F, F) , (M , M), (G, G), ( H, H ) ∈ R
∴ R is reflexive.

(b) Symmetric:
For (G, H) ∈ R, we have (H, G) ∉ R
∴ R is not symmetric.

(c) Transitive:
Suppose in a family if we take mother M , male child-G and female child-H.
H is not a sister of M ⇒ HRM, (H, M) ∈ R
M is not a sister of G ⇒ MRG, (M, G) ∈ R
But H is a sister of G ⇒ HRG, (H, G) ∉ R
Thus, for (H, M), (M, G) ∈ R
we have (H, G) ∉ R
∴ R is transitive.

(iv) Let A be the set consisting of all the female members of a family. The
relation R defined by “aRb if a is not a sister of b”.

Solution:
A = {set of all female members of a family}

(a) aRa ⇒ a is a sister of a

It is reflexive

(b) aRb ⇒ a is a sister of b

bRa ⇒ b is the sister of a
⇒ It is symmetric

(c) aRb ⇒ a is a sister of b bRc ⇒ b is a sister of c aRc ⇒ a can be the sister of c

It is not transitive.
(v) On the set of natural numbers the relation R defined by “xRy if x + 2y = 1”.

Solution:
x + 2y = 1 for x, y ∈ N
There is no x , y ∈ N satisfying x + 2y = 1
∴ The relation R is an empty relation.
An empty relation is symmetric and transitive.
∴ R is symmetric and transitive.
R is not reflexive

Question 2.
Let X = {a, b, c, d} and R = {(a, a), {b, b), (a, c)}. Write down the minimum
number
of ordered pairs to be included to R to make it
(i) reflexive
(ii) symmetric
(iii) transitive
(iv) equivalence

Solution:
X = {a, b, c, d}
R = {(a, a), (b, b), (a, c)}

(i) To make R reflexive we need to include (c, c) and (d, d)

(ii) To make R symmetric we need to include (c, a)
(iii) R is transitive
(iv) To make R reflexive we need to include (c, c)

To make R symmetric we need to include (c, c) and (c, a) for transitive

∴ The relation now becomes
R = {(a, a), (b, b), (a, c), (c, c), (c, a)}
∴ R is equivalence relation.

Question 3.
Let A = {a, b, c} and R = {(a, a), (b, b), (a, c)}. Write down the minimum
number of ordered pairs to be included to R to make it
(i) reflexive
(ii) symmetric
(iii) transitive
(iv) equivalence

Solution:
Given A = {a, b, c }
R = { (a, a), (b, b),(a, c) }

(i) The minimum ordered pair to be included to R in order to make it reflexive

is (c, c).

(ii) The minimum ordered pair to be included to R in order to make it

symmetrical is (c, a).

(iii) R is transitive. We need not add any pair.

(iv) After including the ordered pairs (c, c),(c, a) to R the new relation
becomes
R1 = { (a, a), (b, b), (c, c) , (a, c) , (c, a) }
R1 is reflexive symmetric and transitive.
∴ R1 is an equivalence relation.

Question 4.
Let P be the set of all triangles in a plane and R be the relation defined on P as
aRb if a is similar to b. Prove that R is an equivalence relation.

Solution:
P = {set of all triangles in a plane}
aRb ⇒ a similar to b

(a) aRa ⇒ every triangle is similar to itself

∴ aRa is reflexive

(b) aRb ⇒ if a is similar to b ⇒ b is also similar to a.

⇒ It is symmetric

(c) aRb ⇒ bRc ⇒ aRc

a is similar to b and b is similar to c
⇒ a is similar to a
⇒ It is transitive
∴ R is an equivalence relation

Question 5.
On the set of natural numbers let R be the relation defined by aRb if 2a + 3b =
30. Write down the relation by listing all the pairs. Check whether it is
(i) reflexive
(ii) symmetric
(iii) transitive
(iv) equivalence

Solution:
N = {set of natural numbers}
R ={(3, 8), (6, 6), (9, 4), (12, 2)}

(a) (3, 3) ∉ R ⇒ R is not reflexive

2a + 3b = 30
3b = 30 – 2a

(b) (3, 8) ∈ R(8, 3) ∉ R

⇒ R is not symmetric

(c) (a, b) (b, c) ∉ R ⇒ R is transitive

∴ It is not an equivalence relation.

Question 6.
Prove that the relation “friendship” is not an equivalence relation on the set of
all people in Chennai.

Solution:
If a is a friend of b and b is a friend of c, then a need not be a friend of c.
a R b and b R c does not imply a R c.
∴ R is not transitive.
∴ The relation is not an equivalence relation.
Question 7.
On the set of natural numbers let R be the relation defined by aRb if a + b ≤ 6.
Write down the relation by listing all the pairs. Check whether it is
(i) reflexive
(ii) symmetric
(iii) transitive
(iv) equivalence

Solution:
Set of all natural numbers aRb if a + b ≤ 6
R= {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 2),
(3, 3), (4, 1), (4, 2), (5, 1)}
(i) (5, 1) ∈ R but(5, 5) ∉ R
It is not reflexive

(ii) aRb ⇒ bRa ⇒ It is symmetric

(iii) (4, 2), (2, 3) ∈ R ⇒ (4, 3) ∉ R

∴ It is not transitive

(iv) ∴ It is not an equivalence relation

Question 8.
Let A = {a, b, c}. What is the equivalence relation of smallest cardinality on A?
What is the equivalence relation of largest cardinality on A?

Solution:
A = { a, b, c }
Let R1 = { (a, a),(b, b),(c, c) }
Clearly, R1 is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.
Thus R1 is the equivalence relation on A of smallest cardinality, n (R1) = 3
Let R2 = { (a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (a, b), (b, a), (b, c), (c, b), (c, a), (a, c)}

(i) Reflexive:
(a, a) , (b, b) , (c, c) ∈ R
∴ R2 is reflexive.

(ii) Symmetric:
(a , b) ∈ R2 we have (b, a) ∈ R2
(b , c) ∈ R2 we have (c, b) ∈ R2
(c , a) ∈ R2 we have (a, c) ∈ R2
∴ R2 is symmetric.

(iii) Transitive:
(a, b), (b, c) ∈ R2 ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R2
(b, c), (c, a) ∈ R2 ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R2
(c, a) , (a, b) ∈ R2 ⇒ (c, b) ∈ R2
∴ R2 is transitive and R2 is an equivalence relation of largest cardinality.
n (R2) = 9

Question 9.
In the set Z of integers, define mRn if m – n is divisible by 7. Prove that R is an
equivalence relation.

Solution:
mRn if m – n is divisible by 7
(a) mRm = m – m = 0
0 is divisible by 7
∴ It is reflexive

(b) mRn = {m – n) is divisible by 7

nRm = (n – m) = – {m – n) is also divisible by 7
It is symmetric
It is transitive
mRn if m – n is divisible by 7
∴ R is an equivalence relation.

Ex 1.3

Question 1.
Suppose that 120 students are studying in 4 sections of eleventh standard in a
school. Let A denote the set of students and B denote the set of the sections.
Define a relation from A to B as “x related toy if the student x belongs to the
section y”. Is this relation a function? What can you say about the inverse
relation? Explain your answer.

Solution:
(i) A = {set of students in 11th standard}
B = {set of sections in 11sup>th standard}
R : A ➝ B ⇒ x related to y
⇒ Every students in eleventh Standard must in one section of the eleventh
standard.
⇒ It is a function.
Inverse relation cannot be a function since every section of eleventh standard
cannot be related to one student in eleventh standard.

Question 2.
Write the values of f at – 4, 1, -2, 7, 0 if

Solution:
f(-4) = -(-4) + 4 = 8
f(1) = 1 – 12 = 0
f(-2) = (-2)2 – (-2) = 4 + 2 = 6
f(7) = 0
f(0) = 0
Question 3.
Write the values of f at -3, 5, 2, -1, 0 if

Solution:
f(-3) = (-3)2 – 3 – 5 = 9 – 8 = 1
f(5) = (5)2 + 3(5) – 2 = 25 + 15 – 2 = 38
f(2) = 4 – 3 = 1
f(-1) = (-1)2 + (-1) – 5 = 1 – 6 = -5
f(0) = 0 – 3 = -3

Question 4.
State whether the following relations are functions or not. If it is a function
check for one-to-oneness and ontoness. If it is not a function, state why?

(i) If A = {a, b, c] and/= {(a, c), (b, c), (c, b)};(f: A ➝ A).
(ii) If X = {x, y, z} and/= {(x, y), (x, z), (z, x)}; (f: X ➝ X).

Solution:
(i) f : A ➝ A

It is a function but it is not 1 – 1 and not onto function.

(ii) f : X ➝ X
x ∈ X (Domain) has two images in the co-domain x. It is not a function.

Question 5.
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {a, b, c, d}. Give a function from A ➝ B for each of
the following:
(i) neither one-to-one nor onto.
(ii) not one-to-one but onto.
(iii) one-to-one but not onto.
(iv) one-to-one and onto.

Solution:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {a, b, c, d}.

R = {(1, b) (2, b) (3, c) (4, d)} is not 1-1 and not onto

(iii) Not possible

(iv)

Question 6.

Solution:

Question 7.

Solution:

∴ No largest possible domain

The domain is null set
Question 8.

Solution:
The range of cos x is – 1 to 1

Question 9.
Show that the relation xy = -2 is a function for a suitable domain. Find the
domain and the range of the function.

Solution:
Question 10.
If f, g : R ➝ R are defined by f(x) = |x| + x and g(x) = |x| – x, find gof and fog.

Solution:

Question 11.
If f, g, h are real-valued functions defined on R, then prove that
(f + g)oh = foh + goh. What can you say about fo(g + h)? Justify your answer.

Solution:
Let f + g = k

= (f + g((h(x))
= f[h(x)] + g [h(x)]
= foh + goh
(i.e.,)(f + g)(o)h = foh + goh
fo(g + h) is also a function

Question 12.
If f: R ➝ R is defined by f(x) = 3x – 5, prove that f is a bijection and find its
inverse.

Solution:
P(x) = 3x – 5
Let y = 3x – 5 ⇒ 3x = y + 5
Question 13.
The weight of the muscles of a man is a function of his bodyweight x and can
be expressed as W(x) = 0.35x. Determine the domain of this function.

Solution:
Given W(x) = 0.35x
W(0) = W(1) = 0.35, W(2) = 0.7 ………….. W ( ∞ ) = ∞
Since x. denotes the bodyweight of a man, it will take only positive integers.
That is x > 0.
W(x) : (0, ∞) → (0, ∞)
Domain = (0, ∞) , Range = (0, ∞)

Question 14.
The distance of an object falling is a function of time t and can be expressed as
s(t) = -16t2. Graph the function and determine if it is one-to-one.

Solution:
s(t) = -16t2
Suppose S(t1) = S(t2)

since time cannot be negative, we to take t1 = t2

Hence it is one-one.

t 0 1 2 3

s 0 -16 -64 -144

Question 15.
The total cost of airfare on a given route is comprised of the base cost C and
the fuel surcharge S in rupee. Both C and S are functions of the mileage m;
C(m) = 0.4m + 50 and S(m) = 0.03m. Determine a function for the total cost
of a ticket in terms of the mileage and find the airfare for flying 1600 miles.

Solution:
Given the cost of airfare function and fuel surcharge functions are as follows.
C(m) = 0.4 m+ 50 ———- (1)
S (m) = 0.03 m ———- (2)
Total cost of a ticket = C(m) + S(m)
f(x) = 0.4 m + 50 + 0.03 m
f(x) = 0.43 m + 50
Given m = 1600 miles
The cost of Airfare for flying 1600 miles
f( 1600 ) = 0.43 × 1600 + 50
= 688 + 50
= 738
∴ Airfare for flying 1600 miles is Rs. 738.
Question 16.
A salesperson whose annual earnings can be represented by the function A(x)
= 30, 000 + 0.04x, where x is the rupee value of the merchandise he sells. His
son is also in sales and his earnings are represented by the function S(x) = 25,
000 + 0.05x. Find (A + S)(x) and determine the total family income if they
each sell Rupees 1,50,00,000 worth of merchandise.

Solution:
A(x) = 30, 000 + 0.04x, where x is merchandise rupee value
S(x) = 25000 + 0.05 x
(A + S) (x) = A(x) + S(x)
= 30000 + 0.04x + 25000 + 0.05 x
= 55000 + 0.09x
(A + S) (x) = 55000+ 0.09x
They each sell x = 1,50,00,000 worth of merchandise
(A + S) x = 55000 + 0.09 (1,50,00,000)
= 55000 + 13,50,000
∴ Total income of family = ₹ 14,05,000

Question 17.
The function for exchanging American dollars for Singapore Dollar on a given
day is f(x) = 1.23x, where x represents the number of American dollars. On
the same day, the function for exchanging Singapore Dollar to Indian Rupee is
g(y) = 50.50y, where y represents the number of Singapore dollars. Write a
function which will give the exchange rate of American dollars in terms of the
Indian rupee.

Solution:
f(x) = 1. 23x where x is number of American dollars.
g(y) = 50.50y where y is number of Singapore dollars.
gof(x) = g(f(x))
= g(1. 23x)
= 50.50 (1.23x)
= 62.115 x
Question 18.
The owner of a small restaurant can prepare a particular meal at a cost of
Rupees 100. He estimates that if the menu price of the meal is x rupees, then
the number of customers who will order that meal at that price in an evening
is given by the function D(x) = 200 – x. Express his day revenue, total cost and
profit on this meal as functions of x.

Solution:
Number of customers = 200 – x
Cost of one meal = Rs. 100
Cost of (200 – x) meals = (200 – x) × 100
Menu price of the meal = Rs. x
∴ Total menu price of (200 – x) meals = (200 – x) x
Profit = Menu price – Cost
= (200 – x) x – (200 – x) 100
Profit = (200 – x) (x – 100)

Question 19.
The formula for converting from Fahrenheit to Celsius temperatures is y =
5x/9 – 160/9

Find the inverse of this function and determine whether the inverse is also a
function.

Solution:

Question 20.
A simple cipher takes a number and codes it, using the function f(x) = 3x – 4.
Find the inverse of this function, determine whether the inverse is also a
function and verify the symmetrical property about the line y = x (by drawing
the lines).

Solution:

f(x) = 3x – 4
Let y = 3x – 4

Ex 1.4

Question 1.
For the curve y = x3 given in Figure, draw
(i) r = -x3
(ii) y = x3 + 1
(iii) y = x3 – 1
(iv) y = (x + 1)3 with the same scale.
Solution:
(i) It is the reflection on y axis
(ii) The graph of y = x3 + 1 is shifted upward to 1 unit.
(iii) The graph of y = x3 – 1 is shifted downward to 1 unit.
(iv) The graph of y = (x + 1)3 is shifted to the left for 1 unit.

Question 2.
Solution:
Question 3.
Graph the functions f(x) = x3 and g(x) = on the same coordinate plane.
Find fog and graph it on the plane as well. Explain your results.

Solution:
Question 4.
Write the steps to obtain the graph of the function y = 3(x – 1)2 + 5 from the
graph y = x2.

Solution:
Draw the graph of y = x2
To get y = (x – 1)2 we have to shift the curve 1 unit to the right.
Then we have to draw the curve y = 3(x – 1)2 and finally, we have to draw y =
3(x – 1)2 + 5

Question 5.
From the curve y = sin x, graph the functions
(i) y = sin(-x)
(ii) y = -sin(-x)

Solution:
First we have to draw the curve y = sin x

(i) y = sin (-x) = – sin x = f(x)

(ii) y = -sin(-x) = -[-sin x] = sin x

Question 6.
From the curve y = x, draw
(i) y = -x
(ii) y = 2x
(iii) y = x + 1
(iv) y = ½ x + 1
(v) 2x + y + 3 = 0. 2

Solution:
y=x
(i) y = -x

(ii) y = 2x
y = 2x the graph moves away from the x-axis, as multiplying factor is 2 which
is greater than one.

(iii) y = 2x + 1
(iv) y = 1/2x + 1
y = ½ x moves towards x – axis by a side factor 1/2 which is less than y = ½ x
+ 1 upwards by 1 unit.

(v) y = -2x – 3
Question 7.
From the curve y = |x|, draw
(i) y= |x – 1| + 1
(ii) y = |x + 1| – 1
(iii) y = |x + 2| – 3.

Solution:
Given, y = |x|
If y = x
If y = -x

(i) y = |x – 1| + 1
y=x–1+1
y = -x + 1 + 1 = x

(ii) y = |x + 1| – 1
y=x+1–1=x
y = -x -1 – 1
y = -x – 2
y = – (x + 2)
(iii) y = |x + 2| – 3
y=x+2–3⇒x–1
y = -x – 2 + 3 = 1 – x
y = -(x – 1)

Question 8.
From the curves = sin x, draw y = sin |x| (Hint: sin(-x) = -sin x.)

Solution:
y = sin |x|
∴ y = sin x
∴ y = sin (-x) = – sin x
y = – sin x
Ex 1.5

Choose the correct or the most suitable answer.

Question 1.
If A = {(x, y) : y = ex ; x ∈ R } and B = {(x, y) : y = e-x, x ∈ R } then n(A ∩ B)
(a) Infinity
(b) 0
(c) 1
(d) 2

Solution:
(c) 1
Hint.
A∩B = (0, 1)
n(A∩B) = 1

Question 2.
IfA {(x, y) : y = sin x, x ∈ R) and 8= (x, y) : y = cos x, x ∈ R) then A∩B contains
……..
(a) no element
(b) infinitely many elements
(c) only one element
(d) cannot be determined.
Solution:
(b) infinitely many elements

Question 3.
The relation R defined on a set A = {0, -1, 1, 2} by xRy if |x2 +y2| ≤ 2, then
which one of the following is true?
(a) R = {(0, 0), (0, -1), (0, 1), (-1, 0), (-1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 0)}
(b) R = {(0, 0), (0, -1), (0, 1), (-1, 0), (1, 0)
(c) Domain of R is {0, -1, 1, 2}

Solution:
(a) Range of R is {0, -1, 1}
Hint.

Given A = {0, -1, 1, 2 }

the relation R is given by x R y = |x2 + y2| ≤ 2
∴ x, y must be 0 or 1
∴ Range of R is {0, – 1 , 1 }

Question 4.

If f(x) = |x – 2| + |x + 2|, x ∈ R, then

Solution:

Hint.
f(x) = |x – 2| + |x + 2|

Question 5.
Let R be the set of all real numbers. Consider the following subsets of the
plane R x R: S = {(x, y): y = x + 1 and 0 < x < 2} and T = {(x, y) : x – y is an
integer} Then which of the following is true?

(a) T is an equivalence relation but S is not an equivalence relation.

(b) Neither S nor T is an equivalence relation
(c) Both S and T are equivalence relations
(d) S is an equivalence relation but T is not an equivalence relation.

Solution:

(a) T is an equivalence relation but S is not an equivalence relation.

Hint.

Given R is the set of all real numbers

S = { (x, y): y = x + 1 and 0 < x < 2}
T = { (x, y): x – y is an integer} are subsets of R × R
s = { (x, y): y = x + 1 and 0 < x < 2} for x ∈ R,
x = x + 1 is not possible. ∴ (x , x) ∉ S

Hence S does not satisfy the reflexive property

∴ S is not an equivalence relation
T = {(x, y): x – y is an integer}

Reflexive:
For x ∈ R, we have x – x = 0 is an integer.
∴ (x,x)∈T forall X∈ R
Hence T satisfies reflexive property

Symmetric:
Let (x, y) ∈ T, then x – y
⇒ – (x – y) is an integer
⇒ y – x is an integer
⇒ (y, x) ∈ T
∴ T satisfies the symmetric property

Transitive:
Let (x, y), (y, z) ∈ T then x – y and y – z are integers.
⇒ x – y + y – z is an integer
⇒ x – z is an integer
⇒ (x, z) ∈ T

∴ T satisfies the transitive property

we have proved T is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.
Thus T is an equivalence relation.

Question 6.
Let A and B be subsets of the universal set N, the set of natural numbers. Then
A’ ∪ [(A ∩ B) ∪ B’] is ………
(a) A
(b) A’
(c) B
(d) N

Solution:
(d) N
Hint.
Question 7.
The number of students who take both the subjects Mathematics and
Chemistry is 70. This represents 10% of the enrollment in Mathematics and
14% of the enrollment in Chemistry. How many students take at least one of
these two subjects?
(a) 1120
(b) 1130
(c) 1100
(d) insufficient data

Solution:

(b) 1130
Hint.
Let M denotes Mathematics students
C denotes Chemistry students
Given n(M ∩ C) = 70

10 % of the enrolement in Mathematics

Out of 100 enrolement 10 students take mathematics
∴ Number of Mathematics students n (M) = 100/10 × 70
n (M ) = 700

Number of Chemistry students n(C) = 100/14 × 70

n (C) = 500
∴ n(M ∪ C) = n(M) + n(C) – n(M ∩ C)
= 700 + 500 – 70
= 1200 – 70
= 1130

The number of students take atleast one of the subject mathematics or

Chemistry = 1130

Question 8.
If n[(A × B) ∩ (A × C)] = 8 and n(B ∩ C) = 2 , then n(A) is
(a) 6
(b) 4
(c) 8
(d) 16

Solution:
(b) 4

Question 9.
If n(A) = 2 and n(B ∪ C) = 3, then n[(A × B) ∪ (A × C)] is …….
(a) 23
(b) 32
(c) 6
(d) 5

Solution:
(c) 6
Hint.
Given n (A) = 2 and n(B ∪ C) = 3
n[(A × B) ∪ (A × C)] = n[A × ( B ∪ C ) ]
A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C)
= n(A) . n(B ∪ C)
=2×3=6

Question 10.
If two sets A and B have 17 elements in common, then the number of elements
common to the set A × B and B × A is
(a) 217
(b) 172
(c) 34
(d) insufficient data

Solution:
(b) 172
Hint.
n (A ∩ B) = 17
So n [(A × B) ∩ (B × A)]
= n(A ∩ B) × n(B ∩ A) = 17 × 17 = 172

Question 11.
For non-empty sets A and B, if A ⊂ B then (A × B) ∩ (B × A) is equal to ……….
(a) A ∩ B
(b) A × A
(c) B × B
(d) None of these

Solution:
(b) A × A
Hint.
Given A ⊂ B, take A = { 1, 2 } and B = { 1, 2 , 3 }
A × B = {1, 2} × {1, 2, 3}
A × B = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3)}
B × A = {1, 2, 3} × {1, 2}
B × A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 1), (3, 2)}
(A × B) ∩ (B × A) = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3)} ∩ {(1, 1), (1, 2),
(2, 1),
(2, 2), (3, 1), (3, 2)}
(A × B) ∩ (B × A) = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}
A × A = {1, 2} × {1, 2}
A × A = { (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2) }
(A × B) × (B × A) = A × A

Question 12.
The number of relations on a set containing 3 elements is
(a) 9
(b) 81
(c) 512
(d) 1024
Solution:
(c) 512
Hint.
Number of relations = 2n2 = 232 = 29 = 512

Question 13.
Let R be the universal relation on a set X with more than one element. Then R
is
(a) Not reflexive
(b) Not symmetric
(c) Transitive
(d) None of the above

Solution:
(c) Transitive

Question 14.
Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4} and R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 3), (2, 1), (3, 1),
(1,4), (4, 1)}. Then R is ……..
(a) Reflexive
(b) Symmetric
(c) Transitive
(d) Equivalence

Solution:
(b) Symmetric
Hint.
x = {1, 2, 3, 4}
R = { (1, 1) , (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 3), (2, 1), (3, 1), (1, 4), (4, 1)}

Question 15.
Solution:

Question 16.

Solution:

(c) [0, 1)

Question 17.
The rule f(x) = x2 is a bijection if the domain and the co-domain are given by
….
(a) R,R
(b) R, (0, ∞)
(c) (0, ∞), R
(d) [0, ∞), [0, ∞)

Solution:
(d) [0, ∞), [0, ∞)
Question 18.
The number of constant functions from a set containing m elements to a set
containing n elements is
(a) mn
(b) m
(c) n
(d) m + n

Solution: (c) n

Question 19.
The function f: [0, 2π] ➝ [-1, 1] defined by f(x) = sin x is
(a) One to one
(b) Onto
(c) Bijection
(d) Cannot be defined

Solution:
(b) Onto

So it is not one-to-one
So it is an onto function

Question 20.
If the function f : [-3, 3] ➝ S defined by f(x) = x2 is onto, then S is ………
(a)[-9, 9]
(b) R
(c) [-3, 3]
(d) [0, 9]

Solution:
(d) [0, 9]

Question 21.
Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4}, Y = {a, b, c, d) and f = {(1, a), (4, b), (2, c), (3, d) (2, d)}.
Then f is ………
(a) An one-to-one function
(b) An onto function
(c) A function which is not one-to-one
(d) Not a function

Solution:
(d) Not a function
Hint.

Since the element 2 has two images, it is not a function

Question 22.
Solution:
Question 23.
Let f : R ➝ R be defined by f(x) = 1 – |x|. Then the range of f is ………
(a) R
(b) (1, ∞)
(c) (-1, ∞)
(d) (-∞, 1]

Solution:
(d) (-∞, 1]
Hint.
f(x) = 1 – |x|
When x = 0, f(0) = 1 – 0 = 1
When x = – 2 , f(-2) = 1 – |- 2| = 1 – 2 = -1
When x = – 5 , f(-5) = 1 – |- 5| = 1 – 5 = -4
∴ Range of f is (- ∞, 1]

Question 24.
The function f : R ➝ R is defined by f(x) = sin x + cos x is ……
(a) An odd function
(b) Neither an odd function nor an even function
(c) An even function
(d) Both odd function and even function

Solution:
(b) Neither an odd function nor an even function

Question 25.

(a) An odd function

(b) Neither an odd function nor an even function
(c) An even function
(d) Both odd function arid even function

Solution:
(c) An even function
 Chapter – 2
Basic Algebra

Ex 2.1
Question 1.

Solution:

3.14 ∈ Q
0, 4 are integers and 0 ∈ Z, 4 ∈ N, Z, Q

Question 2.
Prove that √3 is an irrational number.
(Hint: Follow the method that we have used to prove √2 ∉ Q.

Solution:
Suppose that √3 is rational P
⇒ 3 is a factor of q also
so 3 is a factor of p and q which is a contradiction.
⇒ √3 is not a rational number
⇒ √3 is an irrational number
Question 3.
Are there two distinct irrational numbers such that their difference is a
rational number? Justify.

Solution:
Let the two irrational numbers be 2 + √5 and 4 + √5
Their difference = (2 + √5) – (4 + √5)
= 2 + √5 – 4 – √5
=2–4=–2
which is a rational number.
Question 4.
Find two irrational numbers such that their sum is a rational number. Can you
find two irrational numbers whose product is a rational number?

Solution:
Let the two irrational numbers be 3 + √5 and 7 – √5
Their sum = 3 + √5 + 7 – √5 = 3 + 7 = 10
which is a rational number
Consider the two irrational numbers 2 + √3, 2 – √3
Their product = (2 + √3) (2 – √3)
= 22 – (√3)2 = 4 – 3 = 1
which is a rational number.
Question 5.

Find a positive number smaller than Justify.

Solution:

There will not be a positive number smaller than 0.

So there will not be a +ve number smaller than

Ex 2.2
Question 1.
Solve for x.

(i) |3 – x| < 7

Solution:
–7<3–x<7
–7–3<–x<7–3
– 10 < – x < 4 10 > x > – 4
– 4 < x < 10
∴ The solution set is x ∈ (-4, 10)

(ii) |4x – 5| ≥ -2

Solution:
(iii)

Solution:

(iv) |x| – 10 < -3

Solution:

|x| < -3 + 10 (= 7)
|x| < 7 ⇒ -7 < x < 7
Question 2.

Solution:

Question 3.
Solve -3|x| + 5 ≤ – 2 and graph the solution set in a number line.

Solution:
-3 |x| + 5 ≤ – 2
-3 |x| ≤ – 2 – 5
-3 |x| ≤ – 7
3 |x| ≥ 7
|x| ≥ 7/3
Question 4.
Solve 2|x + 1| – 6 ≤ 7 and graph the solution set in a number line.

Solution:

Question 5.

Solution:
Question 6.
Solve |5x – 12| < -2

Solution:

Ex 2.3
Question 1.
Represent the following inequalities in the interval notation:

Solution:

⇒ x ∈ [-1, 4)
[] closed interval, end points are included
() ➝ open interval
end points are excluded

(ii) x ≤ 5 and x ≥ -3[i] x ≤ 5 and x ≥ -3

Solution:

x ∈ [-3, 5)
(iii) x < -1 or x < 3

Solution:

x ∈ (-∞, -1) or x ∈ (-∞, 3)

(iv) – 2x > 0 or 3x – 4 < 11

Solution:
-2x > 0 ⇒ 2x < 0 ⇒ x < 0
x ∈ (-∞, 0)
3x – 4 < 11
⇒ 3x – 4 + 4 < 11 + 4

Question 2.
Solve 23x < 100 when
(i) x is a natural number,
(ii) x is an integer.

Solution:

23x <100

(i.e.,) x > 4.3

(i) x = 1, 2, 3, 4 (x ∈ N)
(ii) x = …. -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 (x ∈ Z)
Question 3.
Solve -2x ≥ 9 when
(i) x is a real number,
(ii) x is an integer,
(iii) x is a natural number.

Solution:
-2x > 9 ⇒ 2x ≤ -9

(ii) x = …. -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

(iii) x = 1, 2, 3, 4

Question 4.

Solution:

(ii)

Solution:
Question 5.
To secure an A grade one must obtain an average of 90 marks or more in 5
subjects each of a maximum of 100 marks. If one scored 84, 87, 95, 91 in the
first four subjects, what is the minimum mark one scored in the fifth subject to
get an A grade in the course?

Solution:
Given, to secure A grade in 5 subjects required average mark of 90 or more.
The marks scored in the first four subjects are 84, 87, 95, 91
Let the marks scored in the fifth subject be.
Then by the given data, we have

Multiplying both sides by 5, we get

357 + x ≥ 450
x ≥ 450 – 357
x ≥ 93
∴ The person must obtain a minimum of 93 marks to get A grade in the course.

Question 6.
A manufacturer has 600 litres of a 12 percent solution of acid. How many
litres of a 30 percent acid solution must be added to it so that the acid content
in the resulting mixture will be more than 15 percent but less than 18
percent?
Solution:

x > 300
The solution is 120 ≤ x > 300
Question 7.
Find all pairs of consecutive odd natural numbers both of which are larger
than 10 and their sum is less than 40.

Solution:
Let the two numbers be x and x + 2
x + x + 2 < 40
⇒ 2x < 38

⇒ x< 19 and x > 10

so x = 11 ⇒ x + 2 = 13
x = 13 ⇒ x + 2 = 15
x = 15 ⇒ x + 2 = 17
When x = 17 ⇒ x + 2 = 19
So the possible pairs are (11, 13), (13, 15), (15, 17), (17, 19)

Question 8.
A model rocket is launched from the ground. The height h of the rocket after t
seconds from lift off is given by h(t) = -5t2 + 100t; 0 ≤ r ≤ 20. At what time
the rocket is 495 feet above the ground?

Solution:
Given h(t) = – 5t2 + 100t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 20.
Let the time be ‘t’ sec when the rocket is 495 feet above the ground.
∴ h (t) = 495 for time ‘t’ sec
-5t2 + 100t = 495
5t2 – 100t + 495 = 0
t2 – 20t + 99 = 0
t2 – 11t – 9t + 99 = 0
t(t – 11) – 9(t – 11) = 0
(t – 9 ) (t – 11 ) = 0
t – 9 = 0 or t – 11 = 0
t = 9 or t = 11
∴ At t = 11 or 9 seconds, the rocket is 495 feet above the ground.

Question 9.
A Plumber can be paid according to the following schemes: In the first scheme
he will be paid Rs. 500 plus Rs.70 per hour, and in the second scheme he will
be paid Rs. 120 per hour. If he works x hours, then for what value of x does the
first scheme give better wages?

Solution:
Let the number of hours to complete the job = x
Wages for the first scheme = Rs. 500 + Rs. 70 per hour = 500 + 70x
Wages for the second scheme = Rs. 120 per hour = 120x
Let us find the value of x for which the first scheme gives better wages.
500 + 70x > 120x
500 > 120x – 70x
500 > 50x
500/50 > x
x < 10
∴ The value of x so that the first scheme gives better wages is = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9

Question 10.
A and B are working on similar jobs but their annual salaries differ by more
than Rs 6000. If B earns Rs. 27000 per month, then what are the possibilities
of A’s salary per month?

Solution:
Let A’s salary be x, B’s salary is Rs. 27,000
Given their difference in salary is more than Rs. 6,000
Assume A’s salary is more than B’s salary.
∴ x – 27,000 > 6000
∴ x > 6000 + 27000
x > 33000

Assume B’s salary is more than A’s salary.

∴ 27,000 – x > 6000
∴ 27000 – 6000 > x
x < 21000

The possibilities of A’s salary are greater than Rs. 33,000 or less than Rs.
21,000.

Ex 2.4
Question 1.
Construct a quadratic equation with roots 7 and -3.

Solution:
Let the given roots be α = 7 and β = -3
Sum of the roots α + β = 7 + (-3)
α+β=7–3=4
Product of the roots αβ = (7)(-3)
αβ = -21
The required quadratic equation is
x2 – (sum of two roots) x + Product of the roots = 0
x2 – 4x – 21 = 0

Question 2.
A quadratic polynomial has one of its zeros 1 + √5 and it satisfies p(1) = 2.
Find the quadratic polynomial.

Solution:
Given α = 1 + √5 So, β = 1 – √5

The quadratic polynomial is

p(x) = x2 – (α + β)x + αβ
p(x) = k (x2 – 2x – 4)
p( 1) = k(1 – 2 – 4) = -5 k
Given p (1) = 2

Question 3.
If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + √2x + 3 = 0, form a
quadratic polynomial with zeroes 1/α, 1/β.

Solution:
α and β are the roots of the equation x2 + √2x + 3 = 0
Question 4.
If one root of k(x – 1)2 = 5x – 7 is double the other root, show that k = 2 or –
25.

Solution:
k(x – 1)2 = 5x – 7
(i.e.,) k(x2 – 2x + 1) – 5x + 7 = 0
x2 (k) + x(-2k – 5) + k + 1 = 0
kx2 – x(2k + 5) + (k + 7) = 0

Here it is given that one root is double the other.

So let the roots to α and 2α

2(4k2 + 25 + 20k) = 9k (k + 7)
2(4k2 + 25 + 20k) = 9k2 + 63k
8k2 + 50 + 40k – 9k2 – 63k = 0
-k2 – 23k + 50 = 0
k2 + 23k – 5o = 0
(k + 25)(k – 2) = 0
k = -25 or 2

Question 5.
If the difference of the roots of the equation 2x2 – (a + 1)x + a – 1 = 0 is equal
to their product then prove that a = 2.

Solution:

Question 6.
Find the condition that one of the roots of ax2 + bx + c may be
(i) negative of the other
(ii) thrice the other
(iii) reciprocal of the other.

Solution:
(i) Let the roots be α and -β
Sum of the roots = – b/a = 0 ⇒ b = 0
(ii) Let the roots be α, 3α

Question 7.
If the equations x2 – ax + b = 0 and x2 – ex + f = 0 have one root in common
and if the second equation has equal roots that ae = 2(b + f).

Solution:

Question 8.
Discuss the nature of roots of
(i) -x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
(ii) 4x2 – x – 2 = 0
(iii) 9x2 + 5x = 0
Solution:

(i) -x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
x2 – 3x – 1 = 0 ———- (1)
Compare this equation with the equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 ——– (2)
we have a = 1, b = -3, c = -1
Discriminant = b2 – 4ac
b2 – 4ac = (-3)2 – 4 × 1 × – 1
= 9 + 4 =13
b2 – 4ac = 13 > 0
∴ The two roots are real and distinct.

(ii) 4x2 – x – 2 = 0
4x2 – x – 2 = 0 ——(3)
Compare this equation with the equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 (4)
we have a = 4 , b = – 1, c = – 2
Discriminant = b2 – 4ac
b2 – 4ac = (-1)2 – 4 (4) (-2)
= 1 + 32
= 33
b2 – 4ac = 33 >0
∴ The two roots are real and distinct.

