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Class Notes Biology 101

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into ATP, occurring in both plants and animals, with the overall equation being C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP. It consists of three main stages: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain, producing a total of approximately 36-38 ATP molecules. In the absence of oxygen, cells resort to anaerobic respiration or fermentation, yielding only 2 ATP.

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3 views2 pages

Class Notes Biology 101

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into ATP, occurring in both plants and animals, with the overall equation being C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP. It consists of three main stages: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain, producing a total of approximately 36-38 ATP molecules. In the absence of oxygen, cells resort to anaerobic respiration or fermentation, yielding only 2 ATP.

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overlord512
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Class Notes – Biology 101: Foundations of Life

Date: June 26, 2025


Topic: Cellular Respiration

Purpose of Cellular Respiration:

Process by which cells convert glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

ATP = usable energy for cellular processes

Occurs in both plants and animals

Overall Equation:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP (≈36–38 molecules)

Three Main Stages of Cellular Respiration:

Glycolysis

Location: Cytoplasm

Anaerobic (does not require oxygen)

Glucose (6C) → 2 Pyruvate (3C)

Produces:

2 ATP (net gain)

2 NADH

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Location: Mitochondrial Matrix

Aerobic (requires oxygen indirectly via ETC)

Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA → Series of reactions

Produces (per glucose):

2 ATP

6 NADH

2 FADH₂

CO₂ as waste

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) & Oxidative Phosphorylation

Location: Inner mitochondrial membrane

Uses NADH & FADH₂ to pump protons, create gradient

Final electron acceptor = O₂ → H₂O

Produces: ~32–34 ATP


Anaerobic Respiration / Fermentation:

Happens when no oxygen is present

Only glycolysis occurs

Pyruvate converted into lactic acid (animals) or ethanol + CO₂ (yeast)

Produces only 2 ATP

Quick Review – ATP Yield:

Stage ATP Produced


Glycolysis 2
Krebs Cycle 2
ETC 32–34
Total ~36–38

Key Takeaways:

Most ATP is made in the mitochondria, during the ETC

Oxygen is essential for full ATP production

Without oxygen, cells rely on less efficient fermentation

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