(iii) 9x2 + 5x = 0
9x2 + 5x = 0 ——- (5)
Compare this equation with the equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 ——– (6)
we have a = 9, b = 5 , c = 0
Discriminant = b2 – 4ac
b2 – 4ac = 52 – 4 × 9 × 0
b2 – 4ac = 25 > 0
∴ The two roots are real and distinct.

Question 9.
Without sketching the graphs find whether the graphs of the following
functions will intersect the x- axis and if so in how many points.
(i) y = x2 + x + 2
(ii) y = x2 – 3x – 1
(iii) y = x2 + 6x + 9

Solution:

Question 10.
Write f(x) = x2 + 5x + 4 in completed square form.

Solution:
Ex 2.5
Question 1.
Solve 2x2 + x – 15 ≤ 0.

Solution:
To find the solution of the inequality
ax2 + bx + c ≥ 0 or ax2 + bx +c ≤ 0 (for a > 0)
First we have to solve the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
Let the roots be a and P (where a < P)
So for the inequality ax2 + bx + c ≥ 0 the roots lie outside α and β
(i.e.,) x ≤ α and x ≥ β

So for the inequality ax2 + bx + c ≤ 0. The roots lie between α and β

(i.e.,) x > α and x < β (i.e.) a ≤ x ≤ β
Question 2.
Solve -x2 + 3x – 2 ≥ 0

Solution:
-x2 + 3x – 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ x2 – 3x + 2 ≤ 0
(x – 1) (x – 2) ≤ 0
[(x – 1) (x – 2) = 0
⇒ x = 1 or 2.
Here α = 1 and β = 2. Note that α < β]
So for the inequality (x – 1) (x – 2) ≤ 2
x lies between 1 and 2
(i.e.) x ≥ 1 and x ≤ 2 or x ∈ [1, 2] or 1 ≤ x ≤ 2

Ex 2.6

Question 1.
Find the zeros of the polynomial function f(x) = 4x2 – 25

Solution:

Question 2.
If x = -2 is one root of x3 – x2 – 17x = 22, then find the other roots of equation.

Solution:
x = – 2 is one root
So applying synthetic division
Question 3.
Find the real roots of x4 = 16

Solution:
The given equation is x4 = 16
⇒ x4 – 16 = 0
⇒ (x2)2 – 42 = 0
⇒ (x2 – 4) (x2 + 4) = 0
(x2 – 22) (x2 + 4) = 0
(x + 2)(x – 2)(x2 + 4) = 0
x + 2 = 0 or x – 2 = 0 or x2 + 4 = 0
x = -2 or x = 2
x2 + 4 = 0
⇒ x2 = – 4
⇒ x = ± √4
which is imaginary. Therefore, the real roots of the given equation are -2, 2.

Question 4.
Solve (2x + 1)2 – (3x + 2)2 = 0

Solution:
Ex 2.7

Question 1.
Factorize: x4 + 1. (Hint: Try completing the square.)

Solution:

Question 2.
If x2 + x + 1 is a factor of the polynomial 3x3 + 8x2 + 8x + a, then find the
value of a.

Solution:
Let 3x3 + 8x2 + 8x + a = (x2 + x + 1) (3x + a).
Equating coefficient of x
8=a+3
8–3=a
a=5
Ex 2.8

Question 1.
Find all values of x for which x3(x−1)(x−2) > 0

Solution:

Now we have to find the signs of

x3, x – 1 and x – 2 as follows
x3 = 0; x – 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1; x – 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 2
Plotting the points in a number line and finding intervals

So the solution set = (0, 1) ∪ (2, ∞)

Question 2.

Solution:
Plotting the points 3/2, 2 and 4 on the number line and taking the intervals.

Question 3.

Solution:
Ex 2.9

Question 1.

Solution:
Question 2.

Solution:
Question 3.

Solution:
Question 4.

Solution:
Question 5.

Solution:

Equating numerator on both sides we get

Question 6.

Solution:

Equating numerator on both sides

(x – 2)2 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + c)(x)
Put x = 0
1=A
Equating co-eff of x2
1=A+B
(i.e.,) 1 + B = 1 ⇒ B = 0
put x = 1
A(2) + B + C = 0 (i.e.,) 2A + B + C = 0
2 + 0 + C = 0 ⇒ C = -2

Question 7.

Solution:
Since numerator and denominator are of same degree
we have divide the numerator by the denominator
Substituting the value in ….(1)

Question 8.

Solution:
Numerator is of greater degree than the denominator
So dividing Numerator by the denominator

⇒ 21x + 31 = A(x + 3) + B(x + 2)

Put x = -3
-63 + 31 = B(-1)
B = 32
Put x = -2
-42 + 31 = A(1) + B(0)
A = -11

Question 9.

Solution:
Question 10.

Solution:

Equating Numerator on both sides we get

6x2 – x + 1 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + c)(x + 1)
6 + 1 + 1 = A(2) + 0 ⇒ 2A = 8 ⇒ A = 4

Equating co-eff of x2
6=A+B
(i.e.,) 4 + B = 6 ⇒ B = 6 – 4 = 2
put x = 0
1 = A+ C
4 + C = 1 ⇒ C = 1 – 4 = -3
Question 11.

Solution:
Since Numerator and are of same degree divide Numerator by the
denominator

equating Numerator on both sides we get

x – 5 = A(x + 3) + B(x – 1)
Put x = -3
-3 -5 = A(0) + B(-4)
-4B = -8 ⇒ B = 2
Put x = 1
1 – 5 = A(4) + B(0)
4A = -4 ⇒ A = -1
Question 12.

Solution:

Ex 2.10
Question 1.
x ≤ 3y, x ≥ y

Solution:
Given in equation are x ≤ 3y,x ≥ y
Suppose x = 3y ⇒ x3= = y
If x = y

Question 2.
y ≥ 2x, -2x + 3y ≤ 6

Solution:
Suppose y = 2x
-2x + 3y = 6
-2x = 6 – 3y
Question 3.
3x + 5y ≥ 45, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.

Solution:
If 3x + 5y = 45
x ≥ 0 is nothing but the positive portion of Y-axis and y ≥ 0 is the positive
portion of X-axis.
Shaded region is the required portions.

Question 4.
2x + 3y ≤ 35, y ≥ 2, x ≥ 5

Solution:
If 2x + 3y = 35 then

y = 2 is a line parallel to X-axis at a distance 2 units

x = 5 is a line parallel to Y-axis at a distance of 5 units
The required region is below 2x + 3y = 35, above y = 2 and to the right of x =
5

Question 5.
2x + 3y ≤ 6, x + 4y ≤ 4, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.

Solution:
If 2x + 3y = 6

x + 4y = 4
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 represents the area in the 1 quadrant.

The required region is below 2x + 3y = 6 and below x + 4y = 4 bounded by x-

axis and y-axis.

Question 6.
x – 2y ≥ 0, 2x – y ≤ -2, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0

Solution:
If x – 2y = 0
2x – y = -2

x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 represents the portion in the 1 quadrant only.

Question 7.
2x + y ≥ 8, x + 2y ≥ 8, x + y ≤ 6.

Solution:
2x + y = 8
x + 2y = 8

x+y=6
Ex 2.11
Question 1.

Solution:
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

Question 2.
Solution:

Question 3.

Solution:

Question 4.
Simplify and hence find the value of n : 32n92m-n/33n = 27

Solution:
Question 5.
Find the radius of the spherical tank whose volume is 32π/3 units.

Solution:

Question 6.

Solution:

Question 7.

Solution:
Question 8.

Solution:
Ex 2.12
Question 1.
Let b > 0 and b ≠ 1. Express y = bx in logarithmic form. Also, state the domain
and range of the logarithmic function.

Solution:
Given y = bx
By the definition of logarithm logb y = x
The domain of a logarithmic function is the set of positive real numbers and
the range is the set of real numbers.

Question 2.
Compute log927 – log279.

Solution:
Let log927 = x ⇒ 27 = 9x ⇒ 33 = (32)x = 32x
⇒ 2x = 3 ⇒ x = 3/2
Let log279 = x
Question 3.
Solve log8x + log4x + log2x = 11

Solution:

Question 4.

Solution:
Question 5.

Solution:

Question 6.

Solution:
Another method

Question 7.

Solution:

Question 8.
Solution:

Question 9.

Solution:

Question 10.

Solution:
Question 11.

Solution:

Question 12.
Solve log5 – x(x2 – 6x + 65) = 2

Solution:
Given log5 – x (x2 – 6x + 65) = 2
By the definition of logarithm
x2 – 6x + 65 = (5 – x)2
x2 – 6x + 65 = 25 – 10x + x2
10x – 6x + 65 – 25 = 0
4x + 40 = 0
4x = – 40
x = −40/4 = -10
x = -10

Ex 2.13
Question 1.
If |x + 2| ≤ 9, then x belongs to
(a) (-∞, -7)
(b) [-11, 7]
(c) (-∞, -7) ∪ [11, ∞)
(d)(-11, 7)

Solution:
(b) [-11, 7]
Hint:
Given |x + 2| ≤ 9
– 9 ≤ (x + 2) ≤ 9
–9–2≤x≤9–2
– 11 ≤ x ≤ 7
∴ x ∈ [-11, 7]

Question 2.
Given that x, y and b are real numbers x < y, b ≥ 0, then ……..
(a) xb < yb (b) xb > yb
(c) xb ≤ vb
(d) xlb ≥ ylb

Solution:
(a) xb < yb
Hint:

Question 3.

(a) [2, ∞]
(b) (2, ∞)
(c) (-∞, 2)
(d) (-2, ∞)

Solution:
(b) (2, ∞)
Hint:

Question 4.
The solution of 5x – 1 < 24 and 5x + 1 > -24 is …….
(a) (4, 5)
(b) (-5, -4)
(c) (-5, 5)
(d) (-5, 4)

Solution:
(c) (-5, 5)
Hint:
Question 5.
The solution set of the following inequality |x – 1| ≥ |x – 3| is …….
(a) [0, 2]
(b) (2, ∞)
(c) (0, 2)
(d) (-∞, 2)

Solution:
(b) (2, ∞)

Question 6.

(a) 16
(b) 18
(c) 9
(d) 12

Solution:
(b) 18
Hint:

Question 7.

(a) -2
(b) -8
(c) -4
(d) -9

Solution:
(c) -4
Hint:

Question 8.

(a) 0.5
(b) 2.5
(c) 1.5
(d) 1.25

Solution:
(a) 0.5
Hint:

Question 9.

(a) 2
(b) 1
(c) 3
(d) 4

Solution:
(b) 1
Hint:

Question 10.
If 3 is the logarithm of 343, then the base is ……
(a) 5
(b) 7
(c) 6
(d) 9

Solution:
(b) 7
Hint.
Given logx 343 = 3
343 = x3
7 × 7 × 7 = x3
73 = x 3
x=7
Base of the logarithm x = 7

Question 11.
Find a so that the sum and product of the roots of the equation 2x2 + (a – 3)x
+ 3a – 5 = 0 are equal is ……..
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 0
(d) 4

Solution:
(b) 2
Hint:

Question 12.
If a and b are the roots of the equation x2 – kx + 16 = 0 and satisfy a2 + b2 =
32, then the value of k is ……
(a) 10
(b) -8
(c) (-8, 8)
(d) 6

Solution:
(c) -8, 8
Hint:
Given a and b are the roots of x2 – kx + 16 = 0 satisfying a2 + b2 = 32

Question 13.
The number of solutions of x2 + |x – 1| = 1 is ………
(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) 2
(d) 3

Solution:
(c) 2

We have two solutions 0, 1

Question 14.
The equations whose roots are numerically equal but opposite in sign to the
roots of 3x2 – 5x – 7 = 0 is ……
(a) 3x2 – 5x – 7 = 0
(b) 3x2 + 5x – 7 = 0
(c) 3x2 – 5x + 7 = 0
(d) 3x2 + x – 7 = 0

Solution:
(b) 3x2 + 5x – 7 = 0
Hint:

Question 15.
If 8 and 2 are the roots of x2 + ax + c = 0 and 3, 3 are the roots of x2 + ax + b
= 0, then the roots of the equation x2 + ax + b = 0 are …….
(a) 1, 2
(b) -1, 1
(c) 9, 1
(d) -1, 2

Solution:
(c) 9, 1
Hint:
Sum = 8 + 2 = 10 = -a ⇒ a = -10
Product = 3 × 3 = 9 = b ⇒ b = 9
Now the equation x2 + ax + b = 0
⇒ x2 – 10x + 9 = 0
⇒ (x- 9) (x – 1) = 0
x = 1 or 9
Question 16.
If a and b are the real roots of the equation x2 – kx + c = 0, then the distance
between the points (a, 0) and (b, 0) is ……..

Solution:

Hint:
a + b = k, ab = c

Question 17.

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

Solution:
(c) 3

Question 18.

(a) -1/2
(b) -2/3
(c) 1/2
(d) 2/3
Solution:
(a) -1/2
Hint:

Question 19.
The number of real roots of (x + 3)4 + (x + 5)4 = 16 is ……
(a) 4
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 0

Solution:
(a) 4
Hint:
The given equation is (x + 3)4 + (x + 5)4 = 16
Since it is a fourth degree equation it has four roots.
∴ Number of roots = 4

Question 20.
The value of log3 11. log11 13. log13 15. log15 27. log27 81 is …….
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

Solution:
(d) 4
Hint.
log3 11. log11 13. log 13 15. log 15 27. log 27 81
= log3 13 . log 13 15 . log 15 27 . log 27 81
= log 3 15 . log 15 27 . log 27 81
= log 3 27 . log 27 81
= log 3 81
= log 334
= 4 log 33
=4×1
=4
 Chapter – 3
Recording of Transactions-I

Ex 3.1
Question 1.
Identify the quadrant in which an angle of each given measure lies
(i) 25°
(ii) 825°
(iii) -55°
(iv) 328°

Solution:
(i) 25° = I quadrant
(ii) 825° = 105° (90° + 15°) = II quadrant
(iii) -55° = IV quadrant
(iv) 328° = IV quadrant (270° + 58°)

(v) -230° = 360° – 230° = 130° = (90° + 40°) II quadrant

Question 2.
For each given angle, find a coterminal angle with measure of θ such that θ° <
θ < 360°
(i) 395°
(ii) 525°
(iii) 1150°
(iv) -270°
(v) -450°

Solution:
(i) 395° = 360° + 35°
∴ coterminal angle = 35°
(ii) 525° – 360°= 165°
coterminal angle = 165°

(iii) 1150° = 360 × 3 + 70° = 70°

coterminal angle = 70°

(iv) -270° = coterminal angle =+90° {270° + 90° = 360°}

(v) -450° = -360° – 90° = -90°

∴ coterminal angle = 360° – 90° = 270°

Question 3.

Solution:
a cos θ – b sin θ = c
⇒ (a cos θ – b sin θ)2 = c2
(i.e) a2 cos2 θ + b2 sin2 θ – 2ab sin θ cos θ = c2
(i.e) a2 (1 – sin2 θ) + b2 (1 – cos2 θ) – 2ab sin θ cos θ = c2
a2 – a2 sin2 θ + b2 – b2 cos2 θ – 2ab sin θ cos θ = c2
a2 + b2 – c2 = a2 sin2 θ + b2 cos2 θ + 2ab sin θ cos θ

Question 4.

Solution:
Question 5.

Solution:
Question 6.

Solution:
Question 7.

Solution:
Question 8.

Solution:
Question 9.
If sec θ + tan θ = p, obtain the values of sec θ, tan θ and sin θ in terms of p.

Solution:
Given, sec θ + tan θ = p
we know sec2 θ – tan2 θ = 1
(i.e) (sec θ + tan θ) (sec θ – tan θ) = 1

Question 10.
If cot θ (1 + sin θ) = 4m and cot θ (1 – sin θ) = 4n, then prove that (m2 –
n2)2 = mn.

Solution:
cot θ (1 + sin θ) = 4m
Question 11.
If cosec θ – sin θ = a3 and sec θ – cos θ = b3, then prove that a2b2 (a2 + b2) = 1.

Solution:
Question 12.
Eliminate θ from the equations a sec θ – c tan θ = b and b sec θ + d tan θ = c.

Solution:
Taking sec θ = X and tan θ = Y we get the equations as
Ex 3.2

Question 1.
Express each of the following angles in radian measure:
(i) 30°
(ii) 135°
(iii) -205°
(iv) 150°
(v) 330°
Solution:

Question 2.
Find the degree measure corresponding to the following radian measures

Solution:

Question 3.
What must be the radius of a circular running path, around which an athlete
must run 5 times in order to describe 1 km?

Solution:
Distance travelled in 5 rounds = 1 km = 1000 m
Distance travelled in 1 round = 1000/5 = 200 m
Let the radius of the circular path be r metre
So 2πr = 200

Question 4.
In a circle of diameter 40 cm, a chord is of length 20 cm. Find the length of the
minor arc of the chord.

Solution:
O = centre of the circle
PQ = diameter = 40 cm
∴ OQ = 20 cm
radius = 20 cm
⇒ OA = OB = 20 cm
chord AB = 20 cm
OC ⊥ r AB
∴ AC = CB = 10 cm
Now from the right angled triangle OCB
Question 5.
Find the degree measure of the angle subtended at the centre of circle of
radius 100 cm by an arc of length 22 cm.

Solution:
r = 100 cm; arc length = 22 cm

Question 6.
What is the length of the arc intercepted by a central angle of measure 41° in a
circle of radius 10 ft?

Solution:
θ = 41°, r = 10 ft

Question 7.
If in two circles, arcs of the same length subtend angles 60° and 75° at the
centre, find the ratio of their radii.

Solution:
Let the two radii be r1 and r2
The central angles arc 60° and 75°
The arc lengths be s1 and s2
So their radii are in the ratio 5 : 4.

Question 8.
The perimeter of a certain sector of a circle is equal to the length of the arc of a
semicircle having the same radius. Express the angle of the sector in degrees,
minutes and seconds.

Solution:
Let r be the radius and so perimeter of a sector = l + 2r
Length of arc of the semicircle = πr
we are given l + 2r = πr
(i.e) l = πr – 2r
Question 9.
An airplane propeller rotates 1000 times per minute. Find the number of
degrees that a point on the edge of the propeller will rotate in 1 second.

Solution:
Number of rotations in 1 min = 1000

The angle rotated in 1 rotation = 360°

Question 10.
A train is moving on a circular track of 1500 m radius at the rate of 66 km / hr.
What angle will it turn in 20 seconds?

Solution:
Speed of the train = 66 km/hr
Question 11.
A circular metallic plate of radius 8 cm and thickness 6 mm is melted and
molded into a pie (a sector of the circle with thickness) of radius 16 cm and
thickness 4 mm. Find the angle of the sector.

Solution:
Area of the circular plate melted
Ex 3.3
Question 1.
Find the values of
(i) sin(480°)
(ii) sin(-1110°)
(iii) cos(300°)
(iv) tan(1050°)
(v) cot(660°)
Question 2.
Question 3.
Find the values of the other five trigonometric functions for the following:

(i) cos θ = −1/2; θ lies in the III quadrant.

Solution:

Taking the Numerical values

(ii) cos θ = 2/3 ; θ lies in the I quadrant

Solution:

(iii) sin θ = –2/3 ; θ lies in the IV quadrant

Solution:

(iv) tan θ = -2; θ lies in the II quadrant

Solution:
(v) sec θ = 13/5 ; θ lies in the IV quadrant

Solution:

Question 4.

Solution:
cot(180° + θ) = cot θ
sin (90° – θ) = cos θ
cos(-θ) = cos θ
sin (270 + θ) = – cos θ
tan(-θ) = -tan θ
cosec (360° + θ) = cosec θ

Question 5.
Find all the angles between 0° and 360° which satisfy the equation sin2 θ
= 3/4

Solution:

Question 6.

Solution:
LHS = sin2 10° + sin2 20° + sin2 70° + sin2 80°
= sin2 10° + sin2 (90° – 10°) + sin2 20° + sin2(90° – 20°)
= sin2 10° + (cos 10°)2 + sin2 20° + (cos 20°)2
= (sin2 10+ cos2 10) + sin2 20° + cos2 20°
= 1 + 1 = 2 = RHS
Ex 3.4
Question 1.

Solution:
Question 2.

Solution:
Question 3.

Solution:

since x is in III quadrant

Both sin x and cos x are negative

Question 4.

Solution:
Question 5.

Solution:
Question 6.

Solution:

(ii) cos (π + θ) = – cos θ

cos (π + θ) = cos π cos θ – sin π sin θ
= (- 1) cos θ – (0) sin θ
cos (π + θ) = – cos θ
(iii) sin (π + θ) = – sin θ
sin (π + θ) = sin π cos θ + cos π sin θ
= (0) cos θ + (- 1) sin θ
sin (π + θ) = 0 – sin θ = – sin θ

Question 7.
Find a quadratic equation whose roots are sin 15° and cos 15°

Solution:
Question 8.
Expand cos(A + B + C). Hence prove that cos A cos B cos C = sin A sin B cos C
+ sin B sin C cos A + sin C sin A cos B, if A + B + C = π/2

Solution:
cos(A + B + C) = cos (A + (B + C))
= cos A cos (B + C) – sin A sin (B + C)
= cos A [ cos B cos C – sin B sin C] – sin A [sin B cos C + cos B sin C]
= cos A cos B cos C – cos A sin B sin C – sin A sin B cos C – sin A cos B sin C
Given A + B + C = π/2
∴ cos(π/2) = cos A cos B cos C – cos A sin B sin C – sin A sin B cos C – sin A cos
B sin C
0 = cos A cos B cos C – cos A sin B sin C – sin A sin B cos C – sin A cos B sin C
cos A cos B cos C = cos A sin B sin C + sin A sin B cos C + sin A cos B sin C

Question 9.
Prove that
(i) sin(45° + θ) – sin(45° – θ) = √2sin θ.
(ii) sin(30° + θ) + cos(60° + θ) = cos θ.

Solution:
Question 10.
If a cos(x + y) = b cos(x – y), show that (a + b) tan x = (a – b) cot y.

Solution:
a cos (x + y) = b cos (x – y)
a[cos x cos y – sin x sin y] = 6[cos x cos y + sin x sin y]
(i.e) a cos x cos y – a sin x sin y = b cos x cos y + b sin x sin y
a cos x cos y – b sin x sin y = a sin x sin y + b cos x cos y

⇒ a cot y – b tan x = a tan x + b cot y

a cot y – b cot y = a tan x + b tan x
⇒ (a + b) tan x = (a – b) cot y.

Question 11.
Prove that sin 105° + cos 105° = cos 45°.

Solution:
sin 105° = sin (60°+ 45°)
= sin 60° cos 45° + cos 60° cos 45°
= cos 45° = RHS

Question 12.
Prove that sin 75° – sin 15° = cos 105° + cos 15°.

Solution:
sin 75° – sin 15° = sin (45° + 30°) – sin (45° – 30°)
= (sin 45° cos 30° + cos 45° sin 30°) – (sin 45° cos 30° – cos 45° sin 30°)
= sin 45° cos30° + cos 45° sin 30° – sin 45° cos 30° + cos 45° sin 30°
= 2 cos 45° sin 30°

cos 105° + cos 15° = cos (90° + 15°) + cos 15°

= – sin 15° + cos 15°
= cos 15° – sin 15°
= cos(45° – 30°) – sin(45° – 30°)
= (cos 45° cos 30°+ sin 45° sin 30°) – (sin 45° cos 30° – cos 45° sin 30°)
Question 13.
Show that tan 75° + cot 75° = 4

Solution:

Question 14.
Prove that cos(A + B) cos C – cos(B + C) cos A = sin B sin(C – A).

Solution:
cos (A + B) cos C = (cos A cos B – sin A sin B) cos C
cos (A + B) cos C = cos A cos B cos C – sin A sin B cos C ——— (1)
cos (B + C) cos A = (cos B cos C – sin B sin C) cos A
cos (B + C) cos A = cos A cos B cos C – cos A sin B sin C ——— (2)
Equation (1) – (2) ⇒
Cos (A + B) cos C – cos (B + C) cos A = cos A cos B cos C – sin A sin B cos C –
cos A cos B cos C + cos A sin B sin C
= sin A sin B cos C + cos A sin B sin C
= sin B (cos C cos A + sin C sin A)
= sin B cos (C – A)

Question 15.
Prove that sin(n + 1) θ sin(n – 1) θ + cos(n + 1) θ cos(n – 1)θ = cos 2θ, n ∈ Z.

Solution:
cos (n + 1)θ cos(n – 1)θ + sin(n + 1)θ sin(n – 1)θ
= cos [(n + 1)θ – (n – 1)θ]
= cos [nθ + θ – nθ + θ]
= cos 2θ, n ∈ Z

Question 16.

Solution:
Question 17.
Prove that
(i) sin(A + B) sin(A – B) = sin2 A – sin2 B
(ii) cos(A + B) cos(A – B) = cos2 A – sin2 B = cos2 B – sin2 A
(iii) sin2(A + B) – sin2(A – B) = sin2A sin2B
(iv) cos 8θ cos 2θ = cos2 5θ – sin2 3θ

Solution:
(i) sin(A + B) sin(A – B)= (sin A cos B + cos A sin B) (sin A cos B – cos A sin
B)
= sin2A cos2B – cos2A sin2B = sin2A (1 – sin2B) – (1 – sin2A) sin2B
= sin2A – sin2A sin2B – sin2B + sin2A sin2 B
= sin2A – sin2 B

(ii) LHS = cos (A + B) cos (A – B) = (cos A cos B – sin A sin B) (cos A cos B +
sin (A sin B)
= cos2 A cos2 B – sin2 A sin2 B
= cos2 A (1 – sin2 B) – (1 – cos2 A) sin2 B
= cos2 A – cos2 A sin2 B – sin2 B + cos2 A sin2 B
= cos2 A – sin2 B = RHS
Now cos2 A – sin2 B = (1 – sin2 A) – (1 – cos2 B)
= 1 – sin2 A – 1 + cos2 B
= cos2 B – sin2 A

(iii) sin2(A + B) – sin2(A – B) = (sin(A + B) + sin(A – B)) (sin(A + B) – sin(A

– B))
= [sin A cos B + cos A sin B + sin A cos B – cos A sin B] × [(sin A cos B + cos A
sin B) – (sin A cos B – cos A sin B)]
= (2 sin A cos B) × [sin A cos B + cos A sin B – sin A cos B + cos A sin B]
= (2 sin A cos B) (2 cos A sin B)
= (2 sin A cos A)(2 sin B cos B)
= sin2A . sin2B
(iv) LHS = cos 8θ cos 2θ
= cos (5θ + 3θ) cos (5θ – 3θ) .

We know cos (A + B) cos (A – B) = cos2 A – sin2 B

∴ cos (5θ + 3θ) cos (5θ – 3θ) = cos2 5θ – sin2 3θ = RHS

Question 18.
Show that cos2 A + cos2 B – 2 cos A cos B cos(A + B) = sin2(A + B).

Solution:
sin2(A + B) = [sin(A + B)]2
= (sin A cos B + cos A sin B )2
= sin2 A cos2 B + cos2 A sin2 B + 2 sin A cos B cos A sin B
= (1 – cos2A) cos2B + cos2 A ( 1 – cos2B) + 2 sin A sin B cos A cos B
= cos2 B – cos2A cos2B + cos2A – cos2A cos2 B + 2 sin A sin B cos A cos B
= cos2 A + cos2 B – 2cos2 A cos2 B + 2 sin A sin B cos A cos B
= cos2 A + cos2 B – 2 cos A cos B (cos A cos B – sin A sin B)
sin2 (A + B) = cos2 A + cos2 B – 2 cos A cos B cos(A + B)

Question 19.
If cos(α – β) + cos(β – γ) + cos(γ – α) = −3/2, then prove that cos α + cos β +
cos γ = sin α + sin β + sin γ

Solution:

2 cos (α – β) + 2cos (β – γ) + 2cos (γ – α) = -3

2cos(α – β) + 2cos(β – γ) + 2cos (γ – α) + 3 = 0
[2 cos α cos β + 2 sin α sin β] + [2 cos β cos γ + 2 sin β sin γ] + [2 cos γ cos α
+ sin γ sin α] + 3 = 0
= [2 cos α cos β + 2 cos β cos γ + 2 cos γ cos α] + [2 sin α sin β + 2 sin β sin γ
+ 2 sin γ sin α] + (sin2 α + cos2 α) + (sin2 β + cos2 β) + (sin2 γ + cos2 γ) = 0
⇒ (cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ + 2 cos α cos β + 2 cos β cos γ + 2 cos γ cos α) +
(sin2 α + sin2 β) + (sin2 γ + 2 sin α sin β + 2 sin β sin γ + 2 sin γ sin α) = 0
(cos α + cos β + cos γ)2 + (sin α + sin β + sin γ)2 = 0
=(cos α + cos β + cos γ) = 0 and sin α + sin β + sin γ = 0
Hence proved
Question 20.

Solution:

Question 21.

Solution:
Question 22.

Solution:

Question 23.

Solution:
Question 24.

Solution:
Question 25.

Solution:

Ex 3.5
Question 1.
Find the value of cos 2A, A lies in the first quadrant, when

Solution:
Question 2.
If θ is an acute angle, then find

Solution:
Question 3.

Solution:

Question 4.
Prove that cos 5 θ = 16 cos5 θ – 20 cos3 θ + 5 cos θ.

Solution:
cos 5 θ = cos(2θ + 3θ) = cos 2θ cos 3θ – sin 2θ sin 3θ
= (2 cos2 θ – 1) (4 cos3 θ – 3 cos θ) – 2 sin θ cos θ (3 sin θ – 4 sin3 θ)
= 8cos5 θ – 6 cos3 θ – 4 cos3 θ + 3 cos θ – 6 sin2 θ cos θ + 8 cos θ sin4 θ
= 8 cos5 θ – 6 cos3 θ – 4 cos3 θ + 3 cos θ – 6(1 – cos2 θ) cos θ + 8 cos θ (1 –
cos2 θ)2
= 8 cos5 θ – 6 cos3 θ – 4 cos3 θ + 3 cos θ – 6 cos θ + 6 cos3 θ + 8 cos 0(1+
cos4 θ – 2 cos2 θ)
= 8 cos5 θ – 6 cos3 θ – 4 cos3 θ + 3 cos θ – 6 cos θ + 6 cos3 θ + 8 cos θ + 8
cos5 θ – 16 cos3 θ
= 16 cos5 θ – 20 cos3 θ + 5 cos θ = RHS

Question 5.

Solution:

Question 6.
If A + B = 45°, show that (1 + tanA) (1 + tanB) = 2.

Solution:

Now LHS = (1 + tan A) (1 + tan B)

= tan A + tan B + tan A tan B + 1
= (1 – tan A tan B) + (tan A tan B + 1) from (1)
= 2 = RHS
Question 7.
Prove that (1 + tan 1°)(1 + tan 2°)(1 + tan 3°)… (1 + tan 44°) is a multiple of
4.

Solution:
Let T = (1 + tan 1°) ( 1 + tan 2°) (1 + tan 3°) ………. (1 + tan44°)
T = (1 + tan 1°) (1 + tan 44°) (1 + tan 2°) (1 + tan 43°) (1 + tan 3°) (1 + tan
42°) ………. (1 + tan 22°) (1 + tan 23°)
[If A + B = 45°, then (1 + tan A) (1 + tan B) = 2]
= 2 × 2 × 2 × …………………. 22 times
T = 222 = (22)11 = 411 which is a multiple of 4.
Therefore, (1 + tan 1°) (1 + tan 2°) (1 + tan 3°) ………….. (1 + tan 44°) is a
multiple of 4

Question 8.

Solution:
Question 9.

Solution:
Question 10.
Prove that (1 + sec 2θ)(1 + sec 4θ)….. (1 + sec 2nθ) = tan 2nθ

Solution:

Question 11.

Solution:
Ex 3.6

Question 1.
Express each of the following as a sum or difference
(i) sin 35° cos 28°
(ii) sin 4x cos 2x
(iii) 2 sin 10θ cos 2θ
(iv) cos 5θ cos 2θ
(v) sin 5θ sin 4θ.

Solution:
Question 2.
Express each of the following as a product
(i) sin 75° – sin 35°
(ii) cos 65° + cos 15°
(iii) sin 50° + sin 40°
(iv) cos 35° – cos 75°.
Solution:

Question 3.

Solution:
Question 4.

Solution:
Question 5.

Solution:
Question 6.

Solution:

Question 7.
Prove that sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x = sin 2x (1 + 2 cos x).

Solution:

Question 8.
Solution:

Question 9.
Prove that 1 + cos 2x + cos 4x + cos 6x = 4 cos x cos 2x cos 3x.

Solution:

LHS = 1 + cos 2x + cos 4x + cos 6x

= (1 + cos 6x) + (cos 2x + cos 4x)
= 2cos2 3x + 2cos 3x cos x
= 2 cos 3x (cos 3x + cos x)

Question 10.

Solution:
Question 11.

Solution:
Question 12.

Solution:
Question 13.

Solution:

Question 14.
Solution:

Ex 3.7
Question 1.
If A + B + C = 180°, prove that
(i) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C

(iii) sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C

(iv) sin2 A + sin2 B – sin2 C = 2 sin A sin B cos C

(vi) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos A2 cos B2 cos c2

(vii) sin(B + C – A) + sin(C + A – B) + sin(A + B – C) = 4 sin A sin B sin C.

Solution:
(i) LHS = (sin 2A + sin 2B) + sin 2C
= 2 sin (A + B) cos (A – B) + 2 sin C cos C
[sin (A + B) = sin (180° – C) = sin C]
= 2 sin C cos (A – B) + 2 sin C cos C
= 2 sin C [ cos (A – B) + cos C]
{cos C = cos [180° – (A + B)] = – cos (A + B)}
= 2 sin C [cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)]

(ii)

(iii)
[cos (180° – C) – cos C – cos C]
= 2 + cos C [cos (A – B) + cos (A + B)]
= 2+ cos C[2 cos A cos B]
= 2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C = RHS

(iv)
(v)

(vi)

(vii) Now A + B + C = 180°

So B + C = 180° – A
sin (B + C – A) = sin (180° – A – A)
= sin(180° – 2A) = sin 2A
Now LHS = sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
= 4 sin A sin B sin C (from (i) ans) = RHS

Question 2.
If A + B + C = 2s, then prove that sin(s – A) sin(s – B) + sin s sin(s – C) = sin
A sin B.

Solution:

Question 3.

Solution:
⇒ A+B+C = 180°
⇒ A + B = 180° – C
multiply 2 on both sides
⇒ 2A + 2B = 360° – 2C
⇒ 2(A + B) = 360° – 2C
⇒ tan(2A + 2B) = tan(360° – 2C) = -tan 2C

⇒ tan 2A + tan 2B = -tan2C[1 – tan 2A tan 2B]

⇒ tan 2A + tan 2B = -tan 2C + tan 2A tan 2B tan 2C
⇒ tan 2A + tan 2B + tan 2C = tan 2A tan 2B tan 2C

Question 4.
If A + B + C = π/2, prove the following
(i) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 cos A cos B cos C
(ii) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = 1 + 4 sin A sin B sin C.

Solution:
(i) LHS = (sin 2A + sin 2B) + sin 2C
= 2 sin (A + B) cos (A – B) + 2 sin C cos C = 2 sin (90° – C) cos (A – B) + 2 sin
C cos C
= 2 cos C [cos (A – B) + sin C] + cos (A + B) ( ∴ A + B = π/2 – C)
= 2 cos C [cos (A – B) + cos (A + B)]
= 2 cos C [2 cos A cos B]
= 4 cos A cos B cos C = RHS
(ii) LHS = (cos 2A + cos 2B) + cos 2C
= 2 cos (A + B) cos (A – B) + 1 – 2 sin2 C
= 1 + 2 sin C (cos (A – B) – 2 sin2 C)
{∴ cos (A + B) = cos (90° – C) = sin C}
= 1 + 2 sin C [cos (A- B) – sin C]
= 1 + 2 sin C [cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)]
= 1 + 2 sin C [2 sin A sin B]
= 1 + 4 sin A sin B sin C
= RHS

Question 5.
If ∆ABC is a right triangle and if ∠A = π/2, then prove that
(i) cos2 B + cos2 C = 1
(ii) sin2 B + sin2 C = 1

Solution:
Ex 3.8
Question 1.
Find the principal solution and general solutions of the following:

Solution:

Question 2.
Solve the following equations for which solutions lies in the interval 0° < θ <
360°
(i) sin4 = sin2x
(ii) 2 cos2 x + 1 = – 3cos x
(iii) 2 sin2 x + 1 = 3 sin x
(iv) cos 2x = 1 – 3 sin x – 3 sin x

Solution:
Question 3.
Solve the following equations:
(i) sin 5x – sin x = cos 3x
(ii) 2 cos2 θ + 3 sin θ – 3 = 0
(iii) cos θ + cos 3θ = 2 cos 2θ
(iv) sin θ + sin 3θ + sin 5θ = 0
(v) sin 2θ – cos 2θ – sin θ + cos θ = 0
(vi) sin θ + cos θ = 3–√
(vii) sin θ + 3–√ cos θ = 1
(viii) cot θ + cosec θ = 3–√

Solution:
Ex 3.9
Question 1.

Solution:
Question 2.
The angles of a triangle ABC, are in Arithmetic Progression and if b : c = √3 :
√2, find ∠A.

Solution:
Question 3.

Solution:

⇒ a2 + b2 – c2 = a2 ⇒ b2 – c2 = a2 – a2
⇒ b2 – c 2 = 0 ⇒ b = c
∴ ∆ ABC is isosceles

Question 4.

Solution:
Question 5.
In an ∆ABC, prove that a cos A + b cos B + c cos C = 2a sin B sin C.

Solution:
We have A + B + C = 180°
2A + 2B + 2C = 360°

a cos A + b cos B + c cos C = 2R sin A cos A + 2R sin B cos B + 2R sin C cos C

= R sin 2A + R sin 2B + R sin 2C
= R (sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C)
= R[sin (360° – (2B + 2C)) + sin 2B + sin 2C]
= R [- sin(2B + 2C) + sin 2B + sin 2C]
= R [- (sin 2B cos 2C + cos 2B sin 2C) + sin 2B + sin 2C]
= R [- sin 2B cos 2C – cos 2B sin 2C + sin 2B + sin 2C]
= R[sin 2B(1 – cos 2C) + sin 2C(1 – cos 2B)]
= R [sin 2B 2 sin2C + sin 2C . 2 sin2B]
= 2R [2 sin B cos B sin 2C + 2 sin C cos C sin 2B]
= 2R. 2 sin B sin C [sin C cos B + cos C sin B]
= 4R sinB sinC [sin (B + C)]
= 4R sinB sinC [sin (180° – A)]
= 4R sin B sin C sin A
= 2 (2R sin A) sin B sin C
= 2a sin B sin C

Question 6.

Solution:
Question 7.
In an ∆ABC, prove the following.

Solution:
Question 8.
In a ∆ABC, prove that (a2 – b2 + c2) tan B = (a2 + b2 – c2)tan C

Solution:
Question 9.
An Engineer has to develop a triangular-shaped park with a perimeter of 120
m in a village. The park to be developed must be of maximum area. Find out
the dimensions of the park.

Solution:
Given, the perimeter of a triangular-shaped park = 120 m
All sides of a triangular part would be 40 m.
i.e., a = 40 m,
b = 40 m,
c = 40 m.

Question 10.
A rope of length 12 m is given. Find the largest area of the triangle formed by
this rope and find the dimensions of the triangle so formed.
Solution:
The largest triangle will be an equilateral triangle

Question 11.
Derive Projection formula from
(i) Law of sines,
(ii) Law of cosines.

Solution:
(i) To Prove a = b cos c + c cos B
Using sine formula
RHS = b cos C + c cos B
= 2R sin B cos C + 2R sin C cos B
= 2R [sin B cos C + cos B sin C]
= 2R sin (B + C) = 2R [sin π – A)
= 2R sin A = a = LHS

(ii) To prove a = b cos c + c cos B

Using cosine formula

Ex 3.10
Question 1.
Determine whether the following measurements produce one triangle, two
triangles or no triangle:
∠B = 88°, a = 23, b = 2. Solve if solution exists.

Solution:
We are given a = 23,
b = 2, and
∠B = 88°.
So we can
Question 2.
If the sides of a ∆ABC are a = 4, b = 6 and c = 8, then show that 4 cos B + 3 cos
C = 2.

Solution:
a = 4,
b = 6,
c=8
To prove 4 cos B + 3 cos C = 2

Question 3.
In a ∆ABC, if a = √3 – 1, b = √3 + 1 and C = 60°, find the other side and other
two angles.
Solution:

Question 4.

Solution:
Question 5.
In a ∆ABC, if a = 12 cm, b = 8 cm and C = 30°, then show that its area is 24
[Link].

Solution:
a = 12 cm,
b = 8 cm,
C = 30°

Question 6.
In a ∆ABC, if a = 18 cm, b = 24 cm and c = 30 cm, then show that its area is
216 [Link].

Solution:
a = 18 cm,
b = 24 cm,
c = 30 cm
The sides form a right-angled triangle
Question 7.
Two soldiers A and B in two different underground bunkers on a straight
road, spot an intruder at the top of a hill. The angle of elevation of the intruder
from A and B to the ground level in the eastern direction are 30° and 45°
respectively. If A and B stand 5 km apart, find the distance of the intruder
from B.

Solution:
By using sine formula
Question 8.
A researcher wants to determine the width of a pond from east to west, which
cannot be done by actual measurement. From a point P, he finds the distance
to the eastern-most point of the pond to be 8 km, while the distance to the
western most point from P to be 6 km. If the angle between the two lines of
sight is 60°, find the width of the pond.

Solution:
p2 = W2 + E2 – 2WE cos P
P2 = 64 + 36 – 2 × 8 × 6 × Cos 60°

Question 9.
Two Navy helicopters A and B are flying over the Bay of Bengal at same
altitude from the sea level to search a missing boat. Pilots of both the
helicopters sight the boat at the same time while they are apart 10 km from
each other. If the distance of the boat from A is 6 km and if the line segment
AB subtends 60° at the boat, find the distance of the boat from B.

Solution:
Question 10.
A straight tunnel is to be made through a mountain. A surveyor observes the
two extremities A and B of the tunnel to be built from a point P in front of the
mountain. If AP = 3 km, BP = 5 km and ∠APB = 120°, then find the length of
the tunnel to be built.

Solution:

A, B are the two extremities of the tunnel.

P – Point of observation.
PA , PB are the directions of the points A, B as observed from the point P
AP = 3 km, BP = 5 km, ∠ APB = 120°
Using cosine formula in ∆ APB
AB2 = AP2 + BP2 – 2AP. BP. cos(120°)
AB2 = 32 + 52 – 2 × 3 × 5 cos (180° – 60°)
= 9 + 25 – 30 (- cos 60°)
= 34 + 30 × 1/2
= 34 + 15 = 49
AB = √49 = 7
∴ The length of the tunnel AB = 7 k.m.

Question 11.
A farmer wants to purchase a triangular-shaped land with sides 120 feet and
60 feet and the angle included between these two sides is 60°. If the land costs
₹ 500 per sq. ft, find the amount he needed to purchase the land. Also, find the
perimeter of the land.

Solution:

Question 12.
A fighter jet has to hit a small target by flying a horizontal distance. When the
target is sighted, the pilot measures the angle of depression to be 30°. If after
100 km, the target has an angle of depression of 60°, how far is the target from
the fighter jet at that instant?

Solution:
Question 13.
A plane is 1 km from one landmark and 2 km from another. From the plane’s
point of view, the land between them subtends an angle of 60°. How far apart
are the landmarks?

Solution:

Question 14.
A man starts his morning walk at a point A reaches two points B and C and
finally back to A such that ∠A= 60° and ∠B = 45°, AC = 4 km in the ∆ABC.
Find the total distance he covered during his morning walk.

Solution:

Question 15.
Two vehicles leave the same place P at the same time moving along two
different roads. One vehicle moves at an average speed of 60 km/hr and the
other vehicle moves at an average speed of 80 km/hr. After half an hour the
vehicle reaches destinations A and B. If AB subtends 60° at the initial point P,
then find AB.

Solution:

= 900+ 1600 – 1200 = 1300

Question 16.
Suppose that a satellite in space, an earth station, and the centre of earth all lie
in the same plane. Let r be the radius of earth and R be the distance from the
centre of the earth to the satellite. Let d be the distance from the earth station
to the satellite. Let 30° be the angle of elevation from the earth station to the
satellite. If the line segment connecting earth station and satellite subtends
angle α at the centre of the earth, then prove that
Solution:

Ex 3.11
Question 1.

Solution:
Question 2.
A man standing directly opposite to one side of a road of width x meter views
a circular shaped traffic green signal of diameter a meter on the other side of
the road. The bottom of the green signal is b meter height from the horizontal
level of viewer’s eye. If a denotes the angle subtended by the diameter of the
green signal at the viewer’s eye, then prove that

Solution:
Ex 3.12
Question 1.

(a) 2–√
(b) 3–√
(c) 2
(d) 4

Solution:
(d) 4
Hint:
Question 2.
If cos 28° + sin 28° = k3, then cos 17° is equal to …….

Solution:

Question 3.

(a) 4 + √2
(b) 3 + √2
(c) 9
(d) 4

Solution:
(a) 4 + √2
Hint:

Question 4.

Solution:
(a) 1/8
Hint:

Question 5.
Solution:
(c) 2 cos θ
Hint:

Here θ is in II Quadrant

Question 6.

Solution:

Hint:

Question 7.
cos 1° + cos 2° + cos 3° + …. + cos 179° = …….
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) -1
(d) 89

Solution:
(a) 0
Hint:
LHS = (cos 10 + cos 179°)+(cos 2° ÷ cos 178°)+ ….. +cos(89° + cos
91°)+cos 90°
cos 179° = cos (180° – 1) = – cos 1°
cos 178° = cos(180° – 2)= – cos 2°
So (cos 1°- cos 1°)+(cos 2° – cos 2°) + (cos 89° – cos 89°) + cos 90°
= 0 + 0 …. + 0 + 0 = 0.

Question 8.

Solution:
(b) 1/12
Hint:
Question 9.
Which of the following is not true?

Solution:
(d) sec θ = 1/4
Hint:
sec θ = 1/4 ⇒ cos θ = 4, which is not true.

Question 10.
cos 2θ cos 2ϕ+ sin2 (θ – ϕ) – sin2 (θ + ϕ) is equal to …….
(a) sin 2(θ + ϕ)
(b) cos 2(θ + ϕ)
(c) sin 2(θ – ϕ)
(d) cos 2(θ – ϕ)

Solution:
(b) cos 2(θ + ϕ)
Hint.
Given cos 2θ. cos 2ϕ + sin2 (θ – ϕ) – sin2 (θ + ϕ)
= cos 2θ cos 2ϕ + sin (θ – ϕ + θ + ϕ) sin (θ – ϕ – θ – ϕ)
= cos 2θ cos 2ϕ + sin 2θ sin(-2ϕ)
= cos 2θ cos 2ϕ – sin 2θ sin(2ϕ)
= cos (2θ + 2ϕ) = cos 2(θ + ϕ)

Question 11.

(a) sin A + sin B + sin C

(b) 1
(c) 0
(d) cos A + cos B + cos C

Solution:
(c) 0
Hint:

= tan A – tan B

Question 12.
cos pθ + cos qθ = 0 and if p ≠ q, then 0 is equal to (n is any integer) …….

Solution:

Hint:
cos pθ + cos qθ = 0
Question 13.

If tan α and tan β are the roots x2 + ax + b = 0, then is equal to …….

Solution:
(b) a/b

Hint:
tan2 x + a tan x + b = 0
α and β are the roots of the equation
⇒ tan2 α + a tan α + b = 0 ….. (1)
tan2 β + a tan β + b = 0 …… (2)
(1) – (2) => tan2 α – tan2 β + a (tan α – tan β) = 0
(tan α – tan β) (tan α + tan β) + a (tan α – tan β) = 0
⇒ tan α + tan β = – a …. (A)
(1) × tan β – (2) × tan α
Question 14.
In a triangle ABC, sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 2, then the triangle is …….
(a) equilateral triangle
(b) isosceles triangle
(c) right triangle
(d) scalene triangle

Solution:
(c) right triangle
Hint.
Given sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 2
Suppose the given triangle is a right angle triangle with ∠C = 90°, then

sin2 C = sin 2 90° = 1 …….. (1)

∴ sin2 A + sin2 B + 1 = 2
sin2 A + sin2B = 1
Also A + B = 90° ⇒ A = 90° – B

sin A = sin (90° – B) = cos B ——- (2)

sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 2
Using equations (1) and (2)
⇒ cos2 B + sin2 B + sin2 90° = 2
1+1=2
2=2
∴ sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 2 is true.
∴ ∆ ABC is a right-angle triangle.

Question 15.
If f(θ) = |sin θ| + |cos θ|, θ ∈ R, then f(θ) is in the interval …….
(a) [0, 2]
(b) [1, √2]
(c) [1, 2]
(d) [0, 1]

Solution:
(b) [1, √2]
Hint:

Question 16.

Solution:
Nr: cos 6x + cos 4x + 5 cos 4x + 5 cos 2x + 10 cos 2x + 10
= 2 cos 5x cos x+5(2 cos 3x cos x)+10(2 cos2x)
= 2 cos x [cos 5x + 5 cos 3x + 10 cos x]

Question 17.
The triangle of maximum area with constant perimeter 12m
(a) is an equilateral triangle with side of 4m
(b) is an isosceles triangle with sides 2m, 5m, 5m
(c) is a triangle with sides 3m, 4m, 5m
(d) does not exist

Solution:
(a) is an equilateral triangle with side of 4m
Hint.
Given the perimeter of the triangle is 12m
2s = 12 ⇒ s = 6
Maximum area is obtained when it is an equilateral triangle with a side of 4m
each.

Question 18.
A wheel is spinning at 2 radians/second. How many seconds will it take to
make 10 complete rotations?
(a) 10π seconds
(b) 20π seconds
(c) 5π seconds
(d) 15π seconds

Solution:
(a) 10π seconds
Hint.
In 1 second, it rotates = 2 radians
For 2 radians rotation time taken = 1 second
∴ For 1 complete rotation (2 π radians) time taken
= 1/2 × 2π = π seconds.
∴ For 10 revolution time taken = π × 10
= 10 π seconds.

Question 19.
If sin α + cos α = b, then sin 2α is equal to ……..

Solution:
(b) b2 – 1, if b > √2
Hint:
sin α + cos β = b
(sin α + cos β)2 = b2
sin2 α + cos2 α + 2 sin α cos α = b2
sin2 α = b2 – 1
Question 20.

(a) Both (i) and (ii) are true

(b) Only (i) is true
(c) Only (ii) is true
(d) Neither (i) nor (ii) is true

Solution:
(a) Both (i) and (ii) are true
Hint.
We know in a ∆ ABC
 Chapter – 4
Combinatorics and Mathematical Induction

Ex 4.1
Question 1.

(i) A person went to a restaurant for dinner. In the menu card, the person saw
10 Indian and 7 Chinese food items. In how many ways the person can select
either an Indian or Chinese food?

Solution:
Number of Indian food items = 10
Number of Chinese food items = 7
Number of ways of selecting 10 Indian food items = 10 ways
Number of ways of selecting 7 Chinese food items = 7 ways
∴ By the fundamental principle of addition, the number of ways of selecting 10
Indian food items or 7 Chinese food items is = (10 + 7) ways = 17 ways

(ii) There are 3 types of a toy cars and 2 types of toy trains available in a shop.
Find the number of ways a baby can buy a toy car and a toy train?

Solution:
Given, Number of toy cars = 3
Number of toy trains = 2
∴ A baby buying a toy car from 3 can be done in 3 ways
∴ A baby buying a toy train from 2 can be done in 2 ways
∴ Buying a toy car and a toy train together can be done in 3 × 2 = 6 ways

(iii) How many two-digit numbers can be formed using 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 without

repetition of digits?

Solution:
The given digits are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 The one’s place can be filled up in 5 ways using
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and the ten’s place can be filled up in 4 ways.
The number of two-digit numbers using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is 4 × 5 = 20
(iv) Three persons enter into a conference hall in which there are 10 seats. In
how many ways they can take their places?

Solution:
Given, Number of persons = 3 and Number of seats = 10
The first person can take his place (from 10 seats) in 10 ways
The second person can take his place (from the remaining 9 seats) in 9 ways
The third person can take his place (from the remaining 8 seats) in 8 ways
∴ The three persons together can take their places in 10 × 9 × 8 = 720 ways

(v) In how many ways 5 persons can be seated in a row?

Solution:
Number of ways of 1st person can be seated in a row = 5
Number of ways of 2nd person can be seated in a row = 4
Number of ways of 3rd person can be seated in a row = 3
Number of ways of 4th person can be seated in a row = 2
Number of ways of 5th person can be seated in a row = 1
∴ By fundamental principle of multiplication, number of ways of 5 persons can
be seated in a row
=5×4×3×2×1
= 5!
= 120

Question 2.

(i) A mobile phone has a passcode of 6 distinct digits. What is the maximum
number of attempts one makes to retrieve the passcode?

Solution:
Number of digits = 10
∴ Number of attempts made = 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 = 151200 ways

(ii) Given four flags of different colours, how many different signals can be
generated if each signal requires the use of three flags, One below the other?

Solution:
Number of flags given = 4
Number of flag needed (to show a signal) = 3
The first flag can be chosen in 4 ways (from the 4 flags)
The second flag can be chosen (from the remaining 3 flags) in 3 ways
The third flag can be chosen (from the remaining 2 flags) in 2 ways
So the first, second and the third flags together can be chosen in (to generate a
signal) 4 × 3 × 2 = 24 ways
(i.e) 24 signals can be generated

Question 3.
Four children are running a race.

(i) In how many ways can the first two places be filled?

Solution:
First place can be given to any one of the 4 children and second place can be
given to any one of the remaining 3 children.
Number of ways of filling the first place = 4
Number of ways of filling the second place = 3
Therefore, by the fundamental principle of multiplication total number of
ways of filling the first two places is = 4 × 3 =12 ways

(ii) In how many different ways could they finish the race?

Solution:
In how many different ways could they finish the race?
The race can be finished in = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 ways = 24 ways

Question 4.
Count the number of three-digit numbers which can be formed from the digits
2, 4, 6, 8? if.

(i) repetitions of digits is allowed

Solution:
Number of digit given = 4 (2,4, 6, 8)
So the unit place can be filled in 4 ways, 10’s place can be filled in 4 ways and
100’s place can be filled in 4 ways
∴ The unit place, 10’s place and 100’s place together can be filled (i.e) So the
Number of 3 digit numbers = 4 × 4 × 4 = 64 ways
(ii) repetitions of digits is not allowed.

Solution:
Repetitions of digits is not allowed
Hundred’s Ten’s Unit
The number of ways of filling the unit place using the 4 digits 2,4,6,8 in 4
ways. A number of ways of filling the tens place using the remaining 3 digits 3
ways. The number of ways of filling the hundred’s place using the remaining 2
digits is 2 ways.
Therefore, by the fundamental principle of multiplication, the total number of
3 digit numbers without repetitions of digits is = 4 × 3 × 2 = 24 ways

Question 5.
How many three-digit numbers are there with 3 in the unit place?

(i) with repetition

Solution:
with repetition
The unit place is filled (by 3) in 1 way
The 10’s place can be filled in 10 ways
The 100’s place can be filled in 9 ways (excluding 0)
So the number of 3 digit numbers with 3 unit – place = 9 × 10 × 1 = 90

(ii) without repetition

Solution:
The unit place can be filled in only one way using the digit 3. The hundred’s
place can be filled in 8 ways using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 excluding 0
and 3. The ten’s place can be filled in 8 ways using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9 excluding the digit 3 and the digit placed in the hundred’s place.
Therefore, by the fundamental principle of multiplication, the total number of
3 digit numbers = 1 × 8 × 8 = 64

Question 6.
How many numbers are there between 100 and 500 with the digits 0, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5 if
(i) repetition of digits allowed

Solution:
repetition of digits allowed
The given digits are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
We have to find numbers between 100 and 500. So the 100’s place can be
filled (by the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4) in 4 ways.
The 10’s place can be filled in (using 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) 6 ways
and the unit-place can be filled in (using 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5) 6 ways
But the number 100 should be excluded
So the number of numbers between 100 and 500 = 4 × 6 × 6 = 144

(ii) the repetition of digits is not allowed

Solution:
The hundred’s place can be filled in 4 ways using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
excluding 0 and 5. Ten’s place can be filled in 5 ways using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5 excluding the digit placed in the hundred’s place. The unit place can be
filled in 4 ways using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 excluding the digits placed in
hundred’s place’ and ten’s place.

Therefore, by the fundamental principle of multiplication, the number of 3

digit numbers between 100 and 500 with repletion of digits using the digits 0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is = 4 × 5 × 4 = 80

Question 7.
How many three-digit odd numbers can be formed by using the digits 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5 if

(i) The repetition of digits is not allowed

Solution:
The repetition of digits is not allowed
The given digits are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Here the odd number are 1, 3, 5.
So the unit place can be filled in 3 ways (using the 3 odd number)
After filling the unit place since 0 is a given digit be fill the 100’s place which
can be filled in
Then the 10’s place can be filled in (6 – 2) 4 ways.
So the number of 3 digit odd numbers = 3 × 4 × 4 = 48

(ii) The repetition of digits is allowed

Solution:
Since we need 3 – digit odd numbers the unit place can be filled in 3 ways
using the digits 1,3 or 5. Hundred’s place can be filled in 5 ways using the
digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 excluding 0. Ten’s place can be filled in 6 ways using the
digits 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5.

Therefore, by the fundamental principle of multiplication, the number of 3 –

digit odd numbers formed by using the digits 0, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4, 5 with repetition of
digits is = 3 × 5 × 6 = 90

Question 8.
Count the numbers between 999 and 10000 subjects to the condition that
there are

(i) no restriction

Solution:
no restriction
We have to find 4 digit numbers
The 1000’s place can be filled in 9 ways (excluding zero) and the 100’s, 10’s
and unit places respectively can be filled in 10, 10, 10 ways (including zero)
So the number of numbers between 999 and 10000 = 9 × 10 × 10 × 10 =
9000

(ii) no digit is repeated

Solution:
Since 0 is given as a digit we have to start filling 1000’s place.
Now 1000’s place can be filled in 9 ways (excluding 0)
Then the 100’s place can be filled in 9 ways (excluding one digit and including
0)
10’s place can be filled in (9 – 1) 8 ways and unit place can be filled in (8 – 1) 7
ways So the number of 4 digit numbers are 9 × 9 × 8 × 7 = 4536 ways

(iii) at least one of the digits is repeated

Solution:
Required number of numbers = 9000 – 4536 = 4464 numbers

Question 9.
How many three-digit numbers, which are divisible by 5, can be formed using
the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 if

(i) The repetition of digits are not allowed?

Solution:
The repetition of digits are not allowed.
The given digits are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. A number will be divisible by 5 if the digit in
the unit place is 0 or 5
So the unit place can be filled by 0 or 5

(a) When the unit place is 0 it is filled in 1 way And so 10’s place can be filled
in 5 ways (by using 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) and 100’s place can be filled in (5 – 1) 4 ways
So the number of 3 digit numbers with unit place 0 = 1 × 5 × 4 = 20

(b) When the unit place is 5 it is filled in 1 way Since 0 is given as a digit to fill
100’s place 0 should be excluded So 100’s place can be filled in (excluding 0
and 5) 4 ways and 10’s place can be filled in (excluding 5 and one digit and
including 0) 4 ways So the number of 3 digit numbers with unit place 5 = 1 ×
4 × 4 = 16
∴ Number of 3 digit numbers ÷ by 5 = 20 + 16 = 36

(ii) The repetition of digits are allowed.

Solution:
Since the 3 – digit number is divisible by 5, the unit place can be filled in 2
ways using the digits 0 and 5. Since the repetition of digits is allowed the ten’s
place is filled in 6 ways using the digits 0 , 1, 2, 3, 4,5 and the hundred’s place
is filled in 5 ways using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 excluding 0 .

Therefore, by the fundamental principle of multiplication, the number of 3

digit numbers formed by using the digits 0,1, 2, 3 , 4, 5 with repetition of digits
is = 2 × 6 × 5 = 60

Question 10.
To travel from place A to place B, there are two different bus routes B1, B2 two
different train routes T1, T2, and one air route A1. From place B to place C,
there is one bus route say B1‘, two different train routes say T1‘, T2‘ and one air
route A1‘. Find the number of routes of commuting from place A to place C via
place B without using a similar mode of transportation.

Solution:

From the above diagram the number of routes from A to C

= (2 × 2 + 2 × 1) + [(2 × 1) + (2 × 1)] + [(1 × 1) + (1 × 2)]
= 4 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 2 = 13

Question 11.
How many numbers are there between 1 and 1000 (both inclusive) which are
divisible neither by 2 nor by 5?

Solution:
Given digits are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Numbers which are neither divisible
by 2 nor 5 should have unit place 1, 3, 7, 9.
One digit numbers:
1, 3, 7, 9 are the one-digit numbers which are neither divisible by 2 nor by 5
Therefore, the required number of one-digit numbers = 4

Two-digit numbers:
The unit place can be filled in 4 ways using the digits 1, 3, 7, 9. Ten’s place can
be filled in 9 ways using all the digits excluding 0. Therefore, the required
number of 2 – digit numbers = 9 × 4 = 36

Question 12.
How many strings can be formed using the letters of the word LOTUS if the
word

(i) either start with L or end with S?

Solution:
either start with L or end with S?
To find the number of words starting with L
Number of letters in LOTUS = 5 when the first letter is L it can be filled in 1
way only. So the remaining 4 letters can be arranged in 4! =24 ways = n(A).
When the last letter is S it can be filled in the 1 way and the remaining 4
letters can be arranged is 4! = 24 ways = n(B)

(1) (1) 3! = 6 = n(A ∩ B)

Now n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A ∩ B)
= 24 + 24 – 6 = 42
Now, neither words starts with L nor ends with S = 42

(ii) neither starts with L nor ends with S?

Solution:
Number of letters of the word LOTUS = 5.
They can be arranged in 5 ! = 120 ways
Number of words starting with L and ending with S = 42
So the number of words neither starts with L nor ends with S = 120 – 42 = 78

Question 13.
(i) Count the total number of ways of answering 6 objective type questions,
each question having 4 choices.

Solution:
Number of choices for each question = 4
Total number of questions = 6
Each question can be answered in 4 ways.
∴ The total number of ways of answering 6 questions is = 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 ×
4 = 46

(ii) In how many ways 10 Pigeons can be placed in 3 different Pigeonholes?

Number of Pigeons = 10
Number of Pigeonholes = 3
Each Pigeon can occupy any of these 3 holes
∴ Total number of ways of placing 10 Pigeons
= 3 × 3 × 3 × …………….. 10 times
= 310

(iii) Find the number of ways of distributing 12 distinct prizes to 10 students?

Each price can be distributed to any one of the 10 students.
Therefore, by the rule of product, the number of ways of distributing 12
distinct prizes to 10 students are
= 10 × 10 × 10 × …………. 12 times
= 1012

Question 14.
Find the value of

(i) 6!
Solution:
6! = 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 720

(ii) 4! + 5!
Solution:
4! + 5! = (4 × 3 × 2 × 1) + (5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1)
= 24 + 120 = 144

(iii) 3! – 2!
Solution:
3! – 2! = (3 × 2 × 1) – (2 × 1)
=6–2=4

(iv) 3! × 4!
Solution:
3! × 4! = (3 × 2 × 1) × (4 × 3 × 2 × 1) = 6 × 24 = 144
12!

Solution:

(i) n = 6,
r=2

Solution:

(ii) n = 10,
r=3
Solution:

(iii) For any n with r = 2

Solution:

Question 16.
Find the value of n if

(i) (n + 1)! = 20(n – 1)!

Solution:

Solution:
Ex 4.2
Question 1.
If (n – 1) P3 : nP4, find n:

Solution:

Question 2.
If 10Pr – 1 = 2 × 6Pr, find r.

Solution:

Question 3.
(i) Suppose 8 people enter an event in a swimming meet. In how many ways
could the gold, silver, and bronze prizes be awarded?

Solution:
Number people enter in a swimming meet = 8 Prizes awarded = Gold, silver,
bronze.
The gold medal can be awarded to any one of the 8 people in 8 ways. The
silver medal can be awarded to any one of the remaining 7 people in 7 ways.
The bronze medal can be awarded to any one of the remaining 6 people in 6
ways,
∴ Total number of ways of awarding the prizes = 8 × 7 × 6 = 336

(ii) Three men have 4 coats, 5 waistcoats, and 6 caps. In how many ways can
they wear them?

Solution:
Selecting and arranging 3 coats from 4 can be done in 4P3 ways
Selecting and arranging 3 waistcoats from 5 can be done in 5P3 ways Selecting
and arranging 3 caps from 6 can be done in 6P3 ways
∴ Total number of ways = 4P3 × 5P3 × 6P3 = 172800 ways

Question 4.
Determine the number of permutations of the letters of the word SIMPLE if all
are taken at a time?

Solution:
Number of letters in the word SIMPLE = 6
The total number of the word is equal to the number of arrangements of these
letters, taken all at a time
∴ Total number of words = 6P6 = 6!
=6×5×4×3×2×1
= 720

Question 5.
A test consists of 10 multiple-choice questions. In how many ways can the test
be answered if

(i) Each question has four choices?

Solution:
Total number of questions = 10
Each question has four choices.
Each question can be answered in 4 ways.
∴ The total number of ways of answering 10 questions
=4×4×4×4×4×4×4×4×4×4
= 410

(ii) The first four questions have three choices and the remaining have five
choices?

Solution:
The first four questions have three choices and the remaining have five
choices
First, four questions have three choices.
∴ The number of ways of answering the first four questions is = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
= 34
The remaining six questions have 5 choices
∴ The number of ways of answering the remaining 6 questions is = 5 × 5 × 5
× 5 × 5 × 5 = 56
∴ The total number of ways of answering the questions = 34 × 56

(iii) Question number n has n + 1 choices?

Solution:
Question number n has n + 1 choices.
The first question has a 1 + 1 choice.
∴ Number of ways of answering the first question = 2
The second question has 2 + 1 choices
∴ Number ways of answering second question = 3

Tenth question has (10 + 1) choices

∴ Number of ways of answering tenth question = 11
∴ A total number of ways of answering the given 10 questions = 2 × 3 × 4 ×
……. × 11 = 11!

Question 6.
A student appears in an objective test which contain 5 multiple-choice
questions. Each question has four choices out of which one correct answer.
(i) What is the maximum number of different answers can the students give?

Solution:
Number multiple-choice questions = 5
Number of ways of answering each question = 4
∴ The total number of ways of answering the five questions = 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 ×
4 = 45
Hence, the maximum number of different answers = 45

(ii) How will the answer change if each question may have more than one
correct answers?

Solution:
When each question has more than 1 correct answer.
Selecting the correct choice from the 4 choice can be done
is 4C1 or 4C2 or 4C3 or 4C4 ways.

Each question can be answered in 15 ways.

Number of questions = 5
∴ Total number of ways = 155

Question 7.
How many strings can be formed from the letters of the word ARTICLE, so
that vowels occupy the even places?

Solution:
The given word is ARTICLE
Number of letters in the word = 7
Vowels in the given word = A, I, E
Number of vowels in the given word = 3

∴ Number of even places = 3

3 Vowels can occupy the 3 even places in 3P3 = 3! ways
The remaining 4 letters can occupy the remaining places in
4P4 = 4! ways
Hence a total number of ways of arrangement = 4! × 3! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 3 × 2 =
144

Question 8.
8 women and 6 men are standing in a line.

(i) How many arrangements are possible if any individual can stand in any
position?

Solution:
Total number of persons in a line = 8 + 6 = 14
The number of ways of standing 14 persons in a line in any position = 14P14 =
14!
(ii) In how many arrangements will all 6 men be standing next to one
another?

Solution:
Consider 6 men as one unit.
8 women + 6 men as one unit = 9 can be arranged in 9! ways.
6 men can among themselves be arranged in 6! ways.
∴ A total number of ways of arrangement = 9! × 6!

(iii) In how many arrangements will no two men be standing next to one
another?

Solution:
Since no two men be together they have to be placed between 8 women and
before and after the women.
w|w|w|w|w|w|w|w
There are 9 places so the 6 men can be arranged in the 9 places in 9P6 ways.
After this arrangement, the 8 women can be arranged in 8! ways.
∴ Total number of arrangements = (9P6) × 8!
Question 9.
Find the distinct permutations of the letters of the word MISSISSIPPI?

Solution:
MISSISSIPPI
Number of letters = 11
Here M – 1 time
I – 4 times
S – 4 times
P – 2 times

Question 10.
How many ways can the product a2b3c4 be expressed without exponents?

Solution:
a2b3c4 = aabbbcccc
Number of letters = 9
a = 2 times,
b = 3 times,
c = 4 times,

Question 11.
In how many ways 4 mathematics books, 3 physics books, 2 chemistry books
and 1 biology book can be arranged on a shelf so that all books of the same
subjects are together.

Solution:
Number of subjects = 4
4 subjects can be arranged in the shelf in 4! ways Number of mathematics
books = 4
4 Mathematics books keeping together can be arranged in 4! ways
Number of physics books = 3
3 Physics books keeping together can be arranged in 3! ways.
Number of chemistry books =2
2 Chemistry books keeping together can be arranged in 2! ways.
Number of biology books = 1
1 biology book can be arranged in 1! way
Hence, the total numbers of ways of arranging the books
= 4! × 4! × 3! × 2! × 1!
= (4 × 3 × 2 × 1) (4 × 3 × 2 × 1) × (3 × 2) (2 × 1)
= 24 × 24 × 6 × 2
= 6912

Question 12.
In how many ways can the letters of the word SUCCESS be arranged so that all
Ss are together?

Solution:
The given word is SUCCESS
Number of letters other than S = 4
Treating all S’s together as one letter
Total number of letters in the word = 5
Number of U’s = 1
Number of C’s = 2
Number of E’s = 1
Number of S’s (treated as one letter) = 1

Question 13.
A coin is tossed 8 times,

(i) How many different sequences of heads and tails are possible?

Solution:
Number of coins tossed = 8
Number of outcome for each toss = 2
Total number of outcomes = 28

(ii) How many different sequences containing six heads and two tails are
possible?

Solution:
Getting 6 heads and 2 tails can be done in 8P6 or 8P2 ways

Question 14.
How many strings are there using the letters of the word INTERMEDIATE, if

(i) The vowels and consonants are alternative

Solution:
INTERMEDIATE

The number of ways in which vowels and consonants are alternative =

(ii) All the vowels are together

Solution:
The number of arrangements:
Keeping all the vowels as a single unit. Now we have 6 + 1 = 7 units which can
be arranged in 7! ways.
Now the 6 consonants can be arranged in 6!/2! (T occurs twice) ways in
vowels, I – repeats thrice
and E – repeats twice
(iii) Vowels are never together (and) (iv) No two vowels are together.

Solution:
Vowels should not be together = No. of all arrangements – No. of all vowels
together

So number of ways in which No two vowels are together = 19958400 –

Number of ways in which vowels are together = 19958400 – 151200 =
19807200

Question 15.
Each of the digits 1,1, 2, 3, 3 and 4 is written on a separate card. The seven
cards are then laid out in a row to form a 6-digit number.

(i) How many distinct 6-digit numbers are there?

Solution:
The given digits are 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4
The 6 digits can be arranged in 6! ways
In which 1 and 3 are repeated twice.

(ii) How many of these 6-digit numbers are even?

Solution:
To find the number even numbers
The digit in unit place is 2 or 4 which can be filled in 2 ways

(iii) How many of these 6-digit numbers are divisible by 4?

Solution:
To get a number -f- by 4 the last 2 digits should be -r- by 4 So the last two
digits will be 12 or 24 or 32.
When the last 2 digits are 1 and 2.

When the last 2 digits are 3 and the number of 6 digit numbers (remaining
number 1, 1, 3, 4)
So there of 6 digit numbers ÷ by 4 = 12 + 6 + 12 = 30

Question 16.
If the letters of the word GARDEN are permuted in all possible ways and the
strings thus formed are arranged in the dictionary order, then find the ranks
of the words
(i) GARDEN
(ii) DANGER.

Solution:
The given letters are GARDEN.
To find the rank of GARDEN:
The given letters in alphabetical order are A D E G N R

The rank of GARDEN is 379

To find the rank of DANGER

(ii) The No. of words starting with A = 5! =120

Question 17.
Find the number of strings that can be made using all letters of the word
THING. If these words are written as in a dictionary, what will be the
85th string?

Solution:
(i) Number of words formed = 5! = 120
(ii) The given word is THING

Taking the letters in alphabetical order G H I N T

To find the 85th word

Question 18.
If the letters of the word FUNNY are permuted in all possible ways and the
strings thus formed are arranged in the dictionary order, find the rank of the
word FUNNY.

Solution:
The given word is FUNNY
Question 19.
Find the sum of all 4-digit numbers that can be formed using digits 1, 2, 3, 4,
and 5 repetitions not allowed?

Solution:
The given digits are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
The no. of 4 digit numbers

Sum of the digits = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15

Sum of number’s in each place = 24 × 15 = 360

Question 20.
Find the sum of all 4-digit numbers that can be formed using digits 0, 2, 5, 7, 8
without repetition?

Solution:
The given digits are 0, 2, 5, 7, 8
To get the number of 4 digit numbers
1000’s place can be filled in 4 ways (excluding 0)
100’s place can be filled in 4 ways (excluding one number and including 0)
10’s place can be filled in (4 – 1) = 3 ways
and unit place can be filled in (3 – 1) = 2 ways
So the number of 4 digit numbers = 4 × 4 × 3 × 2 = 96

To find the sum of 96 numbers:

In 1000’s place we have the digits 2, 5, 7, 8. So each number occurs 96/4 = 24

times.

Now in 100’s place 0 come 24 times. So the remaining digits 2, 5, 7, 8 occurs

96 – 24 = 72/4 = 18 times

Similarly in 10’s place and in-unit place 0 occurs 24 times and the remaining
digits 2, 5, 7, 8 occurs 18 times.

Now sum of the digits = 2 + 5 + 7 + 8 = 22

Sum in 1000’s place = 22 × 24 = 528
Sum in 100’s, 10’s and in unit place = 22 × 18 = 396
∴ Sum of the 4 digit numbers is

Ex 4.3
Question 1.
If nC12 = nC9 find 21Cn.

Solution:
nCx = nCy ⇒ x = y or x + y = n
Here nC12 = nC9 ⇒ 12 ≠ 9 so 12 + 9 = n (i.e) n = 21

Question 2.
If 15C2r – 1 = 15C2r + 4, find r.

Solution:

Question 3.
If nPr = 720 and nCr = 120, find n, r.

Solution:

Question 4.
Prove that 15C3 + 2 × 15C4 + 15C5 = 17C5
Solution:

Question 5.

Solution:

Question 6.
If (n + 1)C8 : (n – 3)P4 = 57 : 16, find the value of n.

Solution:
Question 7.

Solution:
Question 8.
Prove that if 1 ≤ r ≤ n then n × (n – 1)Cr – 1 = (n – r + 1)Cr – 1.

Solution:

(1) = (2) ⇒ LHS = RHS

Question 9.
(i) A Kabaddi coach has 14 players ready to play. How many different teams of
7 players could the coach put on the court?

Solution:
No. of players in the team = 14
We need 7 players
So selecting 7 from 14 players can be done is 14C7 = 3432 ways

(ii) There are 15 persons in a party and if, each 2 of them shakes hands with
each other, how many handshakes happen in the party?

Solution:
Total No. of persons = 15
Every two persons shake hands

(iii) How many chords can be drawn through 20 points on a circle?

Solution:
A chord is a line join of 2 points
No. of points given = 20
Selecting 2 from 20 can be done in 20C2 ways

(iv) In a parking lot one hundred, one-year-old cars are parked. Out of the five
are to be chosen at random to check its pollution devices. How many different
sets of five cars are possible?

Solution:
Number of cars =100
Select 5 from 100 cars can be done in 100C5 ways

(v) How many ways can a team of 3 boys, 2 girls and 1 transgender be
selected from 5 boys, 4 girls and 2 transgenders?

Solution:
We have 5 boys, 4 girls, and 2 transgenders. We need 3 boys, 2 girls and 1
transgender The selection can be done as follows Selecting 3 boys from 5 boys
can be done in 5C3 ways

Selecting 2 girls from 4 girls can be done in 4C2 ways

Selecting 1 transgender from 2 can be done in 2C1 = 2 ways

∴ Selecting 3 boys, 2 girls and 1 transgender can be done in 10 × 6 × 2 = 120
ways
Question 10.
Find the total number of subsets of a set with
(i) 4 elements
(ii) 5 elements
(iii) n elements

Solution:
If a set has n elements then the number of its subsets = 2n
(i) Here n = 4
So number of subsets = 24 = 16
(ii) n = 5
So number of subsets = 25 = 32
(iii) n = n
So number of subsets = 2

Question 11.
A trust has 25 members.

(i) How many ways 3 officers can be selected?

Solution:
Selecting 3 from 25 can be done in 25C3 ways

(ii) In how many ways can a President, Vice President, and secretary be
selected?

Solution:
The number of ways of selecting a president from 25 members = 25C1 = 25
After the selection of the president, the remaining number of members in the
trust is 24

The number of ways of selecting a vice president

from the remaining 24 members of the trust is = 24C1 24
After the selection of the president and vice president, the number of
remaining members in the trust = 23
The number of ways of selecting a secretary from the remaining 23 members
of the trust is = 23 C1 = 23
∴ Total number of ways of selection = 25 × 24 × 23 = 13800

Question 12.
How many ways a committee of six persons from 10 persons can be chosen
along with a chairperson and a secretary?

Solution:
Selecting a chairperson from the 10 persons can be done in 10 ways
After the selection of chairperson, only 9 persons are left out so selecting a
secretary (from the remaining persons) can be done in 9 ways.
The remaining persons = 8
Totally we need to select 6 persons
We have selected 2 persons.
So we have to select 4 persons
Selecting 4 from 8 can be done in 8C4 ways

Question 13.
How many different selections of 5 books can be made from 12 different
books if,

Solution:
No. of books given = 12
No. of books to be selected = 5

(i) Two particular books are always selected?

Solution:
So we need to select 3 more books from (12 – 2) 10 books which can be done
in 10C3 ways

(ii) Two particular books are never selected?

Solution:
Two particular books never to be selected.
So only 10 books are there and we have to select 5 books which can be done
in 10C5 ways

Question 14.
There are 5 teachers and 20 students. Out of them, a committee of 2 teachers
and 3 students is to be formed. Find the number of ways in which this can be
done. Further, find in how many of these committees
(i) a particular teacher is included?
(ii) a particular student is excluded?

Solution:
No. of teachers = 5
No of students = 20
We need to select 2 teachers and 3 students

(i) A particular teacher should be included. So from the remaining 4 teachers,

one teacher is to be selected which can be done in 4C1 = 4 ways

So selecting 2 teachers and 3 students can be done in 4 × 1140 = 4560 ways

(ii) the particular student should be excluded.

So we have to select 3 students from 19 students which can be done
in 19C3 ways
∴ 2 teachers and 3 students can be selected in 969 × 10 = 9690 ways

Question 15.
In an examination, a student has to answer 5 questions, out of 9 questions in
which 2 are compulsory. In how many ways students can answer the
questions?

Solution:
No. of questions given = 9
No. of questions to be answered = 5
But 2 questions are compulsory
So the student has to answer the remaining 3 questions (5 – 2 = 3) from the
remaining 7 (9 – 2 = 7) questions which can be done in 7C3 ways

Question 16.
Determine the number of 5 card combinations out of a deck of 52 cards if
there is exactly three aces in each combination.

Solution:
No. of cards = 52
In that number of aces = 4
No. of cards needed = 5
In that 5 cards number of aces needed = 3
So the 3 aces can be selected from 4 aces in 4C3 = 4C1 = 4 ways
So the remaining = 5 – 3 = 2
These 2 cards can be selected in 48C2 ways

Question 17.
Find the number of ways of forming a committee of 5 members out of 7
Indians and 5 Americans, so that always Indians will be the majority’ in the
committee.

Solution:
We need a majority of Indian’s which is obtained as follows.

The possible ways are (5I) or (4I and 1A) or (3I and 2A)

Question 18.
A committee of 7 peoples has to be formed from 8 men and 4 women. In how
many ways can this be done when the committee consists of
(i) exactly 3 women?
(ii) at least 3 women?
(iii) at most 3 women?

Solution:

We need a committee of 7 people with 3 women and 4 men.

This can be done in (4C3) (8C4) ways

The number of ways = (70) (4) = 280

(ii) Atleast 3 women

So the possible ways are (3W and 4M) or (4W and 3M)

The number of ways (4) (70) + (1) (56) = 280 + 56 = 336

(iii) Atmost 3 women

Question 19.
7 relatives of a man comprises 4 ladies and 3 gentlemen, his wife also has 7
relatives; 3 of them are ladies and 4 gentlemen. In how many ways can they
invite a dinner party of 3 ladies and 3 gentlemen so that there are 3 of man’s
relative and 3 of the wife’s relatives?

Solution:

We need 3 ladies and 3 gentlemen for the party which consist of 3 Husbands
relative and 3 wife’s relative.
This can be done as follows
Question 20.
A box contains two white balls, three black balls, and four red balls. In how
many ways can three balls be drawn from the box, if at least one black ball is
to be included in the draw?

Solution:
The box contains 2 white, 3 black, and 4 red balls
We have to draw 3 balls in which there should be at least 1 black ball
The possible draws are as follows
Black balls = 3
Red and White = 2 + 4 = 6

Question 21.
Find the number of strings of 4 letters that can be formed with the letters of
the word EXAMINATION.
Solution:
EXAMINATION
(i.e.) A, I, N are repeated twice. So the number of distinct letters = 8
From the 8 letters, we have to select and arrange 4 letters to form a 4 letter
word which can
be done in 8P4 = 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 = 1680
From the letters A, A, I, I, N, N when any 2 letters are taken as AA, II or AA, NN
or II, NN

From AA, II, NN we select one of them and from the remaining we select and
arrange 3 which can be done in ways

Total number of 4 letter word = 1680 + 18 + 756 = 2454

Question 22.
How many triangles can be formed by joining 15 points on the plane, in which
no line joining any three points?

Solution:
No. of non-collinear points = 15
To draw a Triangle we need 3 points
∴ Selecting 3 from 15 points can be done in 15C3 ways.
Question 23.
How many triangles can be formed by 15 points, in which 7 of them lie on one
line and the remaining 8 on another parallel line?

Solution:

7 points lie on one line and the other 8 points parallel on another paraller line.
A triangle is obtained by taking one point from one line and second points
from the other parallel line which can be done as follows.

∴ Number of triangles = (7) (28) + (21) (8) = 196 + 168 = 364

Question 24.
There are 11 points in a plane. No three of these lie in the same straight line
except 4 points, which are collinear. Find,

(i) The number of straight lines that can be obtained from the pairs of these
points?

Solution:

4 points are collinear

Total number of points 11.

To get a line we need 2 points
But in that 4 points are collinear

From (1) Joining the 4 points we get 1 line

∴ Number of lines = 11C2 – 4C2 + 1 = 55 – 6 + 1 = 50

(ii) The number of triangles that can be formed for which the points as their
vertices?

A triangle is obtained by joining 3 points.

So selecting 3 from 11 points can be

But of the 11 points, 4 points are collinear. So we have to subtract 4C3 = 4C1 =
4
∴ Number of triangles = 165 – 4 = 161

Question 25.
A polygon has 90 diagonals. Find the number of its sides?

Solution:

∴ n = 15
Ex 4.4
Question 1.
By the principle of mathematical induction, prove that, for n ≥ 1

Solution:

∴ P(k+ 1) is true.
Thus P(K) is true ⇒ (k + 1) is true.
Hence by principle of mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all n ∈ N.

Question 2.
By the principle of mathematical induction, prove that, for n > 1
Solution:

∴ P(1) is true
Let P(n) be true for n = k

∴ P(k + 1) is true
Thus P(k) is true ⇒ P(k + 1) is true. Hence by the principle of mathematical
induction, P(k) is true for all n ∈ N.

Question 3.
Prove that the sum of the first n non-zero even numbers is n2 + n.

Solution:
Let P(n) = 2 + 4 + 6 + ………….. + 2n = n2 + n
Step 1:
Let us verify the statement for n = 1
P (1 ) = 2 = 12 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2.
∴ The given result is true for n = 1.

Step 2:
Let us assume that the given result is true for n = k
P (k) = 2 + 4 + 6 + ………… + 2k = k2 + k

Step 3:
Let us prove the result for n = k + 1
P (k+ 1) = 2 + 4 + 6+ + 2k + (2k + 2)
P(k+ 1) = P(k) + (2k + 2)
= k2 + k + 2k + 2
= k2 + 3k + 2
= k2 + 2k + k + 2
= k(k +2) + 1(k + 2)
P(k+ 1 ) = (k+ 1) (k + 2) ……….. (1)
P (k) = k2 + k
= k (k + 1 )
P(k+ 1) = (k + 1) (k + 1 + 1)
= (k + 1) (k + 2)

This implies P (k + 1) is true.

∴ Thus, we have proved the result for n = k + 1.

Hence by the principle of mathematical induction, the result is true for all
natural numbers n.
2 + 4 + 6 + ………….. + 2n = n2 + n
is true for all natural numbers n.

Question 4.
By the principle of Mathematical induction, prove that, for n ≥ 1.

Solution:
∴ P(k + 1) is true
Thus P(k) is true ⇒ P(k + 1) is true
Hence by the principle of mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all n ∈ N

Question 5.
Using the Mathematical induction, show that for any natural number n ≥ 2,

Solution:
⇒ P(k + 1) is true when P(k) is true so by the principle of mathematical
induction P(n) is true.

Question 6.
Using the Mathematical induction, show that for any natural number n ≥ 2,

Solution:
⇒ P(k + 1) is true when P(k) is true so by the principle of mathematical
induction P(n) is true for n ≥ 2.

Question 7.
Using the Mathematical induction, show that for any natural number n
Solution:

∴ P(k + 1) is true
Thus p(k) is true ⇒ P(k + 1) is true
Hence by the principle of mathematical induction,
p(n) is true for all n ∈ z
Question 8.
Using the Mathematical induction, show that for any natural number n,

Solution:

∴ P(k + 1) is true
Thus P(k) is true ⇒ P(k + 1) is true. Hence by the principle of mathematical
induction, P(n) is true for all n ∈ N.
Question 9.
Prove by Mathematical Induction that
1! + (2 × 2!) + (3 × 3!) + … + (n × n!) = (n + 1)! – 1

Solution:
Let p(n) = 1! + (2 × 2 !) + (3 × 3!) +…. .+ (n × n!) = (n + 1)! – 1

Step 1:
First let us verify the result for n = 1
P(1) = 1! = (1 + 1)! – 1
P(1) = 1! = 2! – 1
P(1) = 1 = 2 – 1 = 1
∴ We have verified the result for n = 1.

Step 2:
Let us assume that the result is true for n = k
P(k) = (1 × 1 !) + (2 × 2!) + (3 × 3!) + …………. + (k × k!) = (k + 1)! – 1

Step 3:
Let us prove the result for n = k + 1
P(k + 1)=(1 × 1!) + (2 × 2!) + (3 × 3!) + ………….. + (k × k!) + ((k + 1) × (k
+ 1)!)
P(k + 1) = P(k) + ((k + 1) × (k + 1)!)
P(k + 1) = (k + 1)! – 1 + (k + 1) × (k + 1)!
= (k + 1)! + (k + 1) (k + 1)! – 1
= (k + 1)! (1 + k + 1) – 1
= (k + 1)! (k + 2) – 1
= (k + 2)! – 1
P(k + 1) = ((k + 1) + 1)! – 1
This implies P (k + 1) is true.

∴ Thus, we have proved the result for n = k + 1.

Hence by the principle of mathematical induction, the result is true for all
natural numbers n.

(1 × 1!) + (2 × 2!) + (3 × 3!) + …………… + (n × n!) = (n + 1)! – 1

is true for all natural numbers n.
Question 10.
Using the Mathematical induction, show that for any natural number n, x2n –
y2n is divisible by x +y.

Solution:
Let P(n) = x2n – y2n is divisible by x + y

Step 1:
First, let us verify the result for n = 1.
P ( 1 ) = x2(1) – y2(1) = x2 – y2
P(1) = (x + y) (x – y) which is divisible by x + y
∴ The result is true for n = 1

Step 2:
Let us assume that the result is true for n = k
P(k) = x2k – y2k which is divisible by x + y
∴ P (k) = x2k – y2k = λ (x + y) where λ ∈ N ——— (1)

Step 3:
Let us prove the result for n = k + 1

∴ P ( k + 1) is divisible by x + y
This implies P (k + 1) is true.
∴ Thus, we have proved the result for n = k + 1.

Hence by the principle of mathematical induction, the result is true for all
natural numbers n.
x2n – y2n is divisible by x + y
for all natural numbers n.

Question 11.
By the principle of mathematical induction, prove that, for n ≥ 1,

Solution:
Question 12.
Use induction to prove that n3 – 7n + 3, is divisible by 3, for all natural
numbers n.

Solution:
Let P (n) = n3 – 7n + 3 is divisible by 3

Step 1:
First let us verify the results for n = 1
P(I) = 13 – 7 × 1 + 3
=1–7+3
P (1) = – 3
which is divisible by 3
∴ The result is true for n = 1

Step 2:
Let us assume that the result is true for n = k
P(k) = k3 – 7k + 3 is divisible by 3
P(k) = k3 – 7k + 3 = 3λ where λ ∈ N

Step 3:
Let us prove the result for n = k + 1
P(k + 1) = (k + 1)3 – 7(k + 1 ) + 3
= k3 + 3k2 + 3k + 1 – 7k – 7 + 3
= k3 + 3k2 – 4k – 3
= k3 – 4k – 3k + 3k – 3 + 6 – 6 + 3k2
= k3 – 7k + 3 + 3k – 6 + 3k2
= (k3 – 7k + 3) + 3(k2 + k – 2)
= 3λ + 3 (k2 + k – 2)
P(k + 1) = 3 (λ + k2 + k – 2 )
which is a multiple of 3, hence divisible by 3
This implies P (k + 1) is true.
∴ Thus, we have proved the result for n = k + 1.
Hence by the principle of mathematical induction, the result is true for all
natural numbers n.
n3 – 7n + 3 is divisible by 3 for all natural numbers n.

Question 13.
Use induction to prove that 5n + 1 + 4 × 6n when divided by 20 leaves a
remainder 9, for all natural numbers n.

Solution:
P(n) is the statement 5n + 1 + 4 × 6n – 9 is ÷ by 20
P(1) = 51 + 1 + 4 × 61 – 9 = 52 + 24 – 9
= 25 + 24 – 9 = 40 ÷ by 20
So P(1) is true

Assume that the given statement is true for n = k

(i.e) 5k + 1 + 4 × 6n – 9 is ÷ by 20
P(1) = 51 + 1 + 4 × 61 – 9
= 25 + 24 – 9
So P(1) is true

To prove P(k + 1) is true

P(k + 1) = 5k + 1 + 1 + 4 × 6k + 1 + 1 – 9
= 5 × 5 k + 1 + 4 × 6 × 6k – 9
= 5[20C + 9 – 4 × 6k] + 24 × 6k – 9 [from(1)]
= 100C + 45 – 206k + 246k – 9
= 100C + 46k + 36
= 100C + 4(9 + 6k)

Now for k = 1 ⇒ 4(9 + 6k) = 4(9 + 6)

= 4 × 15 = 60 ÷ by 20 .
for k = 2 = 4(9 + 62) = 4 × 45 = 180 ÷ 20

So by the principle of mathematical induction 4(9 + 6k) is ÷ by 20

Now 100C is ÷ by 20.
So 100C + 4(9 + 6k) is ÷ by 20
⇒ P(k + 1) is true whenever P(k) is true. So by the principle of mathematical
induction P(n) is true.
Question 14.
Use induction to prove that 10n + 3 × 4n + 2 + 5, is divisible by 9, for all natural
numbers n.

Solution:
P(n) is the statement 10n + 3 × 4n + 2 + 5 is ÷ by 9
P(1) = 101 + 3 × 42 + 5 = 10 + 3 × 16 + 5
= 10 + 48 + 5 = 63 ÷ by 9

So P(1) is true. Assume that P(k) is true

(i.e.) 10k + 3 × 4k + 2 + 5 is ÷ by 9
(i.e.) 10k + 3 × 4k + 2 + 5 = 9C (where C is an integer)
⇒ 10k = 9C – 5 – 3 × 4k + 2 ……(1)
To prove P(k + 1) is true.

Now P(k + 1) = 10k + 1 + 3 × 4k + 3 + 5

= 10 × 10k + 3 × 4k + 2 × 4 + 5
= 10[9C – 5 – 3 × 4k + 2] + 3 × 4k + 2 × 4 + 5
= 10[9C – 5 – 3 × 4k + 2] + 12 × 4k + 2 + 5
= 90C – 50 – 30 × 4k + 2 + 12 × 4k + 2 + 5
= 90C – 45 – 18 × 4k + 2
= 9[10C – 5 – 2 × 4k + 2] which is ÷ by 9

So P(k + 1) is true whenever P(K) is true. So by the principle of mathematical

induction P(n) is true.

Question 15.
Prove that using the Mathematical induction

Solution:
Ex 4.5
Question 1.
The sum of the digits at the 10th place of all numbers formed with the help of
2, 4, 5, 7 taken all at a time is ……..
(a) 432
(b) 108
(c) 36
(d) 18

Solution:
(b) 108
Hint.
The given digits are 2, 4, 5 ,7

The unit place can be filled with the digit 2. Then the remaining Ten’s ,
hundred’s, Thousand’s place can be filled with the remaining three digits 4, 5,
7 in 3P3 ways.

∴ There will be 3 × 2 × 1 = 6 four digit numbers whose unit place is 2.

Similarly, there are 6 four digit numbers whose unit place is 4 , 6 four digit
numbers whose unit place is 5 and 6 four digit numbers whose unit place is 7.

∴ Total in the unit place

=6×2+6×4+6×5+6×7
= 6 × (2 + 4 + 5 + 7)
= 6 × 18 = 108
Sum of the digit at the unit place = 108
∴ Sum of the digit at the tens place = 108

Question 2.
In an examination, there are three multiple-choice questions and each
question has 5 choices. A number of ways in which a student can fail to get all
answer correct is ……..
(a) 125
(b) 124
(c) 64
(d) 63
Solution:
(b) 124
Hint.
Each question has 5 options in which 1 is correct.
So the number of ways of getting the correct answer for all three questions is
53 = 125
So the number of ways in which a student can fail to get all answer correct is
< 125 (i.e.) 125 – 1 = 124

Question 3.
The number of ways in which the following prize be given to a class of 30 boys
first and second in mathematics, first and second in physics, first in chemistry
and first in English is ……….
(a) 304 × 292
(b) 303 × 293
(c) 302 × 294
(d) 30 × 295

Solution:
(a) 304 × 292
Hint.
Number of students = 30
First prize can be given to any one of 30 students
= 30 × 30 × 30 × 30 = 304 ways
Second prize can be given to anyone of the remaining 29 students = 29 × 29
= 292 ways
∴ Total number of ways prizes can be given = 304 × 292 ways

Question 4.
The number of 5 digit numbers all digits of which are odd is ………
(a) 25
(b) 55
(c) 56
(d) 625

Solution:
(b) 55
Hint. The odd number are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
Number of odd numbers = 5
We need a five-digit number So the number of five-digit number = 55

Question 5.
In 3 fingers, the number of ways four rings can be worn is …… ways.
(a) 43 – 1
(b) 34
(c) 68
(d) 64

Solution:
(b) 34
Hint.
Number of rings = 4
Each finger can be worn rings in 4 ways.
∴ Number of ways of wearing four rings in three fingers
=4×4×4
= 64

Question 6.

(a) 7 and 11
(b) 6 and 7
(c) 2 and 11
(d) 2 and 6

Solution:
(b) 6 and 7

Question 7.
The product of r consecutive positive integers is divisible by ………
(a) r!
(b) (r – 1)!
(c) (r + 1)!
(d) r!

Solution:
(a) r!
Hint.
The product of r consecutive positive integers is
1 × 2 × 3 × …………… × r = r!
which is divisible by r!
Also, 1 × 2 × 3 × …………… × r = r!
= ( r – 1) ! × r
which is divisible by (r – 1) !

Question 8.
The number of 5 digit telephone numbers which have none of their digits
repeated is
(a) 90000
(b) 10000
(c) 30240
(d) 69760

Solution:
(d) 69760
Hint.
The number of 5 digit telephone numbers which have none of their digits
repeated is 10P5 = 30240
Thus the required telephone number is 105 – 30240 = 69760

Question 9.
If a2 – aC2 = a2 – aC4 then the value of ‘a’ is ….
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5

Solution:
(b) 3
Hint.
a2 – a = 2 + 4 = 6
a2 – a – 6 = 0
(a – 3) (a + 2) = 0 ⇒ a = 3
Question 10.
There are 10 points in a plane and 4 of them are collinear. The number of
straight lines joining any two points is ……..
(a) 45
(b) 40
(c) 39
(d) 38

Solution:
(b) 40
Hint.

Question 11.
The number of ways in which a host lady invite 8 people for a party of 8 out of
12 people of whom two do not want to attend the party together is
(a) 2 × 11C7 + 10C8
(b) 11C7 + 10C8
(c) 12C8 – 10C6
(d) 10C6 + 2!

Solution:
(c) 12C8 – 10C6
Hint.
Number of the way of selecting 8 people from 12 in 12C8
∴ out of the remaining people, 8 can attend in 10C8
The number of ways in which two of them do not attend together = 12C8 – 10C6

Question 12.
The number of parallelograms that can be formed from a set of four parallel
lines intersecting another set of three parallel lines …….
(a) 6
(b) 9
(c) 12
(d) 18
Solution:
(d) 18
Hint.
Number of parallelograms = 4C2 × 3C2 = 6 × 3 = 18

Question 13.
Everybody in a room shakes hands with everybody else. The total number of
shake hands is 66. The number of persons in the room is …….
(a) 11
(b) 12
(c) 10
(d) 6

Solution:
(b) 12
Hint.

Question 14.
The number of sides of a polygon having 44 diagonals is ……….
(a) 4
(b) 4!
(c) 11
(d) 22

Solution:
(c) 11
Hint:
Question 15.
If 10 lines are drawn in a plane such that no two of them are parallel and no
three are concurrent, then the total number of points of intersection are ………
(a) 45
(b) 40
(c) 10!
(d) 210

Solution:
(a) 45
Hint:

Question 16.
In a plane there are 10 points are there out of which 4 points are collinear,
then the number of triangles formed is …….
(a) 110
(b) 10C3
(c) 120
(d) 116

Solution:
(d) 116
Hint:

Question 17.
In 2nC3 : nC3 = 11 : 1 then n is ………
(a) 5
(b) 6
(c) 11
(d) 1

Solution:
(b) 6
Hint.

Question 18.
(n – 1)Cr + (n – 1)C(r – 1) is ………

(a) (n + 1)Cr
(b) (n – 1)Cr
(c) nCr
(d) nCr – 1

Solution:
(c) nCr

Question 19.
The number of ways of choosing 5 cards out of a deck of 52 cards which
include at least one king is …….
(a) 52C5
(b) 48C5
(c) 52C5 + 48C5
(d) 52C5 – 48C5
Solution:
(d) 52C5 – 48C5
Hint.
Selecting 5 from 52 cards = 52C5
selecting 5 from the (non-king cards 48) = 48C5
∴ Number of ways is 52C5 – 48C5

Question 20.
The number of rectangles that a chessboard has ……
(a) 81
(b) 99
(c) 1296
(d) 6561

Solution:
(c) 1296
Hint. Number of horizontal times = 9
Number of vertical times = 9
Selecting 2 from 9 horizontal lines = 9C2
Selecting 2 from 9 vertical lines = 9C2

Question 21.
The number of 10 digit number that can be written by using the digits 2 and 3
is ……..
(a) 10C2 + 9C2
(b) 210
(c) 210 – 2
(d) 10!

Solution:
(b) 210
Hint.
Selecting the number from (2 and 3)
For till the first digit can be done in 2 ways
For till the second digit can be done in 2 ways ….
For till the tenth digit can be done in 2 ways
So, total number of ways in 10 digit number = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 ×
2 × 2 = 210

Question 22.
If Pr stands for rPr then the sum of the series 1 + P1 + 2P2 + 3P3 + … + nPn is
……..
(a) Pn + 1
(b) Pn + 1 – 1
(c) Pn – 1 + 1
(d) (n + 1)P(n – 1)

Solution:
(b) Pn + 1 – 1
Hint:
1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + … + n!
Now 1 + 1 (1!) = 2 = (1 + 1)!
1 + 1 (1!) + 2(2!) = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6 = 3!
1 + 1(1!) + 2(2!)+ 3(3!) = 1 + 1 + 4 + 18 = 24 = 4!
1 + 1(1!) + 2(2!) + 3(3!) ….+ n(n!) = (n + 1) ! – 1
= n + 1Pn + 1 – 1 = Pn + 1 – 1

Question 23.
The product of first n odd natural numbers equals …….

Solution:
Hint:

Question 24.
If nC4, nC5, nC6 are in AP the value of n can be ………..
(a) 14
(b) 11
(c) 9
(d) 5

Solution:
(a) 14
Hint:

30 + n2 – 9n + 20 – 12n + 48 = 0
n2 – 21 n + 98 = 0
(n – 7) (n – 14) = 0
n = 7 (or) 14

Question 25.
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + + 17 is equal to ………
(a) 101
(b) 81
(c) 71
(d) 61
Solution:
(b) 81
Hint:
 Chapter – 5
Binomial Theorem, Sequences and Series

Ex 5.1
Question 1.

Solution:

Similarly (a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4

∴ (a – b)4 + (a + b)4 = 2 [a4 + 6a2b2 + b4]
Substituting the value of a and b we get

= 2[16x8 + 6(4x4)(9(1 – x2)) + 81(1 – x2)2]

= 2[16x8 + 216x4(1 – x2) + 81(1 – x2)2]
= 2[16x8 + 216x4 – 216x6 + 81 + 81x4 – 162x2]
= 2[16x8 – 216x6 + 297x4 – 162x2 + 81]
= 32x8 – 432x6 + 594x4 – 324x2 + 162

Question 2.
Compute
(i) 1024
(ii) 994
(iii) 97

Solution:
(i) 1024 = (100 + 2)4 = (102 + 2)4

= 1(108) + 4(106)(2) + 6(104)(4) + 4(102)(8) + 16

= 100000000 + 8000000 + 240000 + 3200 + 16
= 108243216

(ii) 994 = (100 – 1)4 = (102 – 1)4

= 1(108) + 4(106)(-1) + 6 (104)(1) + 4( 104)(-1) + (-1)4

= 100000000 – 4000000 + 60000 – 400 + 1
= 100060001 – 4000400 = 96059601

(iii) 97 = (10 – 1)7

= 1(10000000) + 7(1000000)(-1) + 21(100000)(1) + 35(10000)(-1) +

35(1000)(1) + 21(100)(-1) + 7(10)(1) + 1(-1)
= 10000000 – 7000000 + 2100000 – 350000 + 35000 – 2100 + 70 – 1
= 12135070 – 7352101 = 4782969

Question 3.
Using binomial theorem, indicate which of the following two number is larger:
(1.01)1000000, 10000.

Solution:
(1.01)1000000 = (1 + 0.01)1000000

which is > 10000

So (1.01)1000000 > 10000 (i.e.) (1.01)1000000 is larger

Question 4.

Solution:

To find a coefficient of x15 we have to equate x power to 15

i.e. 20 – 5r = 15
20 – 15 = 5r ⇒ 5r = 5 ⇒ r = 5/5 = 1
So the coefficient of x15 is 10C1 = 10

Question 5.

Solution:
To find coefficient of x6
12 – 5r = 6
12 – 6 = 5r ⇒ 5r = 6 ⇒ r = 6/5 which is not an integer.
∴ There is no term involving x6.
To find coefficient of x2
12 – 5r = 2
5r = 12 – 2 = 10 ⇒ r = 2

Question 6.

Solution:
when multiplying these terms, we get x4 terms

∴ The co-eff of x4 is 26325

Question 7.

Solution:

Question 8.
Find the last two digits of the number 3600.

Solution:
3600 = 32 × 300 = (9)300 = (10 – 1)300
All the terms except last term are ÷ by 100. So the last two digits will be 01.

Question 9.
If n is a positive integer, show that, 9n + 1 – 8n – 9 is always divisible by 64.

Solution:

∴ 9n + 1 – 8n – 9 = 64 [an integer]
⇒ 9n + 1 – 8n – 9 is divisible by 64

Question 10.
If n is an odd positive integer, prove that the coefficients of the middle terms
in the expansion of (x + y)n are equal.

Solution:
Given n is odd. So let n = 2n + 1, where n is an integer.
The expansion (x + y)n has n + 1 terms.
= 2n + 1 + 1 = 2(n + 1) terms which is an even number.

⇒ The coefficient of the middle terms in (x + y)n are equal.

Question 11.
If n is a positive integer and r is a non – negative integer, prove that the
coefficients of xr and xn – r in the expansion of (1 + x)n are equal.

Solution:

Question 12.
If a and b are distinct Integers, prove that a – b is a factor of an – bn, whenever
n is a positive integer. [Hint: write an = (a – b + b)n and expand]

Solution:

= (a – b)[an integer]
⇒ an – bn is divisible by (a – b)

Question 13.
In the binomial expansion of (a + b)an, the coefficients of the 4th and
13th terms are equal to each other, find n.
Solution:
In the expansion of (a + b)n,
The general term is Tr+1 = nCr . an-r . br ……….. (1)
To find the coefficient of 4th term, Put r = 3 in equation (1)
∴ T3+1 = nC3 an-3 . b3
To find the coefficient of 13th term , Put r = 12 in equation (1)
∴ T12+1 = nC12 an-12 . b12
Given nC3 = nC12
nCx = nCy ⇒ x = y or x + y = n
∴ 3 + 12 = n ⇒ n = 15

Question 14.
If the binomial coefficients of three consecutive terms in the expansion of (a +
x)n are in the ratio 1 : 7 : 42, then find n.

Solution:
In (a + x)n general term is tr + 1 = nCr
So, the coefficient of tr + 1 is nCr
We are given that the coefficients of three consecutive terms are in the ratio 1
: 7 : 42.
Question 15.
In the binomial coefficients of (1 + x)n, the coefficients of the 5th, 6th and 7
terms are in AP. Find all values of n.

Solution:
⇒ (n – 1)(n – 14) = 0
∴ n = 7 , 14

Question 16.

Solution:
Ex 5.2
Question 1.
Write the first 6 terms of the sequences whose nth terms are given below and
classify them as arithmetic progression, geometric progression, arithmetico-
geometric progression, harmonic progression and none of them.

Solution:
It is not a G.P. or A.P. or H.P. or A.G.P.

It is not an A.P. or G.P. or H.P. or A.G.P

It is not an A.P. or G.P. or H.P. or A.G.P.

It is a A.G.P.

Question 2.
Write the first 6 terms of the sequences whose nth term an is given below.

Solution:
a1 = 1 + 1 = 2 ; a2 = 2
a3 = 3 + 1 = 4 ; a4 = 4
a5 = 5 + 1 = 6 ; a6 = 6
So, the first 6 terms are 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6

Solution:
a1 = 1 ; a2 = 2, a3 = 3
a4 = a3 + a2 + a1 = 3 + 2 + 1 = 6 ⇒ a4 = 6
a5 = a4 + a3 + a2 = 6 + 3 + 2 = 11 ⇒ a5 = 11
a6 = a5 + a4 + a3 = 11 + 6 + 3 = 20 ⇒ a6 = 20
So the first 6 terms are 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13.
Solution:

Question 3.
Write the nth term of the following sequences.

Solution:

(i) 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6……
Solution:

Solution:
Nr: 1, 2, 3, ……tn = n
Dr: 2, 3, 4, …..tn = n + 1

Solution:
Nr: 1, 3, 5, 7, . . .which is an A.P. a = 1, d = 3 – 1 = 2
tn = a + (n – 1)d
tn = 1 + (n – 1)2 = 1 + 2n – 2 = 2n – 1.
Dr : 2, 4, 6, 8, . . .
So the nth term is 2 + (n – 1)2 = 2 + 2n – 2 = 2n.
(iv) 6, 10, 4, 12, 2, 14, 0, 16, -2,….

Solution:
t1 = 6 ; t2 = 10
t3 = 4 ; t4 = 12
t5 = 2 ; t6 = 14
t7 = 0 ; t8 = 16
When n is odd, the sequence is 6, 4, 2, 0,…
(i.e.) a = 6 and d = 4 – 6 = -2.
So, tn = 6 + (n – 1)(-2) = 6 – 2n + 2 = 8 – 2n

When n is even, the sequence is 10, 12, 14, 16,…

Here a = 10 and d = 12 – 10 = 2
tn = 10 + (n – 1)2 = 10 + 2n – 2 = 2n + 8 (i.e.) 8 + 2n

Question 4.
The product of three increasing numbers in GP is 5832. If we add 6 to the
second number and 9 to the third number, then resulting numbers form an
AP. Find the numbers in GP.

Solution:
The 3 numbers in a G.P. is taken as ar, a, ar
Their product is 5832.
6r2 + 6 = 13
6r2 – 13r + 6 = 0
(3r – 2)(2r – 3) = 0
r = 2/3 or 3/2

Question 5.

Solution:

Question 6.
If tk is the kth term of a G.P., then show that tn – k, tn, tn + k also form a GP for any
positive integer k.

Solution:
Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio.
We are given tk = ark – 1
We have to Prove : tn – k, tn, tn + k form a G.P.
Question 7.
If a, b, c are in geometric progression, and if then prove that x,
y, z are in arithmetic progression.

Solution:
Given a, b, c are in G.P.
⇒ b2 = ac
⇒ log b2 = log ac
(i.e.) 2log b = log a + log c …(1)

Substituting these values in equation (1) we get 2y = x + z ⇒ x, y z are in A.P.

Question 8.
The AM of two numbers exceeds their GM by 10 and HM by 16. Find the
numbers.
Solution:
Let the two numbers be a and b.

So, (a + b – 20)2 = 4ab

(i.e.) (a + b)2 + 400 – 40(a + b) = 4ab
(a + b)2 – 4ab = 40(a + b) – 400

from(3) (a + b)2 – 4ab = 32(a + b)

⇒ 32(a + b) = 40(a + b) – 400
(÷ by 8) 4(a + b) = 5(a + b) – 50
4a + 4b = 5a + 5b – 50
a + b = 50
a = 50 – b

Substituting a = 50 – b in (3) we get

(50 – b – b)2 = 32(50)
(50 – 2b)2 = 32 × 50
When b = 5, a = 50 – 5 = 45
When b = 45, a = 50 – 45 = 5
So the two numbers are 5 and 45.

Question 9.
If the roots of the equation (q – r)x2 + (r – p)x + p – q = 0 are equal, then
show that p, q and r are in AP.

Solution:
The given quadratic equation is (q – r)x2 + (r – p)x + (p – q) = 0
Given that the roots of the equation are equal. ∴ The discriminant is equal to
zero.
(r – p)2 – 4(q – r) (p – q) = 0
r2 – 2rp + p2 – 4 (pq – q2 – rp + qr) = 0
r2 – 2rp + p2 – 4pq + 4q2 + 4rp – 4qr = 0
r2 + p2 + 4q2 + rp – 4pq – 4rq = 0
r2 + p2 + (-2q)2 + 2r.p + 2p(-q) + 2(-2q)r = 0
(r + p – 2q)2 = 0
r + p – 2q = 0 ⇒ 2q = p + r
∴ p, q , r are in A. P.

Question 10.
If a, b, c are respectively the pth, qth and rth terms of a G.P., show that (q – r) log
a + (r – p) log b + (p – q) log c = 0.

Solution:
Let the G.P. be l, lk, lk2,…
We are given tp = a, tq = b, tr = c
LHS = (q – r) log a + (r – p) log b + (p – q) log c

Ex 5.3
Question 1.
Find the sum of the first 20-terms of the arithmetic progression having the
sum of first 10 terms as 52 and the sum of the first 15 terms as 77.

Solution:
Let ‘a’ be the first term and d be the common difference of A.P.
Question 2.

Solution:
Question 3.
Compute the sum of first n terms of the following series:
(i) 8 + 88 + 888 + 8888 + ……
(i) 6 + 66 + 666 + 6666 + …..

Solution:
Question 4.
Compute the sum of first n terms of 1 + (1 + 4) + (1 + 4 + 42) + (1 + 4 +
42 + 43) + ……..

Solution:
Question 5.
Find the general term and sum to n terms of the sequence

Solution:

Denominator 1, 3, 9, 27, which is a G.P. a = 1, r = 3

It is an arithmetic Geometric series. Here the nth term is tn = [a + (n – 1)d]rn –

1 where a = 1, d = 3 and r = 1/3

Now the sum to n terms is

Question 6.
Solution:

Question 7.
Show that the sum of (m + n)th and (m – n)th term of an A.P. is equal to twice
the mth term.

Solution:
The nth term of an A.P is Tn = a + (n – 1) d
Tm+n = a + (m + n – 1) d
Tm-n = a + (m – n – 1) d
Tm+n + Tm-n = a + (m + n – 1) d + a + (m – n – 1)d
= 2a + [m + n – 1 + m – n – 1) d
= 2a + [2m – 2] d
= 2a + 2 (m – 1) d
= 2 [a + (m – 1] d
Tm+n + Tm-n = 2Tm
Hence the sum of the ( m + n)th term and ( m – n)th term of A.P is equal to
twice the mth term.

Question 8.
A man repays an amount of ₹ 3250 by paying ₹ 20 in the first month and then
increases the payment by ₹ 15 per month. How long will it take him to clear
the amount?

Solution:
a = 20, d = 15, Sn = 3250 to find n.

3n2 + 5n – 1300 = 0
3n2 – 60n + 65n – 1300 = 0
3n (n – 20) + 65 (n – 20) = 0
(3n + 65) (n – 20) = 0
n = – 65/3 or 20
n = – 65/3 is not possible
∴ n = 20
So he will take 20 months to clear the amount.

Question 9.
In a race, 20 balls are placed in a line at intervals of 4 meters with the first ball
24 meters away from the starting point. A contestant is required to bring the
balls back to the starting place one at a time. How far would the contestant
run to bring back all balls?

Solution:
t1 = 24 × 2 = 48, t2 =48 + 8 = 56 or (24 + 4)2, t3 =(28 + 4)2 = 64 which is
an A.P.
Here a = 48,
d = 56 – 48 = 8

The contestant has to run 2480 m to bring all the balls.

Question 10.
The number of bacteria in a certain culture doubles every hour. If there were
30 bacteria present in the culture originally, how many bacteria will be
present at the end of the 2nd hour, 4th hour, and nth hour?

Solution:
Number of bacteria present initially = 30
Number of bacteria at the end of 1 hour = 2 × 30 = 60
Number of bacteria at the end of two hours = 2 × 60 = 120
Number of bacteria at the end of three hours = 2 × 120 = 240
Number of bacteria at the end of four hours = 2 × 240 = 480

∴ The sequence of a number of bacterias at the end of every hour is

30, 60, 120, 240, 480, …………………………..
30, 30 × 2, 30 × 4, 30 × 8, 30 × 16, …………………
30, 30 × 2, 30 × 22, 30 × 23, 30 × 24, …………………
This sequence is a Geometric sequence with first term a = 30, common ratio r
=2

Number of bacteria at the end of nth hour tn+1 = a. rn

tn+1 = 30(2n)
Number of bacteria at the end of 2nd hour = 120
Number of bacteria at the end of 4th hours = 480
Number of bacteria at the end of nth hour = 30(2n)

Question 11.
What will ₹ 500 amount to in 10 years after its deposit in a bank which pays
an annual interest rate of 10% compounded annually?
Solution:

Question 12.
In a certain town, a viral disease caused severe health hazards upon its people
disturbing their normal life. It was found that on each day, the virus which
caused the disease spread in Geometric Progression. The amount of infectious
virus particle gets doubled each day, being 5 particles on the first day. Find the
day when the infectious virus particles just grow over 1,50,000 units?

Solution:
a = 5, r = 2, tn >150000, To find ‘n’
On the 15th day it will grow over 150000 units.

Ex 5.4
Question 1.
Expand the following in ascending powers of x and find the condition on x for
which the binomial expansion is valid.

Solution:
Question 2.
Solution:

Question 3.

Solution:

Question 4.
Solution:

Question 5.
Write the first 6 terms of the exponential series

Solution:
Question 6.
Write the first 4 terms of the logarithmic series

Find the intervals on which the expansions are valid.

Solution:
Question 7.

Solution:

Question 8.

Solution:
Question 9.

Solution:
Question 10.

Solution:
Ex 5.5
Choose the correct or the most suitable answer:

Question 1.
The value of 2 + 4 + 6 + … + 2n is …..

Solution:
(d) n(n + 1)

Question 2.
The coefficient of x6 in (2 + 2x)10 is ……….
(a) 10C6
(b) 26
(c) 10C626
(d) 10C6210

Solution:
(d) 10C6210
Hint.
tr + 1 = 210(nCr)
To find coefficient of x6 put r = 6
∴ coefficient of x6 = 210 [10C6]

Question 3.
The coefficient of x8y12 in the expansion of (2x + 3y)20 is …….
(a) 0
(b) 28312
(c) 28312 + 21238
(d) 20C828312

Solution:
(d) 20C828312

Question 4.
If nC10 > nCr for all possible r, then a value of n is ……..
(a) 10
(b) 21
(c) 19
(d) 20

Solution:
(d) 20
Hint.
20C10 > 20Cr for all possible value of r.
n = 20

Question 5.
If a is the arithmetic mean and g is the geometric mean of two numbers, then
……..
(a) a ≤ g
(b) a ≥ g
(c) a = g
(d) a > g

Solution:
(b) a ≥ g
Hint. AM ≥ GM
∴a≥g

Question 6.
If (1 + x2)2 (1 + x)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + …. + xn + 4 and if a0, a1, a2 are in AP,
then n is ……
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

Solution:
(b or c)n = 2 or 3

Question 7.
If a, 8, b are in A.P, a, 4, b are in G.P, if a, x, b are in HP then x is ……
(a) 2
(b) 1
(c) 4
(d) 16

Solution:
(a) 2
Question 8.

(a) AP
(b) GP
(c) HP
(d) AGP
Solution:
(c) HP

Question 9.
The HM of two positive numbers whose AM and GM are 16, 8 respectively is
………
(a) 10
(b) 6
(c) 5
(d) 4

Solution:
(d) 4
Hint.
Let the two numbers be a and b

Question 10.
If Sn denotes the sum of n terms of an AP whose common difference is d, the
value of

(a) d
(b) 2d
(c) 4d
(d) d2
Solution:
(a) d

Question 11.
The remainder when 3815 is divided by 13 is …….
(a) 12
(b) 1
(c) 11
(d) 5

Solution:
(a) 12
Hint.
(38)15 = (39 – 1)15
= (39)15 – 15C1(39 )14 + 15C2(39)13 + . . . . . . . + 15C14 (39) – 1

In the Binomial expansion, all the terms except the last term (- 1) are divisible
by 13
∴ The remainder = 13 – 1 = 12

Question 12.
The nth term of the sequence 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, …… is
Solution:

Question 13.

Solution:

Solution:

Question 14.

Solution:

Question 15.
Solution:

Question 16.

(a) 14
(b) 7
(c) 4
(d) 6

Solution:
(a) 14
Question 17.
The sum of an infinite GP is 18. If the first term is 6, the common ratio is ………

Hint:

18r = 18 – 6 = 12
r = 12/18 = 2/3

Question 18.
The coefficient of x5 in the series e-2x is ………

Answer:

Question 19.
Answer:

Question 20.

Solution:
 Chapter – 6
Two Dimensional Analytical Geometry

Ex 6.1
Question 1.
Find the locus of P, if for all values of a, the co-ordinates of a moving point P is
(i) (9 cos α, 9 sin α)
(ii) (9 cos α, 6 sin α)

Solution:
(i) Let P(h, k) be the moving point.
We are given h = 9 cos α and k = 9 sin α and

∴ locus of the point is x2 + y2 = 81

(ii) Let P(h , k) be a moving point.

We are given h = 9 cos α and k = 6 sin α

Question 2.
Find the locus of a point P that moves at a constant distance of
(i) Two units from the x-axis
(ii) Three units from the y-axis.
Solution:
(i) Let the point (x, y) be the moving point.
The equation of a line at a distance of 2 units from the x-axis is k = 2
So the locus is y = 2 (i.e.) y – 2 = 0

(ii) Equation of a line at a distance of 3 units from y-axis is h = 3

So the locus is x = 3 (i.e.) x – 3 = 0

Question 3.
If θ is a parameter, find the equation of the locus of a moving point, whose
coordinates are x = a cos3 θ, y = a sin3 θ

Solution:

Question 4.
Find the value of k and b, if the points P (-3, 1) and Q (2, b) lie on the locus of
x2 – 5x + ky = 0.

Solution:
Given P (-3, 1) lies on the locus of
x2 – 5x + ky = 0
∴ (- 3)2 – 5 (-3) + k(1) = 0
9 + 15 + k = 0
⇒ k = -24
Also given Q(2 , b) lies on the locus of
x2 – 5x + ky = 0
x2 – 5x – 24y = 0
∴ (2)2 – 5(2) – 24(b) = 0
4 – 10 – 24b = 0 ⇒ – 6 – 24b = 0

Question 5.
A straight rod of length 8 units slides with its ends A and B always on the x
and y-axis respectively. Find the locus of the midpoint of the line segment AB.

Solution:
Let P (h, k) be the moving point A (a, 0) and B (0, b) P is the midpoint of AB.

Question 6.
Find the equation of the locus of a point such that the sum of the squares of
the distance from the points (3, 5), (1, -1) is equal to 20.

Solution:
Let the given points be A (3, 5) and (1, -1).
Let P (h, k) be the point such that
PA2 + PB2 = 20 ………….. (1)
PA2 = (3 – h)2 + (5 – k)2
PB2 = (1 – h)2 + (- 1 – k)2
(1) ⇒ (3 – h)2 + (5 – k)2 + (1 – h)2 + (1 + k)2 = 20
9 – 6h + h2 + 25 – 10k + k2 + 1 – 2h + h2 + 1 + 2k + k2 = 20
2h2 + 2k2 – 8h – 8k + 36 = 20
2h2 + 2k2 – 8h – 8k + 16 = 0
h2 + k2 – 4h – 4k + 8 = 0
The locus of P ( h , k ) is obtained by replacing h by x and k by y
∴ The required locus is x2 + y2 – 4x – 4y + 8 = 0

Question 7.
Find the equation of the locus of the point P such that the line segment AB,
joining the points A (1, -6) and B (4, -2), subtends a right angle at P.

Solution:

Let P (h, k) be the moving point

Given A (1, – 6) and B (4, – 2),

Since ∆APB = 90°, PA2 + PB2 = AB2
(i.e.) (h – 1)2 + (k + 6)2 + (h – 4)2 + (k + 2)2 = (4 – 1)2 + (-2 + 6)2
(i.e) h2 + 1 – 2h + k2 + 36 + 12k + h2 + 16 – 8h + k2 + 4 + 4k = 32 + 42 = 25
2h2 + 2k2 -10h + 16k + 57 – 25 = 0
2h2 + 2k2 – 10h + 16k + 32 = 0
(÷ by 2)h2 + k2 – 5h + 8k + 16 = 0
So the locus of P is x2 + y2 – 5x + 8y + 16 = 0

Question 8.
If O is origin and R is a variable point on y2 = 4x, then find the equation of the
locus of the mid-point of the line segment OR.

Solution:
Let P(h, k) be the moving point
We are given O (0, 0). Let R = (a, b)

Substituting a, b values is y2 = 4x
we get (2k)2 = 4 (2h)
(i.e) 4k2 = 8h
(÷ by 4) k2 = 2h
So the locus of P is y2 = 2x

Question 9.

Solution:

Question 10.
If P (2, -7) is a given point and Q is a point on 2x2 + 9y2 = 18, then find the
equations of the locus of the mid-point of PQ.
Solution:

P = (2, -7); Let (h, k) be the moving point Q = (a, b)

⇒ a = 2h – 2,
b = 2k + l
Q is a point on 2x2 + 9y2 = 18 (i.e) (a, b) is on 2x2 + 9y2 = 18
⇒ 2(2h – 2)2 + 9 (2k + 7)2 = 18
(i.e) 2 [4h2 + 4 – 8h] + 9 [4k2 + 49 + 28k] – 18 = 0
(i.e) 8h2 + 8 – 16h + 36k2 + 441 + 252k – 18 = 0
8h2 + 36k2 – 16h + 252k + 431 = 0
The locus is 8x2 + 36y2 – 16x + 252y + 431 = 0

Question 11.
If R is any point on the x-axis and Q is any point on the y-axis and Pis a
variable point on RQ with RP = b, PQ = a. then find the equation of locus of P.

Solution:

P = (x, 0), Q = (0, y), R (h, k) be a point on RQ such that PR : RQ = b : a

From the right-angled triangle OQR, OR2 + OQ2 = QR2

Question 12.
If the points P (6, 2) and Q (-2, 1) and R are the vertices of a ∆PQR and R is the
point on the locus y = x2 – 3x + 4, then find the equation of the locus of the
centroid of ∆PQR.

Solution:
P (6, 2), Q (-2, 1). Let R = (a, b) be a point on y = x2 – 3x + 4.

But (a, b) is a point on y = x2 – 3x + 4

b = a2 – 3a + 4
(i.e) 3k – 3 = (3h – 4)2 – 3(3h – 4) + 4
(i.e) 3k – 3 = 9h2 + 16 – 24h – 9h + 12 + 4
⇒ 9h2 – 24h – 9h + 32 – 3k + 3 = 0
(i.e) 9h2 – 33h – 3k + 35 = 0,
Locus of (h, k) is 9x2 – 33x – 3y + 35 = 0

Question 13.
If Q is a point on the locus of x2 + y2 + 4x – 3y + 7 = 0 then find the equation
of locus of P which divides segment OQ externally in the ratio 3 : 4, where O is
origin.

Solution:
Let (h, k) be the moving point O = (0, 0);
Let PQ = (a, b) on x2 + y2 + 4x – 3y + 7 = 0

Question 14.
Find the points on the locus of points that are 3 units from the x-axis and 5
units from the point (5, 1).

Solution:
A line parallel to the x-axis is of the form y = k.
Here k = 3 ⇒ y = 3
A point on this line is taken as P (a, 3).
The distance of P (a, 3) from (5, 1) is given as 5 units
⇒ (a – 5)2 + (3 – 1)2 = 52
a2 + 25 – 10a + 9 + 1 – 6 = 25
a2 – 10a + 25 + 4 – 25 = 0
a2 – 10a + 4 = 0

Question 15.
The sum of the distance of a moving point from the points (4, 0) and (-4, 0) is
always 10 units. Find the equation of the locus of the moving point.

Solution:
Let P (h, k) be a moving point
Here A = (4, 0) and B = (-4, 0)
Given PA + PB = 10
Ex 6.2
Question 1.
Find the equation of the lines passing through the point (1, 1)
(i) With y-intercept (- 4)
(ii) With slope 3
(iii) And (-2, 3)
(iv) And the perpendicular from the origin makes an angle 60° with x-axis.

Solution:
(i) Given y intercept = – 4,
Let x intercept be a

(ii) with slope 3

The equation the line passing through the point (x1, y1) and having slope m is
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
Given (x1, y1) = (1, 1), m = 3
∴ The required equation of the line is
y – 1 = 3(x – 1)
y – 1 = 3x – 3
3x – y – 3 + 1 = 0
3x – y – 2 = 0

(iii) Passing through (1, 1) and (-2, 3)

Question 2.
If P (r, c) is midpoint of a line segment between the axes, then show that

Solution:
P (r, c) is the midpoint of AB.
⇒ A = (2r, 0) and B = (0, 2c)
(i.e) x intercept = 2r and
y intercept = 2c.
Question 3.
Find the equation of the line passing through the point (1, 5) and also divides
the co-ordinate axes in the ratio 3 : 10.

Solution:
Let x-intercept be 3a and y-intercept be 10a

Question 4.
If p is length of perpendicular from origin to the line whose intercepts on the

axes are a and b, then show that

Solution:

Question 5.
The normal boiling point of water is 100°C or 212°F and the freezing point of
water is 0°C or 32°F.
(i) Find the linear relationship between C and F
(ii) Find the value of C for 98.6° F and
(iii) The value of F for 38°C.

Solution:
Given when C = 100, F = 212 and when C = 0, F = 32
Question 6.
An object was launched from a place P in constant speed to hit a target. At the
15th second, it was 1400m away from the target and at the 18th second 800m
away. Find
(i) The distance between the place and the target
(ii) The distance covered by it in 15 seconds,
(iii) Time is taken to hit the target.

Solution:
Taking time = x and distance = y
We are given at x = 15, y = 1400 and at x = 18, y = 800
Question 7.
The population of a city in the years 2005 and 2010 are 1,35,000 and 1,45,000
respectively. Find the approximate population in the year 2015. (assuming
that the growth of population is constant).

Solution:
Taking the year as x and population as y
We are given when x = 2005,
y = 1,35,000 and
when x = 2010,
y = 1,45,000

y – 135000 = 2000 (x – 2005)

y = 2000(x – 2005) + 135000
At x = 2015, y = 2000 (2015 – 2005) + 135000
(i.e) y = 2000 (10) + 135000 = 20000 + 135000 = 1,55,000
The approximate population in the year 2015 is 1,55,000

Question 8.
Find the equation of the line, if the perpendicular drawn from the origin
makes an angle 30° with x – axis and its length is 12.

Solution:
The equation of the line is x cos α + y sin α = p

Question 9.
Find the equation of the straight lines passing through (8, 3) and having
intercepts whose sum is 1.
Solution:
Given sum of the intercepts = 1 ⇒ when x-intercept = a then y-intercept = 1 –
a

8 (1 – a) + 3a = a (1 – a)
8 – 8a + 3a = a – a2

Question 10.

Solution:
⇒ The points A, B, C lie on a line
⇒ The points A, B, C are collinear

Question 11.
A straight line is passing through the point A (1, 2) with slope 5/12. Find
points on the line which are 13 units away from A.

Solution:
Question 12.
A 150m long train is moving with a constant velocity of 12.5 m/s. Find
(i) The equation of the motion of the train,
(ii) Time taken to cross a pole,
(iii) The time taken to cross the bridge of length 850 m is?

Solution:
(i) Now m = y/x = 12.5m / second,

The equation of the line is y = mx + c ….(1)

Put c = -150, m = 12.5 m,
The equation of motion of the train is y = 12.5x – 150

(ii) To find the time taken to cross a pole we take y = 0 in (1)

⇒ 0 = 12.5x – 150 ⇒ 12.5x = 150

(iii) When y = 850 in (1)

850 = 12.5 x – 150 ⇒ 12.5x = 850 + 150 = 1000

Question 13.
A spring was hung from a hook in the ceiling. A number of different weights
were attached to the spring to make it stretch, and the total length of the
spring was measured each time shown in the following table.

(i) Draw a graph showing the results.

(ii) Find the equation relating the length of the spring to the weight on it.
(iii) What is the actual length of the spring.
(iv) If the spring has to stretch to 9 cm long, how much weight should be
added?
(v) How long will the spring be when 6 kilograms of weight on it?

Solution:
Taking weight (kg) as x values and length (cm) as y values we get (x1, y1) = (2,
3), (x2, y2) = (4, 4)

The equation of the line passing through the above two points is

(iii) When x = 0, 2y = 4 ⇒ y = 2 cm

(iv) When y = 9 cm, x – 18 = – 4

x = -4 + 18 = 14 kg
(v) When x = 6 (kg), 6 – 2y = – 4, -2y = -4 – 6 = -10
⇒ 2y = 10 ⇒ y = 10/2 = 5 cm.

Question 14.
A family is using Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) of weight 14.2 kg for
consumption. (Full weight 29.5 kg includes the empty cylinders tare weight of
15.3 kg.). If it is used at a constant rate then it lasts for 24 days. Then the new
cylinder is replaced
(i) Find the equation relating the quantity of gas in the cylinder to the days.
(ii) Draw the graph for the first 96 days.

Solution:

Question 15.
In a shopping mall, there is a hall of cuboid shape with dimension 800 × 800 ×
720 units, which needs to be added the facility of an escalator in the path as
shown by the dotted line in the figure. Find
(i) The minimum total length of the escalator,
(ii) The heights at which the escalator changes its direction,
(iii) The slopes of the escalator at the turning points.

Solution:
(i) the minimum total length of the escalator.
Shape of the hall in the shopping mall is cuboid. When you open out the
cuboid, the not of the cuboid will be as shown in the following diagram.

The path of the escalator is from OA to AB to BC to CD

The minimum length = 3280 units

(ii) The height at which the escalator changes its direction.

(iii) Slope of the escalator at the turning points

Since ∆OAE = ∆ABB’ = ∆BCC’ = ∆CAD

Slope at the points B, C will be 9/40

Ex 6.3
Question 1.
Show that the lines are 3x + 2y + 9 = 0 and 12x + 8y – 15 = 0 are parallel
lines.

Solution:

Here m1 = m2 ⇒ the two lines are parallel.

Question 2.
Find the equation of the straight line parallel to 5x – 4y + 3 = 0 and having x –
intercept 3.

Solution:
Equation of a line parallel to ax + by + c = 0 will be of the form ax + by + k =
0
So equation of a line parallel to 5x – 4y + 3 = 0 will be of the form 5x – 4y = k

Question 3.
Find the distance between the line 4x + 3y + 4 = 0 and a point
(i) (-2, 4)
(ii) (7, -3)

Solution:
The distance between the line ax + by + c = 0 and the point(x1, y1) is given by

(i) Now the distance between the line 4x + 3y + 4 = 0 and (-2, 4) is

(ii) The distance between the line 4x + 3y + 4 = 0 and (7, -3) is

Question 4.
Write the equation of the lines through the point (1, -1)
(i) Parallel to x + 3y – 4 = 0
(ii) Perpendicular to 3x + 4y = 6
Solution:
(i) Parallel to x + 3y – 4 = 0
The equation of any line parallel to the line
x + 3y – 4 = 0 is x + 3y + k = 0 ………… (1)

This line passes through the point (1, – 1)

∴ (1) ⇒ 1 + 3 (-1 ) + k = 0
1–3+k=0⇒k=2
∴ The equation of the required line is
x + 3y + 2 = 0

(ii) Perpendicular to 3x + 4y = 6
The equation of any line perpendicular to 3x + 4y = 6 is
4x – 3y + k = 0 …………. (2)
This line passes through the point (1,-1)
(2) ⇒ (4) 1 – 3 (-1) + k = 0
4+3+k=0⇒k=–7
∴ The required equation is 4x – 3y – 7 = 0

Question 5.
If (- 4, 7) is one vertex of a rhombus and if the equation of one diagonal is 5x –
y + 7 = 0, then find the equation of another diagonal.

Solution:
Let the equation of the diagonal AC be 5x – y + 7 = 0 ……….. (1)
Since (-4, 7) does not satisfy equation (1), (- 4, 7 ) represents neither A nor C.
Let (-4, 7) represent the vertex D.
The diagonal BD is perpendicular to AC

The equation of any line perpendicular to line (1) is – x – 5y + k = 0 ……….. (2)

This line passes through the point D (-4, 7)
∴ (2) ⇒ -(-4) – 5(7) + k = 0
4 – 35 + k = 0 ⇒ k = 31
∴ The equation of the other diagonal is
-x – 5y + 31 = 0
x + 5y – 31 = 0
Question 6.
Find the equation of the lines passing through the point of intersection lines
4x – y + 3 = 0 and 5x + 2y +7 = 0, and
(i) Through the point (-1, 2)
(ii) Parallel to x – y + 5 = 0
(iii) Perpendicular to x – 2y + 1 = 0.

Solution:
To find the point of intersection of the lines we have to solve them

Substituting x = -1 in equation (2) we get

-5 + 2y = -7
⇒ 2y = – 7 + 5 = -2
⇒ y = -1
So the point of intersection is (-1, -1)

(ii) Parallel to x – y + 5 = 0
Given that the line (1) is parallel to the line
x – y + 5 = 0 ………. (2)
∴ Slope of line (1) = Slope of line (2)
(4x – y + 3) + λ (5x + 2y + 7) = 0
4x – y + 3 + 5λx + 2λy + 7λ = 0
(4 + 5λ)x + (2λ – 1)y + 3 + 7λ = 0
13x – 13y = 0
x–y=0

(iii) Equation of a line perpendicular to x – 2y+ 1 =0 will be of the form 2x + y

+ k = 0. It passes through (-1, -1) ⇒ -2 – 1 + k = 0 ⇒ k = 3.
So the required line is 2x + y + 3 = 0

Question 7.
Find the equations of two straight lines which are parallel to the line 12x + 5y
+ 2 = 0 and at a unit distance from the point (1, -1).

Solution:
Equation of a line parallel to 12x + 5y + 2 = 0 will be of the form 12x + 5y + k
= 0.
We are given that the perpendicular distance form (1, -1) to the line 12x + 5y
+ k = 0 is 1 unit.

So the required line will be 12x + 5y + 6 = 0 or 12x + 5y – 20 = 0

Question 8.
Find the equations of straight lines which are perpendicular to the line 3x +
4y – 6 = 0 and are at a distance of 4 units from (2, 1).

Solution:
Given equation of line is 3x + 4y – 6 = 0.
Any line perpendicular to 3x + 4y – 6 = 0 will be of the form 4x – 3y + k = 0
Given perpendicular distance is 4 units from (2, 1) to line (1)

∴ 20 = + (5 + k) or 20 = – (5 + k)
⇒ k = 20 – 5 or k = -(20 + 5)
k = 15 or k : = -25
∴ Required equation of the lines are 4x – 3y + 15 = 0 and 4x – 3y – 25 = 0

Question 9.
Find the equation of a straight line parallel to 2x + 3y = 10 and which is such
that the sum of its intercepts on the axes is 15.

Solution:
The equation of the line parallel to 2x + 3y = 10 will be of the form 2x + 3y =
k.

Question 10.
Find the length of the perpendicular and the co-ordinates of the foot of the
perpendicular from (-10, -2) to the line x + y – 2 = 0.

Solution:
Length of the perpendicular from (-10, -2) to x + y – 2 = 0 is

Question 11.
If p1 and p2 are the lengths of the perpendiculars from the origin to the
straight lines. sec θ +y cosec θ = 2a and x cos θ – y sin θ = a cos 2θ, then
prove that

Solution:
p1 = length of perpendicular from (0, 0) to x sec θ + y cosec θ = 2a
Question 12.
Find the distance between the parallel lines
(i) 12x + 5y = 7 and 12x + 5y + 7 = 0
(ii) 3x – 4y + 5 = 0 and 6x – 8y – 15 = 0.

Solution:

Question 13.
Find the family of straight lines
(i) Perpendicular
(ii) Parallel to 3x + 4y – 12 = 0.
Solution:
(i) The equation of the family of straight lines perpendicular to 3x + 4y – 12 =
0 is 4x – 3y + k = 0 where k ∈ R
(ii) The equation of the family of straight lines parallel to the straight line 3x +
4y – 12 = 0 is 3x + 4y + λ = 0, λ ∈ R

Question 14.
If the line joining two points A (2, 0) and B (3, 1) is rotated about A in an anti-
clockwise direction through an angle of 15°, then find the equation of the line
in the new position.

Solution:

This line is rotated about 15° in an anti-clockwise direction

⇒ New slope = tan (45° + 15°) = tan 60° = 3–√ (i.e) m = 3–√.
Point A = (2, 0)

Question 15.
A ray of light coming from the point (1, 2) is reflected at a point A on the x-axis
and it passes through the point (5, 3). Find the coordinates of point A.

Solution:
The image of the point P (1, 2) will be P’ (1, -2).
Since ∠OAP = ∠XAQ (angle of inches = angle of reflection) So ∠OAP’ = ∠XAQ
= a (Vertically opposite angles)
⇒ P’, A, Q lie on the same line.
Now equation of the line P’, Q is [where P’ = (1, -2), Q = (5, 3)]

Since we find a point of intersection with the x-axis we put y = 0.

Question 16.
A line is drawn perpendicular to 5x = y + 7. Find the equation of the line if the
area of the triangle formed by this line with co-ordinate axes is 10 sq. units.

Solution:
Equation of the given lines 5x = y + 7 ⇒ 5x – y = 7.
So its perpendicular will be of the form x + 5y = 7
Question 17.
Find the image of the point (-2, 3) about the line x + 2y – 9 = 0.

Solution:
The coordinates of the image of the point (x1, y1) with respect to the line ax +
by + c = 0 can be

Question 18.
A photocopy store charges Rs. 1.50 per copy for the first 10 copies and Rs.
1.00 per copy after the 10th copy. Let x be the number of copies, and let y be
the total cost of photocopying.
(i) Draw a graph of the cost as x goes from 0 to 50 copies.
(ii) Find the cost of making 40 copies

Solution:
Question 19.
Find atleast two equations of the straight lines in the family of the lines y = 5x
+ b, for which b and the x-coordinate of the point of intersection of the lines
with 3x – 4y = 6 are integers.

Solution:
y = 5x + b …….. (1)
3x-4y = 6 …….. (2)
Solving (1) and (2)
Substituting y value from (1) in (2) we get
Since x coordinate and 6 are integers 6 + 46 must be a multiple of 17

Question 20.
Find all the equations of the straight lines in the family of the lines y = mx – 3,
for which m and the x-coordinate of the point of intersection of the lines with
x – y = 6 are integers.

Solution:
Equation of the given lines are
y= mx – 3 …….. (1)
and x – y = 6 ……. (2)
Solving (1) and (2)
x – (mx – 3) = 6
Since m and x coordinates are integers
1 – m is the divisor of 3 (i.e) ± 1, ± 3

So equation of lines are (y = mx – 3) ,y = mx – 3

(i) When m = 0, y = -3
(ii) When m = 2, y = 2x – 3
(iii) When m = -2, y = -2x – 3 or 2x + y + 3 = 0
(iv) When m = 4, y = 4x – 3

Ex 6.4
Question 1.
Find the combined equation of the straight lines whose separate equations are
x – 2y – 3 = 0 and x + y + 5 = 0.

Solution:
The given separate equations of the lines are
x – 2y – 3 = 0 and x + y + 5 = 0
∴ The combined equation of the straight lines is
(x – 2y – 3 ) (x + y + 5) = 0
x2 + xy + 5x – 2xy – 2y2 – 10y – 3x – 3y – 15 = 0
x2 – xy – 2y2 + 2x – 13y – 15 = 0
Question 2.
Show that 4x2 + 4xy + y2 – 6x – 3y – 4 = 0 represents a pair of parallel lines.

Solution:
Comparing this equation with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
we get a = 4, h = 4/2 = 2 , b = 1, g = – 3, f = – 3/2, c = – 4
The condition for the lines to be parallel is h2 – ab = 0
Now h2 – ab = 22 – (4) (1) = 4 – 4 = 0
h2 – ab = 0 ⇒ The given equation represents a pair of parallel lines.

Question 3.
Show that 2x2 + 3xy – 2y2 + 3x + y + 1 = 0 represents a pair of perpendicular
lines.

Solution:
The equation of the given pair of straight lines is
2x2 + 3xy – 2y2 + 3x + y + 1 = 0 ……….. (1)
Compare this equation with the equation
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2f y + c = 0 ……… (2)
a = 2, 2h = 3, b = – 2 , 2g = 3, 2f = 1, c = 1

The condition for pair of straight lines to be perpendicular is a + b = 0.

2–2=0
Hence the given pair of lines represents a perpendicular straight lines.

Question 4.
Show that the equation 2x2 – xy – 3y2 – 6x + 19y – 20 = 0 represents a pair of
intersecting lines. Show further that the angle between them is tan-1(5).

Solution:
The given equation represents a pair of straight lines.

Question 5.
Prove that the equation to the straight lines through the origin, each of which
makes an angle α with the straight line y = x is x2 – 2xy sec 2α + y2 = 0

Solution:
Slope of y = x is m = tan θ = 1
⇒ θ = 45°
The new lines slopes will be
m = tan(45 + α) and m = tan (45 – α)
∴ The equations of the lines passing through the origin is given by
y = tan(45 + α)x and y = tan(45 – α)x
(i.e) y = tan(45 + α)x = 0 and y = tan(45 – α)x = 0
The combined equation is [y – tan (45 + α)x] [y – tan (45 – α)x] = 0
y2 + tan(45 + α)tan(45 – α)x2 – xy[tan(45 – α) + tan(45 + α)] = 0
Let the equation of lines passes through the origin
So the equations are y = m1x = 0 and y = m2x = 0
So the combined equations is (y – m1x) (y – m2x) = 0
(i.e)y2 – xy(m1 + m2) + m1m2x = 0
(i.e) y2 – xy(2sec α) + x2(1) = 0
(i.e) y2 – 2xy sec 2α + x2 = 0

Question 6.
Find the equation of the pair of straight lines passing through the point (1, 3)
and perpendicular to the lines 2x – 3y + 1 = 0 and 5x + y – 3 = 0

Solution:
The equation of the given lines are
2x – 3y + 1 = 0 ……….. (1)
5x + y – 3 = 0 ……….. (2)
Equation of any line perpendicular to 2x – 3y + 1 = 0 is
– 3x – 2y + k = 0
3x + 2y – k = 0
This line passes through the point (1, 3)
∴ 3(1) + 2(3) – k = 0
3 + 6 – k = 0 ⇒ k= 9
Substituting the value of k in the above equation we have
3x + 2y – 9 = 0 ………. (3)
Equation of any line perpendicular to 5x + y – 3 = 0 is
x – 5y + k1 = 0
This line passes though the point (1 , 3)
∴ 1 – 5 (3) + k1 = 0
1 – 15 + k1 ⇒ k1 = 14
Substituting the value of k1 in the above equation we have
x – 5y + 14 = 0 ……….. (4)
The combined equation of (3) and (4) is
( 3x + 2y – 9) (x – 5y + 14 ) = 0
3x2 – 15xy + 42x + 2xy – 10y2 + 28y – 9x + 45 y – 126 = 0
3x2 – 13xy – 10y2 + 33x + 73y – 126 = 0 Question 7.

Find the separate equation of the following pair of straight lines

(i) 3x2 + 2xy – y2 = 0
(ii) 6 (x – 1)2 + 5(x – 1)(y – 2) – 4(y – 2)2 = 0
(iii) 2x2 – xy – 3y2 – 6x + 19y – 20 = 0

Solution:
(i) 3x2 + 2xy – y2 = 0
The given equation is
3x2 + 2xy – y2 = 0 ……. (1)
3x2 + 3xy – xy – y2 = 0
3x (x + y) – y (x + y) = 0
(3x – y) (x + y) = 0
3x – y = 0 and x + y = 0
∴ The separate equations are
3x – y = 0 and x + y = 0

(ii) 6 (x – 1)2 + 5 (x – 1)(y – 2) – 4(y – 2)2 = 0

⇒ 6(x2 – 2x +1) + 5(xy – 2x – y + 2) – 4( y2 – 4y + 4) = 0
(i.e) 6x2 – 12x + 6 + 5xy – 10x – 5y + 10 – 4y2 + 16y – 16 = 0
(i.e) 6x2 + 5xy – 4y2 – 22x + 11y = 0
Factorising 6x2 + 5xy – 4y2 we get
6x2 – 3xy + 8xy – 4y2 = 3x (2x – y) + 4y (2x – y)
= (3x + 4y)(2x – y)
So, 6x2 + 5xy – 4y2 – 22x + 11y = (3x + 4y + l )(2x – y + m)

Equating coefficient of x ⇒ 3m + 21 = -22 …….. (1)

Equating coefficient of y ⇒ 4m – l = 11 ……. (2)
Solving (1) and (2) we get l = -11, m = 0
So the separate equations are 3x + 4y – 11 = 0 and 2x – y = 0

(iii) 2x2 – xy – 3y2 – 6x + 19y – 20 = 0

Factorising 2x2 – xy – 3y2 we get
2x2 – xy – 3y2 = 2x2 + 2xy – 3xy – 3y2
= 2x(x + y) – 3y(x + y) = (2x – 3y) (x + y)
∴ 2x2 – xy – 3y2 – 6x + 19y – 20 = (2x – 3y + l)(x + y + m)

Equating coefficient of x 2m + l = -6 ……. (1)

Equating coefficient of y -3m + l = 19 …….. (2)

Constant term -20 = lm

Solving (1) and (2) we get l = 4 and m = – 5 where lm = – 20.
So the separate equations are 2x – 3y + 4 = 0 and x + y – 5 = 0

Question 8.
The slope of one of the straight lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is twice that of the
other, show that 8h2 = 9ab.

Solution:
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
We are given that one slope is twice that of the other.
So let the slopes be m and 2m.
Now sum of the slopes = m + 2m

Question 9.
The slope of one of the straight lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is three times the
other, show that 3h2 = 4ab.
Solution:
Let the slopes be m and 3m.

Question 10.
A ∆OPQ is formed by the pair of straight lines x2 – 4xy + y2 = 0 and the line
PQ. The equation of PQ is x + y – 2 = 0. Find the equation of the median of the
triangle ∆OPQ drawn from the origin O.

Solution:
Equation of pair of straight lines is x2 – 4xy + y2 = 0 ….. (1)
Equation of the given line is x + y – 2 = 0 ⇒ y = 2 – x ……… (2)
On solving (1) and (2) we get x2 – 4x (2 – x) + (2 – x)2 = 0
(i.e) x2 – 8x + 4x2 + 4 + x2 – 4x = 0
(i.e) 6x2 – 12x + 4 = 0
(÷ by 2) 3x2 – 6x + 2 = 0
The midpoint of PQ is

Question 11.
Find p and q, ¡f the following equation represents a pair of perpendicular lines
6x2 + 5xy – py2 + 7x + qy – 50

Solution:
6x2 + 5xy – py2 + 7x + qy – 50
The given equation represents a pair of perpendicular lines
⇒ coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 0
(i.e) 6 – p = 0 ⇒ p = 6

Now comparing the given equation with the general form

ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
we get a = 6, b = -6 and c = -5, f = q/2, g = 7/2 and h = 5/2
The condition for the general form to represent a pair of straight lines is abc +
2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0
Question 12.
Find the value of k, if the following equation represents a pair of straight lines.
Further, find whether these lines are parallel or intersecting, 12x2 + 7xy –
12y2 – x + 7y + k = 0.

Solution:
Comparing the given equation with the general form ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx
+ 2fy + c = 0
we get a = 12, b = -12, c = k, f = 7/2, g = – 1/2, h = 7/2

Here a + b = 0 ⇒ the given equation represents a pair of perpendicular lines

To find k: The condition for the given equation to represent a pair of straight
lines is abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0
Question 13.
For what value of k does the equation 12x2 + 2kxy + 2y2, + 11x – 5y + 2 = 0
represent two straight lines.

Solution:
12x2 + 2 kxy + 2y2 + 11x – 5y + 2 = 0
Comparing this equation with the general form we get

4k2 + 55k + 175 = 0

4k2 + 20k + 35k + 175 = 0
4k(k + 5) + 35(k + 5) = 0
(4k + 35) (k + 5) = 0
k = -5 or -35/4

Question 14.
Show that the equation 9x2 – 24xy + 16y2 – 12x + 16y – 12 = 0 represents a
pair of parallel lines. Find the distance between them.

Solution:
Comparing the given equation with ax2 + 2kxy + by2 = 0 we get a = 9, h = -
12, b = 16.
Now h2 = (-12)2 = 144, ab = (9) (16) = 144
h2 = ab ⇒ The given equation represents a pair of parallel lines.

To find their separate equations:

9x2 – 24xy + 16y2 = (3x – 4y)2
So, 9x2 – 24xy +16y2 – 12x + 16y – 12 = (3x – 4y + l )(3x – 4y + m)
Here coefficient of x ⇒ 3m + 3l = -12 ⇒ m + l = -4
coefficient of y ⇒ -4m – 4l = 16 ⇒ m + l = -4
Constant term l m = -12
Now l + m = -4 and lm = -12 ⇒ l = -6 and m = 2
So the separate equations are 3x – 4y – 6 = 0 and 3x – 4y + 2 = 0

Question 15.
Show that the equation 4x2 + 4xy + y2 – 6x – 3y – 4 = 0 represents a pair of
parallel lines. Find the distance between them.

Solution:
4x2 + 4xy + y2 – 6x – 3y – 4 = 0
a = 4,
b = 1,
h = 4/2 = 2
h2 – ab = 22 – (4) (1) = 4 – 4 = 0

⇒ The given equation represents a pair of parallel lines.

To find the separate equations 4x2 + 4xy + y2 = (2x + y)2
So, 4x2 + 4xy + y2 – 6x – 3y – 4 = (2x + y + l )(2x + y + m)
Coefficient of x ⇒ 2m + 2l = -6 ⇒ l + m = – 3 ……. (1)

Coefficient of y ⇒ l + m = – 3 ……… (2)

Constant term ⇒ l m = – 4 ……… (3)
Now l + m = -3 and lm = -4 ⇒ l = -4, m = 1
So the separate equations are 2x + y + 1 = 0 and 2x + y – 4 = 0

Question 16.
Prove that one of the straight lines given by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 will bisect
the angle between the co-ordinate axes if (a + b)2 = 4h2.

Solution:
Let the slopes be l and m
∵ One line bisects the angle between the coordinate axes ⇒ θ = 45°
So tan θ = 1
The slopes are l and m

Question 17.
If the pair of straight lines x2 – 2kxy – y2 = 0 bisect the angle between the pair
of straight lines x2 – 2lxy – y2 = 0, show that the latter pair also bisects the
angle between the former.

Solution:
Given that x2 – 2kxy – y2 = 0 …….. (1)
Bisect the angle between the lines x2 – 11xy – y2 = 0 …… (2)
x2 – 2kxy – y2 = 0

Question 18.
Prove that the straight lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of
3x2 + 5xy – 3y2 + 2x + 3y = 0 and 3x – 2y – 1 = 0 are at right angles.

Solution:
The equation of the pair of straight lines is
3x2 + 5xy – 3y2 + 2x + 3y = 0 ……… (1)
The given line is 3x – 2y – 1 = 0
3x – 2y = 1 ……….. (2)

The equation of the straight lines joining the origin to the points of
intersection of the pair of lines (1) and the line (2) is obtained by
homogeneous using equation (1) by using equation (2)

(1) ⇒ (3x2 + 5xy – 3y2) + (2x + 3y)(1) = 0

(3x2 + 5xy – 3y2) + (2x + 3y) (3x – y) = 0
3x2 + 5xy – 3y2 + 6x2 – 4xy + 9xy – 6y2 = 0
9x2 + 10xy – 9y2 = 0 ………. (3)

Coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 9 – 9 = 0
∴ The pair of straight line (3) represents a perpendicular straight lines.
Ex 6.5
Choose the correct or more suitable answer

Question 1.
The equation of the locus of the point whose distance from y-axis is half the
distance from origin is ……..
(a) x2 + 3y2 = 0
(b) x2 – 3y2 = 0
(c) 3x2 + y2 = 0
(d) 3x2 – y2 = 0

Solution:
(c) 3x2 + y2 = 0
Hint:
Given that PA = \([\frac{1}{2}/latex]OP
2PA = OP

4PA2 = OP2
4(x)2 = x2 + y2 ⇒ 3x2 – y2 = 0

Question 2.
Which of the following equation is the locus of (at2, 2at) ……

Solution:
(d) y2 = 4ax
Hint:
Given x = at2, y = 2at
Question 3.
Which of the following point lie on the locus of 3x2 + 3y2 – 8x – 12y + 17 = 0?
(a) (0, 0)
(b) (-2, 3)
(c) (1, 2)
(d) (0, -1)

Solution:
(c) (1, 2)
Hint:
The equation of the given locus is
3x2 + 3y2 – 8x – 12y + 17 = 0
(0, 0) does not lie on the locus since the locus contains constant term.

Substituting (-2, 3) in the locus

3(- 2)2 + 3(3)2 – 8 × – 2 – 12 × 3 + 17
= 3 × 4 + 3 × 9 + 16 – 36 + 17
= 12 + 27 + 16 – 36 + 17 ≠ 0
∴ (- 2, 3) does not lie on the locus

Substituting (1, 2) on the locus

3(1)2 + 3(2)2 – 8 × 1 – 12 × 2 + 17
= 3 + 12 – 8 – 24 + 17
= 32 – 32
=0
∴ (1, 2 ) lies on the locus

Question 4.

(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3

Solution:
(d) 3

Question 5.
Straight line joining the points (2, 3) and (-1, 4) passes through the point (α,
β) if
(a) α + 2β = 7
(b) 3α + β = 9
(c) α + 3β = 11
(d) 3α + 3β = 11

Solution:
(c) α + 3β = 11
Hint:
Equation joining (2, 3), (-1, 4)

3y – 12 = – x -1 ⇒ x + 3y – 11 = 0, (α, β) lies on it ⇒ α + 3β – 11 = 0.

Question 6.
The slope of the line which makes an angle 45° with the line 3x – y = – 5 are
Hint:
Equation of line 3x – y = -5, y = 3x + 5, m1 = 3

Question 7.
Equation of the straight line that forms an isosceles triangle with coordinate
axes in the I-quadrant with perimeter 4+2√2 is
(a)x + y + 2 = 0
(b) x + y – 2 = 0
(c) x + y – √2 = 0
(d) x + y + √2 = 0

Solution:
(b) x + y – 2 = 0
Hint.
Let the sides be x, x
Question 8.
The coordinates of the four vertices of a quadrilateral are (-2, 4), (-1, 2), (1, 2)
and (2, 4) taken in order. The equation of the line passing through the vertex
(-1, 2) and dividing the quadrilateral into the equal areas is ………
(a) x + 1 = 0
(b) x + y = 1
(c) x + y + 3 = 0
(d) x – y + 3 = 0

Solution:
(b) x + y = 1
Hint:
This equation passes through (-1, 2)
-1 + 2 = 1 ⇒ 1 = 1

Question 9.
The intercepts of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining (1, 2)
and (3, 4) with coordinate axes are ……….
(a) 5, -5
(b) 5, 5
(c) 5, 3
(d) 5, -4
Solution:
(b) 5, 5

Question 10.
The equation of the line with slope 2 and the length of the perpendicular from
the origin equal to √5 is ……
(a) x + 2y = √5
(b) 2x + y = √5
(c) 2x + y = 5
(d) x + 2y – 5 = 0

Solution:
(c) 2x + y = 5

The required line is y = 2x + 5 ⇒ 2x – y + 5 = 0

Question 11.
A line perpendicular to the line 5x – y = 0 forms a triangle with the coordinate
axes. If the area of the triangle is 5 sq. units, then its equation is …….

Solution:
(a) x + 5y ± 5√2 = 0
Hint:
Equation of a line perpendicular to 5x – y = 0 is

Question 12.
Equation of the straight line perpendicular to the line x – y + 5 = o, through
the point of intersection the y-axis and the given line …….
(a) x – y – 5 = 0
(b) x + y – 5 = 0
(c) x + y + 5 = 0
(d) x + y + 10 = 0

Solution:
(b) x + y – 5 = 0
Hint:
x – y + 5 = 0 ⇒ put x = 0, y = 5
The point is (0, 5)
Equation of a line perpendicular to x – y + 5 = 0 is x + y + k = 0
This passes through (0, 5)
k = -5
x+7–5=0

Question 13.
If the equation of the base opposite to the vertex (2, 3) of an equilateral
triangle is x + y = 2, then the length of a side is ………

Solution: (b) √6
Hint:
In an equilateral, ∆ the perpendicular wall bisects the base into two equal
parts. Length of the perpendicular drawn from (2, 3) to the line x + 7 – 2 = 0

Question 14.
The line (p + 2q) x + (p – 3q)y = p – q for different values of p and q passes
through the point ……

Solution:

Hint:
(p + 2 q)x + (p – 3q)y = p – q
px + 2qx + py – 3qy = p – q
P(x + y) + q (2x – 3y) = p – q
The fourth option x = 2/5, y = 3/5

= p – q = RHS

Question 15.
The point on the line 2x – 3y = 5 is equidistance from (1, 2) and (3, 4) is …
(a) (7, 3)
(b) (4, 1)
(c) (1, -1)
(d) (-2, 3)
Solution:
(b) (4, 1)
Hint:
Let (a, b) be on 2x – 3y = 5 ⇒ 2a – 3b = 5
It is equidistance from (1, 2) and (3, 4)

(a – 1)2 + (b – 2)2 = (a – 3)2 + (6 – 4)2

a2 – 2a + 1 + b2 – 4b + 4 = a2 – 6a + 9 + b2 – 8b + 16
4a + 4b = 20
2a+ 2b = 10
2a – 3b = 5
5b = 5
b=1∴a=4
∴ The point is (4, 1)

Question 16.
The image of the point (2, 3) in the line y = – x is ………
(a) (-3, -2)
(b) (-3, 2)
(c) (-2, -3)
(d) (3, 2)

Solution:
(a) (-3, -2)

x – 2 = -5, y – 3 = -5
x = -3, y = -2
(-3, -2)

Question 17.
The length of ⊥ from the origin to the line
Solution:

(c) 12/5
Hint:
4x – 3y = 12 ⇒ 4x – 3y – 12 = 0

Question 18.
The y-intercept of the straight line passing through (1, 3) and perpendicular
to 2x – 3y + 1 = 0 is ……..

Solution:
(b) 9/2
Hint:
Equation of a line perpendicular to 2x – 3y + 1 = 0 is 3x + 2y = k. It passes
through (1, 3).
3 + 6 = k ⇒ k = 9, 3x + 2y = 9
To find y-intercept x = 0, 2y = 9, y = 9/2

Question 19.
If the two straight lines x + (2k – 7)y + 3 = 0 and 3kx + 9y – 5 = 0 are
perpendicular then the value of k is ……

Solution:
(a) k = 3
Hint.
Since the lines are perpendicular m1m2 = – 1

Question 20.
If a vertex of a square is at the origin and it’s one side lies along the line 4x +
3y – 20 = 0, then the area of the square is ……..
(a) 20 sq. units
(b) 16 sq. units
(c) 25 sq. units
(d) 4 sq. units

Solution:
(b) 16 sq. units
Hint:
One side of a square = Length of the perpendicular from (0, 0) to the line.

Question 21.
If the lines represented by the equation 6x2 + 41xy – 7y2 = 0 make angles α
and β with the x-axis, then tan α tan β =

Solution:

Hint.
6x2 + 41xy – 7y2 = 0
⇒ 6x2 – xy + 42xy – 7y2 = 0
⇒ x (6x – y) + 7y (6x – y) = 0
⇒ (x + 7y) (6x – y) = 0
⇒ x + 7y = 0, 6x – y = 0

Question 22.
The area of the triangle formed by the lines x2 – 4y2 = 0 and x = a is …….

Solution:

Hint:
x2 – 4y2 = 0, (x – 2y) (x + 2y) = 0 ⇒ x – 2y = 0, x + 2y = 0

Question 23.
If one of the lines given by 6x2 – x + 4x2 = 0 is 3x + 4y = 0, then c equals to
……
(a) -3
(b) -1
(c) 3
(d) 1
Solution:
(a) -3
Hint.
6x2 – xy + 4cy2 = 0, 3x + 4y = 0
The other line may be (2x + by)
(3x + 4y) (2x + by) = 6x2 – xy + 4cy2
6x2 + 3xby + 8xy + 4by2 = 6x2 – xy + 4cy2
6x2 + xy (3b + 8) + 4by2 = 6x2 – xy + 4cy2
paring, 3b + 8 = -1
3b = -9 ⇒ b = -3
4b = 4c ⇒ 4(-3) = 4c
-12 = 4c ⇒ c = -3

Question 24.

Solution:
(c) 5/9

Hint:
Question 25.
The equation of one the line represented by the equation x2 + 2xy cot θ – y2 =
0 is ………
(a) x – y cotθ = 0
(b) x + y tan θ = 0
(e) x cos θ + y(sin θ + 1) = 0
(d) x sin θ + y(cos θ + 1) = 0

Solution:
(d) x sin θ + y(cos θ + 1)=0
 Chapter – 7
Matrices and Determinants

Ex 7.1
Question 1.
Construct an m × n matrix A = [aij], where aij is given by

Solution:

Here m = 2, n = 3
So we have to construct a matrix of order 2 × 3
(ii) Here m = 3 and n = 4
So we have to construct a matrix order 3 × 4
The general form of a matrix of order 3 × 4 will be
Question 2.
Find the values of p, q, r and s if

Solution:
When two matrices (of the same order) are equal then their corresponding
entries are equal.

p2 – 1 = 1 ………… (1)
– 31 – q3 = – 4 ……….. (2)
r + 1 = 3/2 ……… (3)
s – 1 = – π ……….. (4)
(1) ⇒ p2 – 1 ⇒ p2 = 1 + 1 = 2
p = ±√2
(2) ⇒ – 31 – q3 – 4
31 + q3 = 4
q3 = 4 – 31 = – 27
q3 = (-3)3
q=–3
(3) ⇒ r + 1 = 3/2
r = 32 – 1 = 1/2
(4) ⇒ s – 1 = – π
s=1–π
∴ The required values are
p = ±√2,
q = 3,
r = 1/2,
s=1–π

Question 3.

Determine the value of x + y if

Solution:

Equating the corresponding entries

2x + y = 7 ………. (1)
4x = 7y – 13
4x – 7y = – 13 ………. (2)
5x – 7 = y
5x – y = 7 ………. (3)
4x = x + 6
4x – x = 6
3x = 6
x = 6/3 = 2 ………. (4)
Substituting for x in equation (1)
(1) ⇒ 2 × 2 + y = 7
y=7–4=3
The required values are x = 2 and y = 3
x+y=2+3=5
x+y=5
Question 4.
Determine the matrices A and B if they satisfy

Solution:
Question 5.

Solution:
Question 6.

(ii) Find all possible real values of satisfying the condition Aα + ATα = 1.

Solution:

General solution is α = 2nπ + π/3, n ∈ Z

Question 7.

Solution:

Question 8.
Solution:

Question 9.

Solution:
Question 10.
Give your own examples of matrices satisfying the following conditions in
each case:
(i) A and B such that AB ≠ BA.
(ii) A and B such that AB = 0 = BA, A ≠ 0 and B ≠ 0.
(iii) A and B such that AB = 0 and BA ≠ 0.

Solution:
Question 11.

Show that f(x) f(y) = f(x + y), where f(x) =

Solution:

Question 12.
If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A, find the value of 7A – (I + A)3.

Solution:
Given A is a square matrix such that A2 = A.
(I + A)3 = (I + A) (I + A) (I + A)
= (I . I + I . A + A . I + A . A) (I + A)
= (I + A + A + A2) (I + A)
= (I + 2A + A ) (I + A)
[Given A2 = A]
= (I + 3A) (I + A)
= I . I + I . A + 3A . I + 3A . A
= I + A + 3A + 3A2
= I + 4A + 3A
[Given A2 = A]
(I + A)3 = I + 7A
∴ 7A – (I + A)2 = 7A – (I + 7A)
= 7A – I – 7A
7A – (I + A)2 = – I

Question 13.
Verify the property A (B + C) = AB + AC, when the matrices A, B, and C are
given by

Solution:
Question 14.
Find the matrix A which satisfies the matrix

relation

Solution:
Question 15.

(i) (A + B)T = AT + BT = BT + AT
(ii) (A – B)T = AT – BT
(iii) (BT)T = B.

Solution:
Question 16.
If A is a 3 × 4 matrix and B is a matrix such that both ATB and BAT are
defined, what is the order of the matrix B?

Solution:
Given Order of A = 3 × 4
∴ Order of AT = 4 × 3
Given that ATB is defined.

∴ Number of columns of AT = Number of rows of B

Number of rows of B = 3
Also given BAT is defined.
∴ Number of columns of B = Number of rows of AT

Number of columns of B = 4
∴ Order of B = 3 × 4

Question 17.
Express the following matrices is the sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew-
symmetric matrix:
Solution:
Question 18.

Find the matrix A such that

Solution:
Question 19.

If A = is a matrix such that AAT = 9I, find the values of x and y.

Solution:

Question 20.

Solution:
Question 21.
Construct the matrix A = [aij]3×3, where aij = i- j. State whether A is symmetric
or skew- symmetric.

Solution:
Given A is a matrix of order 3 × 3

Here AT = -A
⇒ A is skew-symmetric

Question 22.
Let A and B be two symmetric matrices. Prove that AB = BA if and only if AB is
a symmetric matrix.

Solution:
Let A and B be two symmetric matrices
⇒ AT = A and BT = B …………….. (1)
Given that AB = BA (2)
To prove AB is symmetric:

Now (AB)T = BTAT = BA

(from(1)) But (AB)T = AB by ………….. (2)
⇒ AB is symmetric.

Conversely, let AB be a symmetric matrix.

⇒ (AB)T = AB
i.e. BTAT = AB
i.e. BA = AB (from (1))
⇒ AB is symmetric

Question 23.
If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, prove that
(i) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
(li) AB – BA is a skew-symmetric matrix.

Solution:
Given A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order.
∴ AT = A , B T = B
(i) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix
(AB + BA)T = (AB )T + (BA)T
= BTAT + ATBT
= BA + AB
= AB + BA
∴ AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.

(ii) AB – BA is a skew – symmetric matrix

(AB – BA)T = (AB )T (BA )T
= BTAT – ATBT
= BA – AB
(AB – BA)T = – (AB – BA)
∴ AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix.

Question 24.
A shopkeeper in a Nuts and Spices shop makes gift packs of cashew nuts,
raisins, and almonds.

The pack-I contains 100 gm of cashew nuts, 100 gm of raisins, and 50 gm of

almonds. Pack-II contains 200 gm of cashew nuts, 100 gm of raisins, and 100
gm of almonds. Pack-III contains 250 gm of cashew nuts, 250 gm of raisins,
and 150 gm of almonds. The cost of 50 gm of cashew nuts is ₹ 50, 50 gm of
raisins is ₹ 10, and 50 gm of almonds is₹ 60. What is the cost of each gift pack?

Solution:
Ex 7.2
Question 1.

Without expanding the determinant, prove that

Solution:

Question 2.

Show that

Solution:
Question 3.

Prove that

Solution:
LHS
Taking a from C1, b from C2 and c from C3 we get
Expanding along R1 we get
(2c) (abc) (1) [ab + ab] = abc (2c) (2ab)
1 = (abc) (4abc) = 4a2b2c2
= RHS

Question 4.

Solution:

Question 5.

Prove that
Solution:

Question 6.

Show that

Solution:

Question 7.
Write the general form of a 3 × 3 skew-symmetric matrix and prove that its
determinant is 0.
Solution:

Question 8.

Solution:
we get – (aα2 + 2bα + c) [ac – b2]
So Δ = 0 ⇒ (aα2 + 2bα + c) (ac -b2) = – 0 = 0
⇒ aα2 + 2bα + c = 0 or ac – b2 = 0
(i.e.) a is a root of ax2 + 2bx + c = 0
or ac = b2
⇒ a, b, c are in G.P.

Question 9.

Prove that

Solution:
Question 10.

If a, b, c are pth, qth and rth terms of an A.P., find the value of

Solution:
We are given a = tp,b = tq and c = tr
Let a be the first term and d be the common difference
Question 11.

Show that is divisible by x4

Solution:

Multiplying R1 by a, R2 by b and R3 by c and

taking out a from C1 b from C2 and c from C3 we get
=

Question 12.
If a, b, c are all positive, and are pth, qth and rth terms of a G.P., show that

Solution:
Question 13.

Find the value of if x, y, z ≠ 1.

Solution:
Expanding the determinant along R1
Question 14.

Solution:
Question 15.
Without expanding, evaluate the following determinants:

Solution:

Question 16.
If A is a square matrix and |A| = 2, find the value of |AAT|.
Solution:
Given |A| = 2
[Property 1: The determinant of a matrix remains unaltered if its rows are
changed into columns and columns. That is, |A| = |AT|]
|AT| = |A| = 2
∴ |A AT| = |A| |AT|
=2×2=4

Question 17.
If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such that |A| = -1 and |B| = 3, find
the value of |3AB|.

Solution:
Given A and B are square matrices of order 3 such that |A| = -1 and |B| = 3
[It A is a square matrix of order n then det ( kA) = |kA| = kn |A|.]
A and B are square matrices of order 3. Therefore,
AB is also a square matrix of order 3.
|3 AB| = 33 |AB|
= 27 |A| |B|
= 27 × – 1 × 3
|3 AB| = – 81

Question 18.

If λ = -2, determine the value of

Solution:
Given λ = -2
∴ 2λ = -4; λ2 = (-2)2; 3λ2 + 1 = 3 (4) + 1 = 13
6λ – 1 = 6(-2) – 1 = -13

expanding along R1
0(0) + 4 (0 + 13) + 1 (-52 + 0) = 52 – 52 = 0
Aliter: The determinant value of a skew-symmetric matrix is zero

Question 19.

Determine the roots of the equation

Solution:

Given the determinant value is 0

⇒ 30(1 + x) (2 – x) = 0
⇒ 1 + x = 0 or 2 – x = 0
⇒ x = -1 or x = 2
So, x = -1 or 2.

Question 20.
Verify that det (AB) = (det A) (det B)

for

Solution:
{(-20)(52) (-19) + (10)(38)(—49) + (2)(64)(-17)} – {(-49)(52) (2) + (-
17)(38)(-20) + (-19)(64)(10)}
= (19760 – 18620 – 2176) – (-5096 + 12920 – 12160)
= (19760 + 5096 + 12160) – (18620 + 2176 + 12920)
= 37016 – 33716 = 3300 ….(3)
Now (1) × (2) = (3)
(i.e.,) (-33) (-100) = 3300
⇒ det (AB) = (det A), (det B)

Question 21.
Using cofactors of elements of the second row, evaluate |A|,

where

Solution:
Ex 7.3
Solve the following problems by using factor theorem

Question 1.

Show that < = (x – a)2 (x + 2a)

Solution:
⇒ (x + 2d) is a factor of A.

Now degree of Δ is 3 (x × x × x = x3) and we have 3 factors for A

∴ There can be a constant as a factor for A.
(i.e.,) Δ = k(x – a)2 (x + 2d)
equating coefficient of x3 on either sides we get k = 1
∴ Δ = (x – a)2 (x + 2a)

Question 2.

Show that

Solution:

Similarly b and c are factors of Δ.

The product of the leading diagonal elements is (b + c) (c + a) (a + b)

The degree is 3. And we got 3 factors for Δ ∴ m = 3 – 3 = 0
∴ there can be a constant k as a factor for Δ.

Question 3.

Solution:
⇒ x = 0, 0 are roots.
Now the degree of the leading diagonal elements is 3.
∴ the equation is of degree 3, so the roots are 0, 0, – (a + b + c)

Question 4.

Show that = (a + b + c) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)

Solution:

⇒ (a – b) is a factor of Δ.
Similarly, (b – c) and (c – a) are factors of Δ.

The degree of the product of elements along the leading diagonal is 1 + 1 + 2

= 4 and we got 3 factors for Δ.
m=4–3=1

∴ There can be one more factor symmetric with a, b, c which is of the form k (a
+ b + c).

Question 5.

Solve

Solution:
Question 6.

Show that = (x – y) (y – z) (z – x)

Solution:

⇒ (x – y) is a factor of Δ.

Similarly (y – z) and (z – x) are factors of Δ.

Now degree of Δ = 0 + 1 + 2 = 3 and we have 3 factors of Δ.
and so there can be a constant k as a factor of Δ.
Ex 7.4
Question 1.
Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (0, 0), (1, 2) and (4, 3)

Solution:
Area of triangle with vertices

∴ Area of A with vertices (0, 0), (1, 2) and (4, 3) is

(as the area cannot be negative).

Question 2.
If (k, 2), (2, 4) and (3, 2) are vertices of the triangle of area 4 square units then
determine the value of k.

Solution:

Question 3.
Identify the singular and non-singular matrices:

Solution:
(i) For a given square matrix A,
1. If |A| = 0 then it is a singular matrix.
2. If |A| ≠ 0 then it is a non singular matrix.
⇒ A is a singular matrix.

Which is a skew symmetric matrix

∴ |A| = 0 ⇒ A is a singular matrix.

Question 4.
Determine the value of a and b so that the following matrices are singular:

Solution:
expanding along R1
b(4 + 4) + 7 (-6 – 1) = 0 (given)
8b + 7 (-7) = 0
(i.e.,) 8b – 49 = 0 ⇒ 8b = 49 ⇒ b = 49/8

Question 5.

Solution:
Question 6.

Find the value of the product;

Solution:
Ex 7.5

Question 1.

Solution:

Question 2.
Solution:

Question 3.

(a) a scalar matrix

(b) a diagonal matrix
(c) an upper triangular matrix
(d) A lower triangular matrix

Solution:
(b) a diagonal matrix

Question 4.
If A and B are two matrices such that A + B and AB are both defined, then
…………
(a) A and B are two matrices not necessarily of same order.
(b) A and B are square matrices of same order.
(c) Number of columns of a is equal to the number of rows of B.
(d) A = B.

Solution:
(b) A and B are square matrices of same order.
Question 5.

(a) 0
(b) ±1
(c) -1
(d) 1

Solution:

Question 6.

If and (A + B)2 = A2 + B2, then the values of a and b

are ……………….
(a) a = 4, b = 1
(b) a = 1, b = 4
(c) a = 0, b = 4
(d) a = 2, b = 4

Solution:
Question 7.

If is a matrix satisfying the equation AAT = 9I, where I is 3 × 3

identity matrix, then the ordered pair (a, b) is equal to ………….
(a) (2, -1)
(b) (-2, 1)
(c) (2, 1)
(d) (-2, -1)

Solution:
Question 8.
If A is a square matrix, then which of the following is not symmetric?
(a) A + AT
(b) AAT
(c) ATA
(d) A – AT

Solution:
(b) AAT
Question 9.
If A and B are symmetric matrices of order n, where (A ≠ B), then …………….
(a) A + B is skew-symmetric
(b) A + B is symmetric
(c) A + B is a diagonal matrix
(d) A + B is a zero matrix

Solution:
(b) A + B is symmetric

Question 10.

If and if xy = 1, then det (AAT) is equal to …………..

(a) (a – 1)2
(b) (a2 + 1)2
(c) a2 – 1
(d) (a2 – 1)2

Solution:

Question 11.

The value of x, for which the matrix is singular is ………….

(a) 9
(b) 8
(c) 7
(d) 6
Solution:
(b) Hint: Given A is a singular matrix ⇒ |A| = 0

⇒ ex-2.e2x+3 – e2+x.e7+x = 0
⇒ e3x+1 – e9+2x = 0
⇒ e3x+1 = e9+2x
⇒ 3x + 1 = 9 + 2x
⇒ 3x – 2x = 9 – 1
⇒x=8

Question 12.
If the points (x, -2), (5, 2), (8, 8) are collinear, then x is equal to …………
(a) -3
(b) 1/3
(c) 1
(d) 3

Solution:
(d) Hint: Given that the points are collinear
So, area of the triangle formed by the points = 0
Question 13.

Solution:
Question 14.

If the square of the matrix is the unit matrix of order 2, then α, β and
γ should satisfy the relation.
(a) 1 + α2 + βγ = 0
(b) 1 – α2 – βγ = 0
(c) 1 – α2 + βγ = 0
(d) 1 + α2 – βγ = 0

Solution:

Question 15.

(a) Δ
(b) kΔ
(c) 3kΔ
(d) k3Δ
Solution:

Question 16.

A root of the equation is …………….

(a) 6
(b) 3
(c) 0
(d) -6

Solution:

Question 17.

The value of the determinant of is ……………

(a) -2abc
(b) abc
(c) 0
(d) a2 + b2 + c2

Solution:

Question 18.
If x1, x2, x3 as well as y1, y2, y3 are in geometric progression with the same
common ratio, then the points (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) are
(a) vertices of an equilateral triangle
(b) vertices of a right-angled triangle
(c) vertices of a right-angled isosceles triangle
(d) collinear

Solution: (d) collinear

Question 19.

If ⌊.⌋ denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to the real number under
consideration and -1 ≤ x < 0, 0 ≤ y < 1, 1 ≤ z ≤ 2, then the value of the

determinant is …………..

Solution:
(a) Hint: From the given values

Question 20.

If a ≠ b, b, c satisfy then abc = ……………..

(a) a + b + c
(b) 0
(c) b3
(d) ab + bc

Solution:
(c) Hint: Expanding along R1,
a(b2 – ac) – 2b (3b – 4c) + 2c (3a – 4b) = 0
(b2 – ac) (a – b) = 0
b2 = ac (or) a = b
⇒ abc = b(b2) = b3

Question 21.

If then B is given by ………………..

(a) B = 4A
(b) B = -4A
(c) B = -A
(d) B = 6A

Solution:
Question 22.
If A is skew-symmetric of order n and C ¡s a column matrix of order n × 1, then
CT AC is ……………..
(a) an identity matrix of order n
(b) an identity matrix of order 1
(e) a zero matrix of order I
(d) an Identity matrix of order 2

Solution:
(c) a zero matrix of order I
Hint: Given A is of order n × n
C is of order n × 1
so, CT is of order 1 × n

Let it be equal to (x) say

Taking transpose on either side
(CT, AC)T (x)T .
(i.e.) CT(AT)(C) = x
CT(-A)(C) = x
⇒ CTAC = -x
⇒ x = -x
⇒ 2x = 0
⇒x=0

Question 23.

The matrix A satisfying the equation is ……………

Solution:

Question 24.

If A + I = , then (A + I) (A – I) is equal to …………….

Solution:

Question 25.
Let A and B be two symmetric matrices of the same order. Then which one of
the following statements is not true?
(a) A + B ¡s a symmetric matrix
(b) AB ¡s a symmetric matrix
(c) AB = (BA)T
(d) ATB = ABT

Solution:
(b) AB ¡s a symmetric matrix
 Chapter – 8
Vector Algebra – I

Ex 8.1
Question 1.
Represent graphically the displacement of
(i) 45 cm 30 ° north of east
(ii) 80 km, 60° south of west

Solution:
(i) 45 cm 30 0 north of east

(ii) 80 km 60° south of west

Question 2.
Prove that the relation R defined on the set V of all vectors by
is an equivalence relation on V.

Solution:
Question 3.
Let α and α be the position vectors of points A and B. Prove that the position
vectors of the points which trisect the line segment AB

are

Solution:
Question 4.
If D and E are the midpoints of the sides AB and AC of a triangle ABC, prove
that

Solution:
Question 5.
Prove that the line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is
parallel to the third side whose length is half of the length of the third side.

Solution:
Question 6.
Prove that the line segments joining the midpoints of the adjacent sides of a
quadrilateral form a parallelogram.

Solution:
In a quadrilateral when opposite sides are equal and parallel it is a
parallelogram So, PQRS is a parallelogram, from (1) and (2).

Question 7.
If α and b represent a side and a diagonal of a parallelogram, find the other
sides and the other diagonal.

Solution:

OABC is a parallelogram where

Question 8.

Solution:

But Q is a common point.

⇒ P, Q, R are collinear.

Question 9.
If D is the midpoint of the side BC of a triangle ABC, prove that

Solution:
D is the midpoint of ∆ ABC.
Question 10.

Solution:
For any triangle ABC,

Now G is the centroid of ∆ABC, which divides the medians (AD, BE and CF) in
the ratio 2 : 1.
Question 11.
Let A, B, and C be the vertices of a triangle. Let D, E, and F be the midpoints of
the sides BC, CA, and AB respectively. Show that

Solution:
In ∆ABC, D, E, F are the midpoints of BC, CA, and AB respectively.

Question 12.
If ABCD is a quadrilateral and E and F are the midpoints of AC and BD
respectively, then prove that

Solution:
ABCD is a quadrilateral in which E and F are the midpoints of AC and BD
respectively.
Ex 8.2
Question 1.
Verify whether the following ratios are direction cosines of some vector or
not.

Solution:
Question 2.
Find the direction cosines of a vectors whose direction ratios are
(i) 1, 2, 3
(ii) 3, -1, 3
(iii) 0, 0, 7

Solution:

Question 3.
Find the direction cosines and direction ratios for the following vectors
Solution:
Question 4.
A triangle is formed by joining the points (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1). Find
the direction cosines of the medians.

Solution:
Question 5.

Solution:

Question 6.
If (a, a + b, a + b + c) is one set of direction ratios of the line joining (1, 0, 0)
and (0, 1, 0), then find a set of values of a, b, c.

Solution:
Given (a, a + b, a + b + c) is one set of direction ratios of the line joining (1, 0,
0) and (0, 1, 0) then find a set of values of a, b, c.

Let the given points be A (1, 0, 0) and B (0, 1, 0)

[The direction ratios of the line joining the points A (x1, y1, z1) and B (x2, y2, z2)
are x2 – x1, y2 – y1, z2 – z1 or x1 – x2, y2 – y2, z1, z1 – z2 j

The direction ratios of the line joining the points A(1, 0, 0) and B(0, 1, 0) are
(0 – 1, 1 – 0, 0 – 0)
(- 1, 1, 0) ………. (1)

Also the direction ratios are

(1 – 0, 0 – 1, 0 – 0)
(1, -1, 0) ………. (2)
Given the direction ratios are
(a, a + b , a + b + c) ………. (3)

Comparing (1) and (3) we have

(-1, 1, 0) = (a, a + b, a + b + c)
a = -1, a + b = 1 ⇒ – 1 + b = 1 ⇒ b = 2
a+b+c=0⇒–1+2+c=0⇒c=–1

Comparing (2) and (3) we get

a=1,a+b=–1⇒1+b=–1⇒b=–2
a+b+c=0⇒1–2+c=0⇒c=1
∴ The required set of values of a, b, c are
a = -1, b = 2, c = – 1 and
a = 1, b = – 2, c = 1

Question 7.
Solution:

⇒ The given vectors form the sides of a right-angled triangle.

Question 8.
Find the value of k for which the vectors
are parallel.

Solution:

Question 9.
Show that the following vectors are coplanar.
Solution:
Let the given three vectors be a b and c . When we are able to write one vector
as a linear combination of the other two vectors, then the given vectors are
called coplanar vectors.
Question 10.
Show that the points whose position

vectors and are coplanar

Solution:
Let the given points be A, B, C and D. To prove that the points A, B, C, D are
coplanar, we have to prove that the vectors are coplanar
∴ we are able to write one vector as a linear combination of the other two
vectors ⇒ the given vectors are coplanar.
(i.e.,) the given points A, B, C, D are coplanar.
Question 11.

Solution:

>

Question 12.
The position vectors of the vertices of a triangle

are and . Find the perimeter of the

triangle

Solution:
Let A, B, C be the vertices of the triangle ABC,
Question 13.
Find the unit vector parallel

to and

Solution:
Question 14.
The position vector three points satisfy the relation
Are these points collinear?

Solution:

Question 15.
The position vectors of the points P, Q, R, S

are and respectively. Prove that the

line PQ and RS are parallel.
Solution:

Question 16.
Find the value or values of m for which is a unit vector

Solution:

Question 17.
Show that points A(1, 1, 1), B(1, 2, 3), and C(2, -1, 1) are vertices of an
isosceles triangle.
Solution:

Ex 8.3
Question 1.

Solution:
Question 2.

Solution:
Question 3.

Solution:

Question 4.
Find the angle between the vectors

Solution:
Question 5.

Solution:
Question 6.
Show that the

vectors are mutually

orthogonal.

Solution:

Question 7.

Show that the vectors form a right-

angled triangle.

Solution:
So, the given vectors form the sides of a right-angled triangle

Question 8.

Solution:

Question 9.
Show that the points (2, -1, 3) (4, 3, 1) and (3, 1, 2) are collinear

Solution:
Let the given points be A, B, C
Question 10.
If are unit vectors and θ is the angle between them, show that

Solution:
Question 11.

Solution:

Question 12.

Solution:
Question 13.

Find λ, when the projection of is 5 units.

Solution:

Question 14.

Solution:
Ex 8.4
Question 1.
Find the magnitude of
Solution:

Question 2.
Show that

Solution:

Question 3.

Solution:
Question 4.
Find the unit vectors perpendicular to each of the vectors

Solution:

Question 5.
Find the area of the parallelogram whose two adjacent sides are determined

by the vectors
Solution:

Question 6.
Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A(3, -1, 2), B(1, -1, -3) and C(4,
-3, 1)

Solution:
A = (3, -1, 2); B = (1, -1, -3) and C = (4, -3, 1)
Question 7.

Solution:

If the points A, B, C are collinear, then the area of ∆ABC = 0.

Question 8.

For any vector prove that

Solution:
Question 9.
Question 10.

Find the angle between the vectors using vector

product

Solution:
Ex 8.5
Choose the correct or the most suitable answer from the given four
alternatives:

Question 1.

Solution:

Question 2.
Solution:
(c) 6

Question 3.

Solution:

Question 4.
Solution:
(b) 60°
α = 60°, β = 45°
We know cos2α + cos2β + cos2γ = 1

Question 5.

Solution:

Question 6.
A vector makes equal angle with the positive direction of the coordinate axes.
Then each angle is equal to …………..

Solution:
Question 7.

(a) parallel to each other

(b) unit vectors
(c) mutually perpendicular vectors
(d) coplanar vectors

Solution:
(d) coplanar vectors

Question 8.

Solution:
Question 9.

Solution:

Question 10.

Solution:

Question 11.

Solution:

Question 12:
Choose the correct alternative:
 then the point P whose position vector divides the line
joining the points with position vectors in the ratio

1. 7 : 9 internally
2. 9 : 7 internally
3. 9 : 7 externally
4. 7 : 9 externally

Solution:
7 : 9 internally

Question 13:
Choose the correct alternative:

Solution:
1/3

Question 14:
Choose the correct alternative:
Two vertices of a triangle have position vectors If
the position vector of the centroid is then the position vector of
the third vertex is
Solution:

Question 15:

Solution:
22

Question 16:
Choose the correct alternative:
If having same magnitude and angle between them is 60° and their

scalar product 1/2 is then

(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 7
(d) 1

Solution:
(d) 1

Question 17:
Choose the correct alternative:

The value of θ ∈ for which the vectors

 are perpendicular, equal to

Solution:

Question 18:

Solution:
25

Question19:
Solution:
300

Question 20:
Choose the correct alternative:
are two vectors of magnitude 2 and inclined at an angle 60°, then
the angle between

(a) 30°
(b) 60°
(c) 45°
(d) 90°

Solution:
30°

Question 21:
Choose the correct alternative:
is same as the projection
of then λ is equal to
(a) ± 4
(b) ± 3
(c) ± 5
(d) ± 1

Solution:
±5

Question 22:
Choose the correct alternative:
If (1, 2, 4) and (2, – 3λ – 3) are the initial and terminal points of the vector
 then the value of λ is equal to

Solution:

Question 23:
Choose the correct alternative:
If the points whose position vectors are collinear
then a is equal to
(a) 6
(b) 3
(c) 5
(d) 8

Solution:
(d) 8

Question 24:
Solution:
26

Question 25:
Choose the correct alternative:

and the angle between then the area

of the triangle formed by these two vectors as two sides, is

Solution:
15/4
 Chapter – 9
Differential Calculus – Limits and Continuity

Ex 9.1
In problems 1-6, complete the table using calculate and use the result to
estimate the limit.

Question 1.

Solution:

Question 2.

Solution:

∴ Limit is 0.25

Question 3.

Solution:

∴ Limit is 0.288
Question 4.

Solution:

∴ Limit is -0.25

Question 5.

Solution:

∴ Limit is 1

Question 6.

Solution:

∴ Limit is 0

In exercise problems 7-15, use the graph to find the limits (if it exists). If the
limit does not exist, explain why?

Question 7.
Solution:

Limit exists and is equal to 1

Question 8.

Solution:

Limit exists and is equal to = 3

Question 9.

Solution:
Question 10.

Solution:

Question 11.

Solution:
The limit does not exist

Question 12.

Solution:
When x → 5, (x – 5) = -(x – 5)

When x → 5+, (x – 5) = (x – 5)
Question 13.

Solution:

Question 14.

Solution:
Question 15.

Solution:

The limit does not exist

Question 16.

Solution:
Question 17.

Solution:

Limit exists except at x0 = π

Question 18.
Sketch the graph of a function f that satisfies the given values:
Solution:

Question 19.

Write a brief description of the meaning of the notation

Solution:

Question 20.
If f(2) = 4, can you conclude anything about the limit of f(x) as x approaches
2?

Solution:
Given f(2) = 4
Here at x = 2 the value of the function is given.
Therefore, we cannot conclude anything about the limit of f(x) as x
approaches 2.

Question 21.
If the limit of f(x) as z approaches 2 is 4, can you conclude anything about
f(2)?
Explain reasoning.

Solution:

Question 23.

Verify the existence of

Solution:
The limit does not exist

Ex 9.2
Evaluate the following limits:

Question 1.

Solution:

Question 2.

m and n are integers.

Solution:
Question 3.

Solution:

Question 4.

Solution:

Question 5.

Solution:

Question 6.
Solution:

Question 7.

Solution:

Question 8.

Solution:
Question 9.

Solution:

Question 10.

Solution:
Question 11.

Solution:
Question 12.
Solution:

Question 13.

Solution:

∴ Limit does not exist

Question 14.

Solution:
Question 15.

Solution:

Ex 9.3
Question 1.

Solution:
Evaluate the following limits

Question 2.

Solution:
Question 3.

Solution:

Question 4.

Solution:
Question 5.

Solution:

f(x) → ∞ as x → ∞

Question 6.

Solution:

Question 7.

Solution:
Question 8.

Solution:
Question 9.
An important problem in fishery science is to estimate the number of fish
presently spawning in streams and use this information to predict the number
of mature fish or “recruits” that will return to the rivers during the
reproductive period. If S is the number of spawners and R the number of

recruits, “Beverton-Holt spawner recruit function” is R(S) = where α

and β are positive constants. Show that this function predicts approximately
constant recruitment when the number of spawners is sufficiently large.

Solution:

Question 10.
A tank contains 5000 litres of pure water. Brine (very salty water) that
contains 30 grams of salt per litre of water is pumped into the tank at a rate of
25 litres per minute. The concentration of saltwater after t minutes (in grams

per litre) is C(t) = What happens to the concentration as t → ∞?

Solution:

Ex 9.4
Evaluate the following limits
Question 1.

Solution:

Question 2.
Solution:

Question 3.

Solution:

Question 4.

Solution:

Question 5.
Solution:

Question 6.

Solution:

Question 7.

Solution:

Question 8.
Solution:

Question 9.

Solution:

Question 10.
Solution:

Question 11.

Solution:

Question 12.

Solution:
Question 13.

Solution:

Question 14.

Solution:

Question 15.
Solution:

Question 16.

Solution:

Question 17.

Solution:

Question 18.
Solution:

Question 19.

Solution:
Question 20.

Solution:

Question 21.

Solution:

Question 22.
Solution:

Question 23.

Solution:
Question 24.

Solution:

Question 25.
Solution:

Question 26.

Solution:

Question 27.
Solution:

Question 28.

Solution:
Ex 9.5
Question 1.
Prove that f(x) = 2x2 + 3x – 5 is continuous at all points in R.

Solution:
Polynomial functions are continuous at every points of R.

Question 2.
Examine the continuity of the following:
(i) x + sin x

Solution:
f(x) = x + sin x
The Domain of the function (-∞, ∞)
∴ f(x) is continuous in (-∞, ∞)(i.e.,) for all x ∈ R

(ii) x2 cos x

Solution:
f(x) = x2 cos x
The Domain of the function (-∞, ∞)

f(x) is continuous in R

(iii) ex tan x

Solution:
The Domain of the function in R – {(2n + 1) π/2}
∴ The functions is continuous for all x ∈ R – (2n + 1) π/2, n ∈ Z
Solution:
∴ The functions is continuous for all x ∈ R

(v) [Link] x

Solution:
Thus f(x) is continuous for (0, ∞)

Solution:
Thus f(x) is continuous for all x ∈ R – {0}
Question 3.
Find the points of discontinuity of the function f, where,

(i)

Solution:
f(3) = 12 + 5 = 17

∴ f(x) is discontinuous at x = 3

(ii)

Solution:
f(x) = 4
∴ f(x) is continuous for all x ∈ R

(iii)

Solution:
f(x) = 8 – 3 = 5

∴ f(x) is continuous for all x ∈ R

(iv)

Solution:

∴ f(x) is continuous for all x ∈ [0, π/2]

Question 4.
At the given points x0 discover whether the given function is continuous or
discontinuous citing the reasons for your answer.
(i)

Solution:
Given f(x0) = 1

∴ f(x) is continuous at x0 = 1

(ii)

Solution:

∴ f(x) is not continuous at x0 = 3

Question 5.

Show that the function is continuous on (-∞, ∞)

Solution:

Given that f(1) = 3

∴ f(x) is continuous for all x ∈ R

Question 6.

For what value of α is this function f(x) = continuous at x =

1?

Solution:

∵ f(x) is continuous at x = 1, α = 4

Question 7.

Let Graph the function. Show that f(x) continuous on

(-∞, ∞)

Solution:
∴ f(x) is continuous in (-∞, ∞)

Question 8.
If f and g are continuous function with f(3) = 5

and find g(3).

Solution:
Since f and g are continuous

2f(3) – g(3) = 4
2(5) – g(3) = 4
10 – 4 = g(3)
g(3) = 6
Question 9.
Find the points at which f is discontinuous. At which of these points f is
continuous from the right, from the left, or neither? Sketch the graph of f.

(i)
∴ f(x) is not continuous at x = 1
Solution:
f(x) is not continuous at x = 1

(ii)

Solution:

∴ f(x) is not continuous at x = 0

Question 10.
A function f is defined as follows:

Is the function continuous?

Solution:
From (i), (ii) and (iii)
f(x) is continuous at x = 0, 1, 3

Question 11.
Which of the following functions f has a removable discontinuity at x = x0? If
the discontinuity is removable, find a function g that agrees with f for x ≠
x0 and is continuous on R.

Solution:

Solution:
Solution:

Question 12.
Find the constant b that makes g continuous on (-∞, ∞)

Solution:

Since g(x) is continuous,

Question 13.
Consider the function f(x) = x sin π/x. What value must we give f(0) in order
to make the function continuous everywhere?

Solution:

so to make the function f(x) is continuous at f(0) = 0

Question 14.

Solution:

Question 15.
State how continuity is destroyed at x = x0 for each of the following graphs.
Solution:

Ex 9.6
Choose the correct or the most suitable answer from the given four
alternatives

Question 1.

(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) ∞
(d) -∞
Solution:
(b) 0

Question 2.

(a) 2
(b) 1
(c) -2
(d) 0

Solution:
(c) -2

Question 3.

(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) does not exist

Solution:
(d) does not exist

Question 4.

(a) 1
(b) -1
(c) 0
(d) 2

Solution:
(a) 1

Question 5.

(a) e4
(b) e2
(c) e3
(d) 1
Solution:
(a) e4

Question 6.

(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) -1
(d) 1/2

Solution:
(d) 1/2

Question 7.
Solution:
(b) log (a/b)

Question 8.

(a) 2 log 2
(b) 2 (log 2)2
(c) log 2
(d) 3 log 2

Solution:
(b) 2 (log 2))2

Question 9.
(a) -1
(b) 0
(c) 2
(d) 4

Solution:
(b) 0

Question 10.

(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) does not exist
(d) 0

Solution:
(c) does not exist

Limit does not exist

Question 11.

Let the function f be defined f(x) = then ……………

Solution:
The limit does not exist

Question 12.

(a) -2
(b) -1
(c) 0
(d) 1

Solution:
(c) 0

Question 13.

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 0

Solution:
(d) 0

Question 14.

If then the value of p is ………….

(a) 6
(b) 9
(c) 12
(d) 4

Solution:
(c) 12

Question 15.

(a) √2
(b) 1/√2
(c) 1
(d) 2

Solution:
(a) √2

Question 16.

(a) 1/2
(b) 0
(c) 1
(d) ∞

Solution:
(a) 1/2

Question 17.

(a) 1
(b) e
(c) 1/e
(d) 0

Solution:
(a) 1
Question 18.

(a) 1
(b) e
(c) 12
(d) 0

Solution:
(a) 1

Question 19.

The value of is ……………

(a) 1
(b) -1
(c) 0
(d) ∞

Solution:
(d) ∞
Hint:

So limit does not exist

Question 20.

The value of where k is an integer is …………..

(a) -1
(b) 1
(c) 0
(d) 2

Solution:
(b) 1

Question 21.

(a) Continuous
(b) discontinuous
(c) Differentiate
(d) non-zero

Solution:
(b) discontinuous
Question 22.

Let f: R → R be defined by f(x) = then f is ……………

(a) Discontinuous at x = 1/2
(b) Continuous at x = 1/2
(c) Continuous everywhere
(d) Discontinuous everywhere

Solution:
(b) Continuous at x = 12

Question 23.

The function f(x) = is not defined for x = -1. The value of f(-1) so
that the function extended by this value is continuous is …………..
(a) 2/3
(b) −2/3
(c) 1
(d) 0
Solution:
(b) −2/3

Hint: For the function to be continuous at x = 1

Question 24.
Let f be a continuous function on [2, 5]. If f takes only rational values for all x
and f(3) = 12, then f(4.5) is equal to ……………

Solution:
(b) 12

Question 25.
Let a function f be defined by f(x) = for x ≠ 0 and f(0) = 2. Then f is
…………..
(a) Continuous nowhere
(b) Continuous everywhere
(c) Continuous for all x except x = 1
(d) Continuous for all x except x = 0

Solution:
(d) Continuous for all x except x = 0
Hint:
∴ f(x) is not continuous at x = 0
⇒ f(x) is continuous for all except x = 0
 Chapter – 10
Differential Calculus – Differentiability
& Methods of Differentiation

Ex 10.1
Question 1.
Find the derivatives of the following functions using first principle.

(i) f(x) = 6

Solution:
Given f(x) = 6
f(x + h) = 6

[h → 0 means h is very nears to zero from left to right but not zero]

(ii) f(x) = -4x + 7

Solution:
Given f(x) = -4x + 7
f(x + h) = -4(x + h) + 7
= -4x – 4h + 7
(iii) f(x) = -x2 + 2

Solution:
Given f(x) = -x2 + 2
f(x + h) = -(x + h)2 + 2
= -x2 – h2 – 2xh + 2

Question 2.
Find the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 1 (if they exist) of
the following functions. Are the functions differentiable at x = 1?

(i) f(x) = |x – 1|

Solution:
f'(1) does not exist
∴ ‘f’ is not differentiable at x = 1.

Solution:

∴ ‘f’ is not differentiable at x = 1.

(iii)

Solution:

‘f’ is not differentiable at x = 1

Question 3.
Determine whether the following functions is differentiable at the indicated
values.

(i) f(x) = x |x| at x = 0

Solution:
Limits exists
Hence ‘f’ is differentiable at x = 0.

(ii) f(x) = |x2 – 1| at x = 1

Solution:

f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.

(iii) f(x) = |x| + |x – 1| at x = 0, 1

Solution:
∴ f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0.

∴ f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.

(iv) f(x) = sin |x| at x = 0

Solution:
∴ f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0.

Question 4.
Show that the following functions are not differentiable at the indicated value
of x.

(i)

Solution:

f(x) is not differentiable at x = 2.

(ii)

Solution:

f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0.

Question 5.
The graph off is shown below. State with reasons that x values (the numbers),
at which f is not differentiable.

Solution:

(i) at x = – 1 and x = 8. The graph is not differentiable since ‘ has vertical

tangent at x = -1 and x = 8 (also At x = -1. The graph has shape edge v] and at
x = 8; The graph has shape peak.

(ii) At x = 4: The graph f is not differentiable, since at x =4. The graph f’ is not
continuous.

(iii) At x = 11; The graph f’ is not differentiable, since at x = 11. The tangent
line of the graph is perpendicular.

Question 6.
If f(x) = |x + 100| + x2, test whether f’ (-100) exists.

Solution:
f(x) = |x + 100| + x2

Question 7.
Examine the differentiability of functions in R by drawing the diagrams.

(i) |sin x|
Solution:

The limit exists and continuous for all x ∈ R clearly, differentiable at R — {nπ n
∈ z) Not differentiable at x = nπ, n ∈ z.

(ii) |cos x|

Solution:

Limit exist and continuous for all x ∈ R clearly, differentiable at R {(2n + 1)

π/2/n ∈ z} Not differentiable at x = (2n + 1) π/2, n ∈ Z.

Ex 10.2

Find the derivatives of the following functions with respect to corresponding

independent variables.

Question 1.
f(x) = x – 3 sinx

Solution:
f(x) = x – 3 sin x
f'(x) = 1 – 3 cos x
Question 2.
y = sin x + cos x

Solution:

Question 3.
f(x) = x sin x

Solution:
f(x) = x sin x
f'(x) = x cos x + sin x – 1
f'(x) = x cos x + sin x

Question 4.
y = cos x – 2 tan x

Solution:
dy/dx = -sin x = 2 (sec2x)
= – sin x – 2 sec2x

Question 5.
g(t) = t3 cos t

Solution:
g(t) = t3 cos t
g'(t) = t3 × – sin t + cos t × 3t2
g'(t) = – t3 sin t + 3t2 cos t
= 3t2 cos t – t3 sin t

Question 6.
g(t) = 4 sec t + tan t

Solution:
g{t) = 4 sect + tan t
g'(t) = 4(sec t tan t) + sec2t
= 4sec t tan t + sec2t
Question 7.
y = ex sin x

Solution:

Question 8.

Solution:

Question 9.

Solution:
Question 10.

Solution:

Question 11.

Solution:
Question 12.

Solution:
Question 13.
y = tan θ (sin θ + cos θ)

Solution:

Question 14.
y = cosex x. cot x

Solution:
y = u v ⇒ y’ = uv’ + vu’
u = cosec x ⇒ u’ = -cosec x cot x
v = cot x ⇒ v’ = – cosec2 x
(cosec x)(-cosec2x) + cot x(-coseç x cot x)
= cosec3x – cosec x cot2x
= – cosec x (cosec2x + cot2x)

Question 15.
y = x sin x cos x

Solution:

Question 16.
y = e-x. log x

Solution:
y = e-x logx = uv (say)
Here u = e-x and v = log x

Question 17.
y = (x2 + 5) log (1 + x)e-3x
Solution:

Question 18.
y = sin x0

Solution:

Question 19.
y = log10x

Solution:

Question 20.
Draw the function f'(x) if f(x) = 2x2 – 5x + 3
Solution:
f(x) = 2x2 – 5x + 3
f'(x) = 4x – 5
x = 0, f'(0) = 4 × 0 – 5 = – 5
x = 1, f'(0) = 4 × 1 – 5 = – 1
x = 2, f'(0) = 4 × 2 – 5 = – 3

Ex 10.3
Differentiate the following

Question 1.
y = (x2 + 4x + 6)5

Solution:
y = (x2 + 4x + 6)5
[ y = f(g(x)
Question 2.
y = tan 3x

Solution:
y = tan 3x
put u = 3x

Question 3.
y = cos (tan x)

Solution:
y = cos (tan x)
[ y = f(g(x)

Question 4.
Solution:

Question 5.

Solution:

Question 6.
y = sin (ex)

Solution:
y = sin (ex)
Let u = ex

Question 7.
F(x) = (x3 + 4x)7

Solution:
F(x) = (x3 + 4x)7
Put u = x3 + 4x

Question 8.

Solution:
Question 9.

Solution:

Question 10.
y = cos (a3 + x3)

Solution:
Question 11.
y = e-mx

Solution:

Question 12.
y = 4 sec 5x

Solution:

Question 13.
y = (2x – 5)4 (8x2 – 5)-3
Solution:

Question 14.

Solution:
Question 15.
y = xe-x2

Solution:
y = x e-x2
Question 16.

Solution:
Question 17.

Solution:

Question 18.
y = tan (cos x)

Solution:
y = tan (cos x)

Question 19.

Solution:
Question 20.

Solution:

Question 21.

Solution:
Question 22.
y = sin3x + cos3x

Solution:
y = sin3x + cos3x

Question 23.
y = sin2 (cos kx)

Solution:

Question 24.
y = (1 + cos2x)6
Solution:

Question 25.

Solution:

Question 26.
Solution:

Question 27.
y = ex cos x

Solution:

Question 28.
Solution:

Question 29.

Solution:
Question 30.

Solution:
Ex 10.4
Find the derivatives of the following functions

Question 1.
y = xcos x

Solution:
y = xcos x
Taking log on both sides
log y = log xcos x = cos x log x
differentiating [Link] x we get

Question 2.
y = xlogx + (logx)x

Solution:
y = xlogx + (logx)x
Let y = u + v

Taking log on both sides

log u = log x log x = log (x)2
differentiating [Link] x

Taking log on both sides

log u = log (logx)x = x log (log x)
differentiating [Link] x
Question 3.

Solution:

Question 4.
x y = yx

Solution:
x y = yx
Taking log on both sides
logxy = logyx
(i.e.) y log x = x log y
differentiating [Link] x

Question 5.
(cos x)log x

Solution:
y = (cos x)log x
Taking log on both sides
log y = log (cos x)log x = log x (log cos x)
Question 6.

Solution:

Differentiating [Link] x

Question 7.

Solution:

Differentiating [Link] x
Question 8.
tan (x + y) + tan (x – y) = x

Solution:
tan (x + y) + tan (x – y) = x
Differentiating [Link] x we get

Question 9.
Solution:
cos (xy) = x
Differentiating [Link] x

Question 10.

Solution:
Question 11.

Solution:

Question 12.

Solution:
Question 13.
x = a cos3t; y = a sin2t

Solution:

Question 14.
x = a (cos t + t sin t); y = a [sin t – t cos t]

Solution:
Question 15.

Solution:
Question 16.

Solution:

Question 17.
sin-1 (3x – 4x3)

Solution:

Question 18.
Solution:

Question 19.
Find the derivative of sin x2 with respect to x2

Solution:

Question 20.
Question 21.

Solution:
Question 22.

Find the derivative with with respect to

Solution:
Question 23.
If y = sin-1 then find y”.

Solution:

Question 24.
If y = etan-1x, show that (1 + x2) y” + (2x – 1) y’ = 0

Solution:
Differentiating with respect to x
(1 + x2) y” + y’ (0 + 2x) = y’
(1 + x2) y” + 2xy’ – y’ = 0
(1 + x2) y” + (2x – 1) y’ = 0

Question 25.

Solution:

-xy + (1 – x2) y1 = 1
differentiating both sides again [Link] x
-[x y1 + y (1)] + (1 – x2) (y2) + y1 (-2x) = 0
(i.e.) -xy1 – y + (1 – x2) y2 – 2xy1 = 0
(1 – x2) y2 – 3xy1 – y = 0

Question 26.
If x = a (θ + sin θ), y = a (1 – cos θ) then prove that at θ = π/2, y” = 1/a

Solution:
Question 27.

Solution:
Question 28.

Solution:
Ex 10.5
Choose the correct or the most suitable answer from the given four
alternative.

Question 1.

Solution:
(b)

Question 2.
If y = f(x2 + 2) and f'(3) = 5, then dy/dx at x = 1 is …………….
(a) 5
(b) 25
(c) 15
(d) 10
Solution:
(d) 10

Question 3.

Solution:
(c)
Question 4.
If f(x) = x2 – 3x, then the points at which f(x) = f'(x) are …………………..
(a) both positive integers
(b) both negative integers
(c) both irrational
(d) one rational and another irrational

Solution: (c) both irrational

f(x) = x2 – 3x
f'(x) = 2x – 3
Given f(x) = f'(x)
⇒ x2 – 3x = 2x – 3
⇒ x2 – 5x + 3 = 0

⇒ The roots are irrational

Question 5.

(a) (a – z)2
(b) -(z – a)2
(c) (z + a)2
(d) -(z + a)2

Solution:
(a) (a – z)2

Question 6.
Solution:
(d) 0
y = cos (sin x2)

Question 7.
If y = mx + c and f(0) = f'(0) = 1, then f(2) is ………………
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) -3

Solution: (c) 3
y = mx + c
Given f(0) = f’ (0) = 1
Let f(x) = mx + c
f'(x) = m
f'(o) = m ⇒ m = 1
f(o) = m × 0 + c
f(o) = c
f(2) = c
f(2) = m × 2 + c
f(2) = 1 × 2 + 1 = 3

Question 8.
If f(x) = x tan-1x, then f'(1) is ……………
Solution: (b)

f(x) = x tan-1 x

Question 9.

Solution:
(a)
y = ex+5logx = ex.e5logx = ex.elogx5
= x5 ex

Question 10.
If the derivative of (ax – 5) e3x at x = 0 is -13, then the value of a is …………….
(a) 8
(b) -2
(c) 5
(d) 2

Solution: (d) 2

Let y = (ax – 5) e3x

Question 11.

Solution: (c)
Question 12.

Solution: (c)

Question 13.
The differential coefficient of log10x with respect to logx 10 is …………….

Solution: (b)
Question 14.
If f(x) = x + 2, then f'(f(x)) at x = 4 is ……………..
(a) 8
(b) 1
(c) 4
(d) 5

Solution:
(b)
f(x) = x + 2
f'(x) = 1
f'(x) (at x = 4) = 1

Question 15.
Solution:
(d)

Question 16.

(a) 1
(b) -1
(c) 2
(d) -2

Solution: (b)
Question 17.

If f(x) = then the right hand derivative of f(x) at x = 2

is ……………….
(a) 0
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

Solution: (c) 3

Question 18.

It is given that f'(a) exists, then is ……………..

(a) f(a) – af'(a)
(b) f ‘(a)
(c) -f ‘(a)
(d) f(a) + af ‘(a)

Solution: (a)

Question 19.

If f(x) = then f ‘(2) is ………………

(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) does not exist

Solution: (d) does not exist

∴ f ‘(2) does not exist

Question 20.

If g(x) = (x2 + 2x + 3) f(x) and f(0) = 5 and then g ‘(θ) is

……………
(a) 20
(b) 22
(c) 18
(d) 12

Solution:
(b) 22
Question 21.

If f(x) = , then at x = 3, f ‘(x) is ………………

(a) 1
(b) -1
(c) 0
(d) does not exist

Solution: (d) does not exist

as LHS ≠ RHS limit does not exist

Question 22.
The derivative of f(x) = x|x| at x = -3 is …………..
(a) 6
(b) -6
(c) does not exist
(d) 0

Solution: (a) 6
f(x) = x |x|
when x < 0 we have |x| = – x
∴ At x = – 3, f(x) = x (- x) = – x2
f'(x) = – 2x
f’ (- 3) = – 2 × – 3 = 6

Question 23.

If f(x) = , then which one of the following is true?

(a) f(x) is not differentiable at x = a
(b) f(x) is discontinuous at x = a
(c) f(x) is continuous for all x in R
(d) f(x) is differentiable for all x ≥ a

Solution: (a) f(x) is not differentiable at x = a

f(x) is not differentiable at x = a

Question 24.

If f(x) = is differentiable at x = 1, then ………………

Solution: (c)
Question 25.
Then number of points in R in which the function f(x) = |x – 1| + |x – 3| + sin
x is not differentiable, is ……………..
(a) 3
(b) 2
(c) 1
(d) 4

Solution: (b) 2
f(x) = |x – 1| + |x – 3| + sin x
f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1 and x = 3
Since at x = 1 and x = 3,
f(x) will have vertical tangent
∴ Number of points = 2
 Chapter – 11
Integral Calculus

Ex 11.1
Integrate the following with respect to ‘x’:

Question 1.

Solution:

Question 2.
Solution:

Question 3.

Solution:

Question 4.

Solution:
Ex 11.2
Integrate the following functions [Link] ‘x’.

Question 1.

Solution:

Question 2.
(i) sin 3x
(ii) cos (5 – 11x)
(iii) cosec2 (5x – 7)
Solution:

Question 3.

Solution:

Question 4.

Solution:
Question 5.

Solution:

Ex 11.3
Integrate the following [Link] x.

Question 1.

Solution:
Question 2.

Solution:

Question 3.

Solution:
Question 4.

Solution:

Question 5.

Solution:

Question 6.
Solution:

Ex 11.4
Question 1.
If f'(x) = 4x – 5 and f(2) = 1; find f(x)

Solution:
Given f’(x) = 4x – 5 , f(2) = 1

df(x) = (4x – 5) dx
∫ d f(x) = ∫ (4x – 5) dx
f(x) = ∫ 4x. dx – ∫ 5 dx
f(x) = 4∫ x dx – 5∫ dx

f(x) = 2x2 – 5x + c ………… (1)

Given f(2) = 1
(1) ⇒ f(2) 2 × 22 – 5 × 2 + e
1 = 2 × 4 – 10 + c
1 = 8 – 10 + c
1=–2+c
c=1+2=3
Substituting in equation (1) we get
f(x) = 2x2 – 5x + 3
Question 2.
If f'(x) = 9x2 – 6x and f(0) = -3; find f(x)

Solution:

f(x) = 3x3 – 3x2 + c

But f(0) = -3
3(0)3 – 3(0)2 + c = -3
c = -3
Thus, f(x) = 3x3 – 3x2 – 3
f(x) = 3(x3 – x2 – 1)
Question 3.
If f'(x) = 12x – 6 and f(1) = 30, f'(1) = 5 find f(x)

Solution:
f”(x)= 12x – 6 and f(1) = 30, f'(1) = 5
Substituting in equation (I) we have
f’ (x) = 6x2 – 6x + 5

Substituting in equation (2) we get

f(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 + 5x + 26
Question 4.
A ball is thrown vertically upward from the ground with an initial velocity of
39.2 mísec. If the only force considered is that attributed to the acceleration
due to gravity, find
(i) how long will it take for the ball to strike the ground?
(ii) the speed with which will it strike the ground? and
(iii) how high the ball will rise?
Solution:
We know that

To find c1 by substituting the initial conditions

x = 0 at t = 0 in the above equations,
We get C1 = 0

(i) While the ball strike the ground x = 0

(ii) the speed with which will It strike the ground

To find the speed with which will strike the ground
That is the velocity at t = 8 sec.
s = 39.2 t – 4.9 t2

v = 39.2 – 9.8t
At t = 8, Velocity =. 39.2 – 9.8 × 8
= 39.2 – 78.4
= – 39.2 m/sec.
But velocity cannot be negative.
v = 39.2m/sec.
(iii) how high the ball will rise?
At maximum height velocity = 0
∴ 39.2 – 9.8t = 0
39.2 = 9.8 t

t = 4 sec.
∴ Maximum height is obtained by substituting t = 4 in the equation
s = 392 t – 4.9 t2
Maximum height = 39.2 × 4 – 4.9 × 42
= 156.8 – 4.9 × 16
= 156.8 – 78.4
= 78.4 m.
Question 5.
A wound is healing in such a way that t days since Sunday the area of the

wound has been decreasing at a rate of per day where 0 < r ≤ 8. If

on Monday the area of the wound was 1 .4 cm2
(i) What was the area of the wound on Sunday?
(ii) What is the anticipated area of the wound on Thursday if it continues to
heal at the
same rate?
Solution:
Let A be the area of the wound at time ‘t’.

Ex 11.5
Integrate the following functions with respect to x

Question 1.
Solution:

Question 2.

Solution:

Question 3.
(2x – 5)(36 + 4x)

Solution:

Question 4.
cot2 x + tan2 x
Solution:

Question 5.

Solution:

Question 6.

Solution:
Question 7.

Solution:

Question 8.

Solution:

Question 9.

Solution:
Question 10.
cos 3x cos 2x

Solution:

Question 11.
sin2 5x

Solution:

Question 12.

Solution:
Question 13.
ex log aex

Solution:

Question 14.

Solution:
Question 15.

Solution:

Question 16.

Solution:
Question 17.

Solution:

x + 1 = A(x + 3) + B(x + 2) ………….. (i)

Put x = -3 in (i)
-2 = B(-1)
B=2
Put x = -2 in (i)
-1 = A(1)
A = -1

Question 18.
Solution:

Question 19.

Solution:
put x = 1 in (i)
3 – 9 = A(3)(2) + 0 + 0
– 6 = 6A
A = -1

put x = -2 in (i)
-6 – 9 = 0 + B(-3) (5) + 0
-15 = – 15B
B=1

put x = 0 in (i)
0 – 9 = A(2)(1) + B(-1)(1) + D(-1)(2)
-9 = 2A – B – 2D
2D = 2A – B + 9
2D = 2(-1) – 1 + 9
= -2 – 1 + 9
2D = 6
D=3

Equating x3 coefficients on b/s in (i)

A+B+C=0
-1 + 1 + C = 0
C=0

Question 20.

Solution:
Ex 11.6

Integrate the following with respect to x.

Question 1.

Solution:

Question 2.

Solution:
Question 3.

Solution:
Question 4.

Solution:

Question 5.

Solution:
Question 6.

Solution:

Question 7.
Solution:

Question 8.

Solution:
Question 9.

Solution:

Question 10.
Solution:

Question 11.

Solution:
Question 12.
αβxα-1e-βxα

Solution:

Question 13.

Solution:
Question 14.
x(1 – x)17

Solution:

Question 15.
sin5 x cos3 x

Solution:
Question 16.

Solution:

Ex 11.7
Integrate the following with respect to x

Question 1.
(i) 9xe3x
(ii) x sin 3x
(iii) 25xe-5x
(iv) x sec x tan x

Solution:
Question 2.
(i) x log x
(ii) 27 x2 e3x
(iii) x2 cos x
(iv) x3 sin x

Solution:
Question 3.

Solution:
Ex 11.8
Integrate the following with respect to x.

Question 1.
(i) eax cos bx
(ii) e2x sin x
(iii) e-x cos 2x

Solution:
Question 2.
(i) e-3x sin 2x
(ii) e-4x sin 2x
(iii) e-3x cos x

Solution:
Ex 11.9
Integrate the following with respect to x

Question 1.
ex (tan x + log sec x)

Solution:

Question 2.

Solution:
Question 3.
ex sec x (1 + tan x)

Solution:
I = ∫ ex sec x (1 + tan x) dx
I = ∫ ex (sec x + sec x tan x) dx
f(x) = sec x
f'(x) = sec x tan x
[∫ ex [f (x) + f (x)] dx = ex f(x) + c]
I = ex sec x + c

Question 4.

Solution:
Question 5.

Solution:
Question 6.

Solution:

Ex 11.10
Find the integrals of the following

Question 1.
Solution:

Question 2.
Solution:

Consider, -x2 + 6x – 7 = -[x2 – 6x + 4]

= -[(x – 3)2 – 9 + 7]
Question 3.

Solution:
Ex 11.11
Integrate the following with respect to x:

Question 1.

Solution:
Question 2.

Solution:
Ex 11.12
Integrate the following with respect to x:

Question 1.

Solution:
Solution:

Solution:

Question 2.

Solution:
Solution:

Solution:
Ex 11.13
Choose the correct or most suitable answer from given four alternatives.

Question 1.

Solution:
(a)

Question 2.

If , then the value of k is ……………

Solution: (c)
Question 3.

Solution: (d)

Question 4.

The gradient (slope) of a curve at any point (x, y) is If the curve passes
through the point(2, 7), then the equation of the curve is ………….
Solution:

Question 5.

(a) cot (xex) + c

(b) sec (xex) + c
(c) tan (xex) + c
(d) cos (xex) + c

Solution: (c)
Question 6.

Solution: (a)

Question 7.
Solution: (c)

Question 8.

Solution: (b)

Question 9.

(a) tan-1 (sin x) + c

(b) 2 sin-1 (tan x) + c
(c) tan-1 (cos x) + c
(d) sin-1 (tan x) + c

Solution: (d)
= sin-1 (t) + c
= sin-1 (tan x) + c

Question 10.

Solution: (c)
Question 11.

Solution: (d)

Question 12.

Solution: (b)
Question 13.

Solution: (d)

Question 14.

Solution: (d)
Question 15.

Solution: (a)
Hint:
∫x2 cos x dx
By integration by parts
Let I = ∫x2 cos x dx
u = x2 , dv = cos x dx
du = 2x dx , v =∫ cos x dx = sin x
∫u dv = uv – ∫v du
∫x2 cos x dx = x2 sin x – ∫ sin x 2x dx
= x2 sin x – 2 ∫ x sin x dx
Again using Integration by parts
Take u = x, dv = sin x dx
du = dx, v = ∫sin x dx ⇒ v = – cos x
∫x2 cos dx = x2 sin x – 2[x × – cos x – ∫- cos x dx
= x2 sin x + 2x cos x – 2 ∫cos x dx
= x2 sin x + 2x cos x – 2 sin x + c

Question 16.

Solution: (b)
Question 17.

Solution: (c)
Question 18.

Solution: (b)

We know that

Question 19.
Solution: (d)

Question 20.

Solution: (a)
We know that
Question 21.

Solution: (c)
Hint:

By Bernoulli’s formula,
Question 22.

Solution: (d)

Question 23.

Solution: (c)
Question 24.

Solution: (a)
Question 25.

Solution: (d)
 Chapter – 12
Introduction to Probability Theory

Ex 12.1
Question 1.
An experiment has the four possible mutually exclusive and exhaustive
outcomes A, B, C and D. Check whether the following assignments of
probability are permissible.
(i) P(A) = 0.15, P(B) = 0.30, P(C) = 0.43, P(D) = 0.12
(ii) P(A) = 0.22, P(B) = 0.38, P(C) = 0.16, P(D) = 0.34
(iii) P(A) = 2/5, P(B) = 3/5, P(C) = −1/5, P(D) = 1/5

Solution:
When A, B, C, D are the possible exclusive and exhaustive events the P(A) +
P(B) + P(C) + P(D) = 1.

(i) The experiment has exactly four possible mutually exclusive and
exhaustive out comes A, B, C, and D.
S=A∪B∪C∪D
Therefore by axioms of probability
P (A) ≥ 0 , P ( B ) ≥ 0 , P ( C ) ≥ 0 , P ( D ) ≥ 0 and
P (A ∪ B ∪ C ∪ D) = P (A) + P (B) + P(C) + P(D) = P(S) =: 1
Given P(A) = 0.15,
P(B) = 0.30,
P(C) = 0.43,
P(D) = 0.12
P(S) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) + P(D)
= 0.15 + 0.30 + 0.43 + 0.12
= 1.00 = 1
Therefore the assignment of probability is permissible.

(ii) P(A) = 0.22, P(B) = 0.38, P(C) = 0.16, P(D) = 0.34

Now P(A) + P(B) + P(C) + P(D) = 1
0.22 + 0.38 + 0.16 + 0.34 = 1.10 = ≠1
∴ The assignment of probability is not permissible.
(iii) P (C) = 1/5 is negative.
The assignment of probability is not permissible.
Question 2.
If two coins are tossed simultaneously, then find the probability of getting
(i) one head and one tail
(ii) at most two tails

Solution:
When two coins are tossed the sample space will be
S = {(H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T)}
n(S) = 4

Question 3.
Five mangoes and 4 apples are in a box. If two fruits are chosen at random,
find the probability that (i) one is a mango and the other is an apple (ii) both
are of the same variety.

Solution:
(i) Mangoes (M) = 5
Apples (A) = 4 Total = 5 + 4=9
P(mango) = P(M) = 5/9
P(A) = 4/9.
When two Suits are chosen at random
P(one mango and one Apple) = P(MA or AM)
= P(M)P (A) × 2!
(ii) P(MMorAA)
= P(M) P(M) + P(A) P(A)

Question 4.
What is the chance that (i) non-leap year (ii) leap year should have fifty-three
Sundays?

Solution:
(i) A leap year has 366 days.
366 days = 52 weeks + 1 day.
52 weeks contain 52 Sundays.
The remaining one day maybe Sunday or Monday or Tuesday or Wednesday
or Thursday or Friday or Saturday
Sample space S is
S = { Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday }
n(S) = 7
Let A be the event of getting a Sunday. Then
n(A) = 1
∴ Probability of getting 53 Sundays = 1/7

(ii) Leap Year:

A leap year has 366 days.
366 days = 52 weeks + 2 odd days.
52 weeks contain 52 Sundays.
The remain 2 odd day maybe
S = {(Sunday, Monday), (Monday, Tuesday), (Tuesday, Wednesday),
(Wednesday, Thursday), (Thursday, Friday), (Friday, Saturday), (Saturday,
Sunday)}
n (S) = 7
Let A be the event of getting a Sunday. Then
A = {(Sunday, Monday), (Saturday, Sunday)}
n(A) = 2
∴ Probability of getting 53 Sundays in a leap year = 2/7
Question 5.
Eight coins are tossed once, find the probability of getting
(i) exactly two tails
(ii)at least two tails
(iii) at most two tails

Solution:
When a coin is tossed 8 times or 8 coins are tossed one time n(s) = 28 = 256

(i) Let A be the event of getting exactly 2 tails.

Question 6.
An integer is chosen at random from the first 100 positive integers. What is
the probability that the integer chosen is a prime or multiple of 8?

Solution:
S= {1, 2, 3, …………. 100}
n(S) = 100
Let A be the event of choosing a prime number
∴ A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73,
79, 83, 89}
n(A) = 25 So P(A) = 25/100

Let B be the event of getting a number multiple of 8

B = {8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96}
n(B)= 12 So P(B) = 12/100
also A ∩ B = ϕ
⇒ A and B are mutually exclusive

Question 7.
A bag contains 7 red and 4 black balls, 3 balls are drawn at random.
Find the probability that (i) all are red (ii) one red and 2 black.

Solution:
No. of Red balls = n(R) = 7
No. of Black balls = n(B) = 4
Total = 7 + 4 = 11 ⇒ n(S) = 11
Three balls are drawn at random
Question 8.
A single card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that
(i) the card is an ace or a king
(ii) the card will be 6 or smaller
(iii) the card is either a queen or 9?

Solution:
Total No. of cards = 52 = n(S)
No. of ace cards = n(A) = 4
No. of king card = n(k) = 4

(i) P(A or K) = P(A) + P(K)

(∵ A and K are mutually exclusive).

(iii) Let C be the event of getting a queen ⇒ so n(c) = 4

and Let D be the event of getting a number 9 ⇒ n(D) = 4
Now C ∩ D = ϕ
(i.e.,) C and D are mutually exclusive.

Question 9.
A cricket club has 16 members, of whom only 5 can bowl. What is the
probability that in a team of 11 members at least 3 bowlers are selected?
Solution:
No. of players = 16
We need to select 11 players which can be done in 16 C11 ways
(i. e) n(S) = 16C11 ways
= 4368
Out of the selection of 11 members, there should be a least 3 bowlers So we
can have 3 or 4 or 5 bowlers and S the remaining will be 8 or 7 or 6 players. So
the selection can be done as follows.

Let A be the event of selecting atleast 3 bowlers out of a selection of 11

players.

So n(A) = (5C3 × 11C8) + (5C4 × 11C7) + (5C5) (11C6)

∴ 5C3 = 10, 5C4 = 5, 5C5 = 1

Question 10.
(i) The odds that the event A occurs is 5 to 7, find P(A)
(ii) Suppose P(B) = 2/5. Express the odds that the event B occurs.

Solution:

If the probability of an event is P then the odds in favour of its occurrence are
P to (1 – P) and the odds against its occurrence are (1 – P) to P.
Here we are given the odds that event A occurs = 5 to 7
So, the odds that the event B occurs is 2 to 3.
Ex 12.2
Question 1.
If A and B are mutually exclusive events P(A) = 3/8 and P (B) = 1/8, then find

Solution:
Question 2.
If A and B are two events associated with a random experiment for which
P(A) = 0.35, P(A or B) = 0.85, and P(A and B) = 0.15.
Find (i) P(only B)

(iii) P(only A)

Solution:
Given P(A) = 0.35
P(A ∪ B) = 0.85
P(A ∩ B) = 0.15
We know P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
(i.e.,) 0.85 = 0.35 + P(B) – 0.15
⇒ 0.85 – 0.2 = P(B)
(i.e.,) P(B) = 0.65

(i) P(only B ) = P(B) – P(A ∩ B)

= 0.65 – 0.15 = 0.50
(ii) = 1 – P(B) = 1 – 0.65 = 0.35
(iii) P(A only) = P(A) – P(A ∩ B) = 0.35 – 0.15 = 0.20

Question 3.
A die is thrown twice. Let Abe the event, ‘First die shows 5’ and B be the event,
‘second die shows 5’. Find P(A ∪ B).

Solution:
When a die is throw twice
n(s) = 62 = 36
Let A be the event that first die shows 5 and B be the event that second die
shows 5 Now A = {(5, 1), (5, 2) (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5) (5, 6}
Question 4.
The probability of an event A occurring is 0.5 and B occurring is 0.3. If A and B
are mutually exclusive events, then find the probability of

Solution:
Given P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.3
Also A and B are mutually exclusive. ∴ A ∩ B = Φ
n(A ∩ B) = 0

(i) P (A ∪ B)
P(A ∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – 0 = 0.5 + 0.3 = 0.8

(ii) P(A ∩ B̅ )
P(A ∩ B̅ ) = P(A) – P(A ∩ B) = P(A) – 0
since A and B are mutually exclusive = 0.5

(iii) P(A̅ ∩ B)
P(A̅ ∩ B) = P(B) – P(A ∩ B) = P(B) – 0
since A and B are mutually exclusive = 0.3

Question 5.
A town has 2 fire engines operating independently. The probability that a fire
engine is available when needed is 0.96.
(i) What is the probability that a fire engine is available when needed?
(ii) What is the probability that neither is available when needed?

Solution:
(i) Probability that a fire engine is available when needed = P (availability of
the first fire engine A or availability of the second fire engine B)
= P(A ∪ B)
= P(A) + P(B) – P (A ∩ B)
= P (A) + P ( B) – P (A) . P (B)
since A and B are independent events
= 0.96 + 0.96 – 0.96 × 0.96
= 2 × 0.96 – (0.96)2
= 0.96 (2 – 0.96)
= 0.96 × 1.04 = 0.9984

(ii) Probability of neither of the fire engine available when needed =

Probability of non-availability of the first fire engine and Probability of non-
availability of the second fire engine.
= P(A̅ ∩ B̅ )
= P(A̅ ) . P(B̅ )
since A and B are independent.
= 0.04 × 0.04
= 0.0016

Question 6.
The probability that a new railway bridge will get an award for its design is
0.48, the probability that it will get an award for the efficient use of materials
is 0.36, and that it will get both awards is 0.2. What is the probability, that (i)
it will get atleast one of the two awards 00 it will get only one of the awards?

Solution:
Given P(A) = 0.48, P(B) = 0.36 and P(A ∩ B) = 0.2
(i) it will get at least one of the two awards
Given the probability that a new railway bridge will get an award for its
design is 0.48.
P (A) = 0.48
The probability that it will get an award for the efficient use of materials is
0.36
P (B) = 0.36
The probability that it will get both awards is 0.2
P(A ∩ B) = 0.2
P(atleast one of the two awards) = P(A or B)
= P(A ∪ B)
= P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
= 0.48 + 0.36 – 0.2
= 0.84 – 0.20
= 0.64

(ii) P (only one of the awards) = P (only A or only B)

= P [(A ∩ B̅ ) ∪ (A̅ ∩ B)]
= P (A ∩ B̅ ) + P (A̅ ∩ B)
A ∩ B and A̅ ∩ B are mutually exclusive
= [P(A) – P(A ∩ B)] + [P(B) – P(A ∩ B)]
= [0.48 – 0.2] + [0.36 – 0.2]
= 0.28 + 0.16
= 0.44
Ex 12.3
Question 1.
Can two events be mutually exclusive and independent simultaneously?

Solution:
No. If two events are mutually exclusive, they cannot be independent.
Question 2.
If A and B are two events such that P(A ∪ B) = 0.7, P(A ∩ B) = 0.2, and P(B) =
0.5 then show that A and B are independent.

Solution:
Given P(A ∪ B) = 0.7, P(A ∩ B)= 0.2 and P(B) = 0.5
To find P(A)
Now, P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
(i.e.,) 0.7 = P(A) + 0.5 – 0.2
⇒ 0.7 – 0.5 + 0.2 = P(A)
(i.e.,) P(A) = 0.4
Now P(A ∩ B) = 0.2 …………. (i)
P(A) P(B) = 0.4 × 0.5 = 0.2 ………… (ii)
(1) = (2) ⇒ P(A ∩ B) = P(A) P(B)
⇒ A and B are independent.
Question 3.
If A and B are two independent events such that P(A ∪ B) = 0.6, P(A) = 0.2,
find P(B).

Solution:
Given A and B are two independent events such that
P(A ∪ B) = 0.6, P(A) = 0.2
Since A and B are independent, we have
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) . P(B)
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A) P(B)
0.6 = 0.2 + P(B) – 0.2 P(B)
0.6 – 0.2 = (1 – 0.2) P (B)
0.4 = 0.8 P(B)

Question 4.
If P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.8 and P(B/A) = 0.8, find (P(A/B)) and P(A ∪ B)

Solution:
Given P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.8 and P(B/A) = 0.8 to find P(A/B) & P(A ∪ B)

So, P(A/B) =0.5 and P(A ∪ B) = 0.9.

Question 5.
If for two events A and B, P(A) = 3/4, P(B) = 2/5 and A ∪ B = S (sample
space), find the conditional probability P(A/B).

Solution:
Question 6.
A problem in Mathematics is given to three students whose chances of solving
it are 1/3, 1/4, and 1/5
(i) What is the probability that the problem is solved?
(ii) What is the probability that exactly one of them will solve it?

Solution:
Question 7.
The probability that a car being filled with petrol will also need an oil change
is 0.30; the probability that it needs a new oil filter is 0.40, and the probability
that both the oil and filter need changing is 0.15.
(i) If the oil had to be changed, what is the probability that a new oil filter is
needed?
(ii) If a new oil filter is needed, what is the probability that the oil has to be
changed?

Solution:
Given P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.4 and P(A ∩ B) = 0.15

Question 8.
One bag contains 5 white and 3 black balls. Another bag contains 4 white and
6 black balls. If one ball is drawn from each bag, find the probability that (i)
both are white (ii) both are black (iii) one white and one black.

Solution:
Question 9.
Two-thirds of students in a class are boys and the rest girls. It is known that
the probability of a girl getting the first grade is 0.85 and that of boys is 0.70.
Find the probability that a student chosen at random will get first-grade
marks.

Solution:

Question 10.
Given P(A) = 0.4 and P(A ∪ B) = 0.7. Find P(B) if
(i) A and B are mutually exclusive
(ii) A and B are independent events
(iii) P(A/B) = 0.4
(iv) P(B/A) = 0.5

Solution:
Given P(A) = 0.4 and P(A ∪ B) = 0.7
(i) A and B are mutually exclusive
∴ A ∩ B = Φ and P(A ∩ B) = 0
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)
0.7 = 0.4 + P(B)
P(B) = 0.7 – 0.4 = 0.3

(ii) A and B are independent events

∴ P(A ∩ B) = P(A) . P(B)
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A) . P(B)
0.7 = 0.4 + P(B) – 0.4. P(B)
0.7 – 0.4 = P(B) (1 – 0.4)
0.3 = 0.6 × P(B)
P(B) = 0.30.6 = 36 = 12
P(B) = 0.5
(iii) P(A/B) = 0.4

P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∪ B) = 0.4 P(B)

0.4 + P ( B) – 0.7. = 0.4 P (B)
P(B) – 0.3 = 0.4 P(B)
P(B) – 0.4 P(B) = 0.3
(1 – 0.4)P(B) = 0.3
0.6 P(B) = 0.3
P(B) = 0.3/0.6 = 3/6
P(B) = 1/2 = 0.5

(iv) P(B/A) = 0.5

P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∪ B) = 0.5 . P(A)
0.4 + P(B) – 0.7 = 0.5 × 0.4
P(B) – 0.3 = 0.2
P(B) = 0.2 + 0.3
P(B) = 0.5

Question 11.
A year is selected at random. What is the probability that (i) it contains 53
Sundays (ii) it is a leap year which contains 53 Sundays?

Solution:

(ii) It is a leap year which contains 53 Sundays.

A leap year contains 366 days.
366 days = 52 weeks + 2 days.
52 weeks contain 52 Sundays

So in order to get 53 Sundays in a leap year, the remaining 2 days must

contain a Sunday.
The remaining 2 days may be off from
S = {(Sunday, Monday), (Monday, Tuesday), (Tuesday, Wednesday), (
Wednesday, Thursday), (Thursday, Friday), (Friday, Saturday), (Saturday,
Sunday) }
n(S) = 7

Let A be the event getting a Sunday

A = {(Sunday, Monday), (Saturday, Sunday)}
n(A) = 2
Probability of getting a Sunday from the remaining 2 days

Probability of getting 53 Sundays in a leap year = Probability of getting a leap

year × Probability of getting a Sunday from the remaining 2 days

∴ Probability of getting 53 Sundays in a leap year = 1/14

Question 12.
Suppose the chances of hitting a target by a person X is 3 times in 4 shots, by Y
is 4 times in 5 shots, and by Z is 2 times in 3 shots. They fire simultaneously
exactly one time. What is the probability that the target is damaged by exactly
2 hits?

Solution:
Given P(X) = 3/4, P(X’) = 1 – 3/4 = 1/4
∴ P(Y) = 4/5, P(Y’) = 1 – 4/5 = 1/5

Ex 12.4
Question 1.
A factory has two Machines-I and II. Machine-I produces 60% of items and
Machine-II produces 40% of the items of the total output. Further, 2% of the
items produced by Machine-I are defective whereas 4% produced by Machine-
II are defective. If an item is drawn at random what is the probability that it is
defective?
Solution:

Question 2.
There are two identical urns containing respectively 6 black and 4 red balls, 2
black and 2 red balls. An urn is chosen at random and a ball is drawn from it,
(z) find the probability that the ball is black (ii) if the ball is black, what is the
probability that it is from the first urn?

Solution:
Question 3.
A firm manufactures PVC pipes in three plants viz, X, Y and Z. The daily
production volumes from the three firms X, Y and Z are respectively 2000
units, 3000 units and 5000 units. It is known from the past experience that 3%
of the output from plant X, 4% from plant Y and 2% from plant Z are defective.
A pipe is selected at random from a day’s total production,
(i) find the probability that the selected pipe is a defective one.
(ii) if the selected pipe is a defective, then what is the probability that it was
produced by plant Y?

Solution:
Question 4.
The changes of A, B, and C becoming manager of a certain company are 5 : 3 :
2. The probabilities that the office canteen will be improved if A, B, and C
become managers are 0.4, 0.5 and 0.3 respectively. If the office canteen has
been improved, what is the probability that B was appointed as the manager?

Solution: Given A : B : C = 5 : 3 : 2
Question 5.
An advertising executive is studying television viewing habits of married men
and women during prime-time hours. Based on the past viewing records he
has determined that during prime-time wives are watching television 60% of
the time. It has also been determined that when the wife is watching
television, 40% of the time the husband is also watching. When the wife is not
watching the television, 30% of the time husband is watching the television.
Find the probability that (i) the husband is watching the television during the
prime time of television (ii) if the husband is watching the television, the wife
is also watching the television.

Solution:
Let A be the event of wife watching the TV
B1 be the event of the husband watching the TV when the wife watching.
Probability of wife watching the TV = 60/100 = 0.6
Probability of husband watching the TV = 40/100 = 0.4
Let B2 be the event of the husband watching the TV when the wife not
watching TV.
P(B2) = 30/100 = 0.3
P(A̅ ) = 1 – P(A)
= 1 – 0.6 = 0.4
(i) the husband is watching the television during the prime time of television:
Probability husband watching TV = Probability of wife watching the TV and
husband watching the TV or wife not watching TV and husband watching the
TV
= P[(A ∩ B1) ∪ (A̅ ∩ B2)]
= P[(A ∩ B1) + (A̅ ∩ B2)]
= 0.6 × 0.4 + 0.4 × 0.3
= 0.24 + 0.12 = 0.36
= 36/100 = 9/25

Ex 12.5
Choose the correct or most suitable answer from the given four alternatives:

Question 1.
Four persons are selected at random from a group of 3 men, 2 women and 4
children. The probability that exactly two of them are children is

Solution: (d)
Hint:
Total no of person = 3 + 2 + 4 = 9
Selecting 4 from 9 can be done in 9 C4 ways
Question 2.
A number is selected from the set {1, 2, 3, ….., 20}. The probability that the
selected number is divisible by 3 or 4 is ……………

Solution: (c)
Hint:
n(S) = 20
A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18} ⇒ n(A) = 6
B = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20} ⇒ n(B) = 5
A ∩ B = {12} ⇒ n(A ∩ B) = 1
so P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)

Question 3.
A, B and C try to hit a target simultaneously but independently. Their

respective probabilities of hitting the target are The probability that

the target is hit by A or B but not by C

Solution: (a)
Hint:
P(A) = 3/4 P(A’) = 1/4
P(B) = 1/2 P(B’) = 1/2
P(C) = 5/8 P(C’) = 3/8
Probability of hitting the target = 1

Question 4.
If A and B are any two events, then the probability that exactly one of them
occur is …………

Solution: (b)
Hint:

Question 5.

Then the events A and B are …………………

(a) Equally likely but not independent
(b) Independent but not equally likely
(c) Independent and equally likely
(d) Mutually inclusive and dependent

Solution: (b)
Hint:

P(A ∩ B) = P(A). P(B)

⇒ A and B are independent and not equally likely

Question 6.
Two items are chosen from a lot containing twelve items of which four are
defective, then the probability that at least one of the item is defective when
two items are chosen at the random probability of atleast one of them is
defective ………….

Solution: (a)
Hint:
Total number = 12
Defective = 4
∴ good ones = 12 – 4 = 8
when two items are chosen at random probability of atleast one of them is
defective
= P(one defective or 2 defectives) = P(GD or DD)
= P(G) P(D) + P(D) P(D)

Question 7.
A man has 3 fifty-rupee notes, 4 hundred rupees notes, and 6 five hundred
rupees notes in his pocket. If 2 notes are taken at random, what are the odds
in favour of both notes being of a hundred rupee denomination?
(a) 1 : 12
(b) 12 : 1
(c) 13 : 1
(d) 1 : 13

Solution: (d)
Hint:

The odds in favour done of P is P : 1 – P

Question 8.
A letter is taken at random from the letters of the word ‘ASSISTANT’ and
another letter is taken at random from the letters of the word ‘STATISTICS’.
The probability that the selected letters are the same is ………….
Solution: (d)
Hint:

Question 9.
A matrix is chosen at random from a set of all matrices of order 2, with
elements 0 or 1 only. The probability that the determinant of the matrix
chosen is not zero will be

Solution: (b)
Hint: Then given elements are 0 and So each term of a matrix can be filled
(Using or 1) is 2 ways.

The No. of elements is a 2 × 2 matrix = 2 × 2 = 4.

So the possible ways of filling the elements of a 2 × 2 matrix is 24 = 16 (i.e.,)
n(S) = 16

Let A be the event of getting a 2 × 2 matrix for which the determinant value is
non zero.

Question 10.
A bag contains 5 white and 3 black balls. Five balls are drawn successively
without replacement. The probability that they are alternate of different
colours is …………..

Solution: (c)
Hint:

Question 11.
If A and B are two events such that A ⊂ B and P(B) ≠ 0, then which of the
following is correct?

(a) P(A/B) =

(b) P(A/B) < P(A) (c) P(A/B) ≥ P(A) (d) P(A/B) > P(B)

Solution: (c)
Hint:

Question 12.
A bag contains 6 green, 2 white, and 7 black balls. If two balls are drawn
simultaneously then the probability that both are different colours is ………..

Solution: (a)
Hint:

Question 13.
If X and Y be two events such that P(X/Y) = 1/2, P(Y/X) = 1/3 and P(X ∩ Y)
= 1/6 then P(X ∪ Y) is …………
Solution: (d)
Hint:

Question 14.
An um contains 5 red and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random, its colour is
noted, and is returned to the um. Moreover, 2 additional balls of the colour
drawn are put in the um and then a ball is drawn at random. The probability
that the second ball is drawn is red will be …………

Solution: (b)
Hint:
Question 15.
A number x is chosen at random from the first 100 natural numbers. Let A be

the event of numbers which satisfies then P(A) is …………….

(a) 0.20
(b) 0.51
(c) 0.71
(d) 0.70

Solution: (c)
Hint:
Question 16.
If two events A and B are independent such that P(A) = 0.35 and P(A ∪ B) =
0.6, then P(B) is …………..

Solution: (a)
Hint:
Given A and B are independent
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) + P(B)
⇒ Now P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
(i.e.,) Now P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A).P(B)
0.6 = 0.35 + P(B) – (0.35) P(B)
⇒ P(B) = (1 – 0.35) = 0.6 – 0.35
⇒ 0.65 P(B) = 0.25

Question 17.

Solution: (d)
Hint:
Question 18.
If A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.8 and P(B/A) = 0.6,

then is …………..

(a) 0.96
(b) 0.24
(c) 0.56
(d) 0.66

Solution: (c)
Hint:

Question 19.
There are three events A, B, and C of which one and only one can happen. If
the odds are 7 to 4 against A and 5 to 3 against B, then odds against C is
……………
(a) 23 : 65
(b) 65 : 23
(c) 23 : 88
(d) 88 : 23

Solution: (b)
Hint: If the probability of an event is P then the odds against its occurrence are
1 – P to P.
Selecting 1 from the 4 number 1, 2, 3,4, can be done in 4 ways

Question 20.
If a and b are chosen randomly from the set {1, 2, 3, 4} with replacement, then
the probability of the real roots of the equation x2 + ax + b = 0 is
Solution: (c)
Hint:
Given a, b are choosen randomly from the set {1, 2, 3, 4}
S = {1, 2, 3, 4} × {1, 2, 3, 4}
S = { (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2,4), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3),
(3,4), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4)}
n(S) = 16
Given x2 + ax + b = 0
a = 1, b = a, c = b

The condition for the above quadratic equation has real root is
Discrimination ≥ 0
Δ = b2 – 4ac ≥ 0
Δ = a2 – 4(1) (b) ≥ 0
a2 – 4b ≥ 0
A = {(2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (3, 2) (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4)}
The above pair of values satisfy
a2 – 4b ≥ 0
n(A) = 7

Question 21.
It is given that the events A and B are such that P(A) = 1/4, P(A/B) = 1/2 and
P(B/ A) = 2/3 then P(B) is ……………

Solution: (b)
Hint:
Question 22.
In a certain college 4% of the boys and 1% of the girls are taller than 1.8
meter. Further 60% of the students are girls. If a student is selected at random
and is taller than 1.8 meters, then the probability that the students is a girls is
………….

Solution: (b)
Hint:
Question 23.
Ten coins are tossed. The probability of getting at least 8 heads is …………….

Solution: (d)
Hint:
When 10 coins are tossed, No. of the element in sample space
n(S) = 210 = 1024
Probability of getting atleast 8 heads

Question 24.
The probability of two events A and B are 0.3 and 0.6 respectively. The
probability that both A and B occur simultaneously is 0.18. The probability
that neither A nor B occurs is …………….
(a) 0.1
(b) 0.72
(c) 0.42
(d) 0.28
Solution: (d)
Hint:
Given A and B are two events such that
P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.6 and P(A ∩ B) = 0.18
P (neither A nor B occurs)

= 1 – [P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)]

= 1 – [0.3 + 0.6 – 0.18]
= 1 – [0.9 – 0.18]
= 1 – 0.72 = 0.28

Question 25.
If m is a number such that m≤ 5, then the probability that quadratic equation
2x2 + 2mx + m + 1 = 0 has real roots is ………….

Solution: (c)
Hint:
Given 2x2 + 2mx + m + 1 = 0
a = 2, b = 2m, c = m + 1
The condition for the quadratic equation to have
real roots is
b2 – 4ac ≥ 0
(2m)2 – 4(2) (m + 1) ≥ 0
4m2 – 8m – 8 ≥ 0
m2 – 2m – 2 ≥ 0

This expression satisfies m = 3 or 4 or 5

Let A = {3, 4, 5}
n(A) = 3
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} since m ≤ 5
n(S) = 5