Open Access Publishing through Digital Repositories:
Green OA
Shivaram BS
Joint Head, ICAST
CSIR-NAL, Bangalore-13
[email protected]
Recap
• Open Access publishing- history, importance and initiatives
• Open Access Models – Gold, Green, Bronze, etc.
• Trends in Open Access Publishing –APC
• Volume & Usage of Open Access Content
• International & national OA Publishing initiatives
• Example OA Platforms
Repositories
• Repositories - where things are stored/preserved
• Software Repositories – GitHub, Docker, GitLab
• Publication Repositories:
– Scholarly literature,
– Research Data,
– Education Resources
What is Digital Repository??
• A digital repository is an online archive for the
storage of digital objects
• Designated for the long term preservation
of digital objects
• Organized Collection of Digital Objects
• Metadata
• Taxonomy
• Hierarchical
• Access with Privileges
• Powerful Retrieval features – search / browse
• Interoperable
Digital Repositories
Research Data
Information Repositories
Data
Repositories Repositories
Types
Institutional Research • Big Data Repositories
OER
OA Data • SQL data Repositories
Subject Repositories
Repositories Repositories
Repositories • Data Warehouse
• Data Lake
OERs • Data Mart
Institution Research Data Text Books
Publications Preprints (unpublished) CourseWare • Data Cubes
Video Lectures
Structure /
Unstructured Data
Digital Repositories: Objectives
• Collect
Capture - Born Digital Documents
Digitize - Old print Documents
Aggregate – Harvest documents from multiple sources
• Contribute
Archive – Long term preservation
Knowledge Base – addition to existing knowledge
• Discoverability
– Powerful Retrieval mechanism
• Browse
• Search: Simple / Advanced / Filed Based
– Collaborate with aggregators
• Search Engines / Metadata Harvesters
• Share
– Web / Social media Platforms
Why Digital Repositories for Research ??
• Authoritative Information
• Free Content (Largely)
• Seamless Access (any where / any time)
• Decentralized deposition / Centralized Curation
• Powerful Retrieval Functionalities
• Available under CC attributes – OER 5Rs
• Access to Unpublished (Technical) Information
• Permanent Source (long term preservations)
Contents of Digital Repositories
• Raw research data / datasets
• Derived research data
• Full-text peer-reviewed scholarly papers
– Pre Prints
– Post prints
– Author final version
– Publisher Version?????
• Theses
• Full-text original publications –Grey Literature
• Learning objects – Multimedia, Graphical
Growth of Digital Repositories Content (SCI)
SCOPUS & WoS Indexed Articles Archived at OA Digital Repositories with DOI
1000000
SCOPUS WoS
900000
800000
Number of Articles Archived
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Repository Content @SCOPUS
Repository Content @WoS
Classification of Digital Repositories
• Institution based
– Objectives of organization
• Ex: IISc, CSIR-NAL, MIT, Canfield etc,.
• Subject Based
– Dedicated to specific subject/s
• Ex: ChemRxiv, BioRxiv, MedRxiv
• Access Type
– Based on Access restrictions
• Open, Partially open, closed
• Document Type
– Based on type of Content- Data, Technical Reports
• Ex.: NTRS, HAL, OSTI etc
Digital Repositories: Institution Based
• Institution Specific Content
• OA based (Access control)
• Decentralized Document Deposition (Authorized users)
• Wider Accessibility & Visibility - Individual / Institute
• All types of Institutional Publications
• Long term preservation of institution IP
• Personal Digital Library / Digital Space for
Faculty
Digital Repositories: Subject Based
• Subject / Domain Specific Content
• OA based – Preprint Servers
• Decentralized Deposition / Centralized
Moderation / Curation
• Wider Accessibility & Visibility
• Robust Retrieval functionalities
• Content Aggregators
• Plan U – Research Funders Requirements
– Plan S for OA Journal Publishing
– Plan U for OA Repository Publishing
Subject based Repository: Ex- ChemRxiv
Access advantages Content policy to Accept Which Content policy to Reject if
• It cannot be identified as scholarly
• is scholarly in nature content
• Rapidly disseminate work to a wide • is written in English
audience • It does not fit one of our accepted
• is the length and structure of a standard
manuscript types
scientific manuscript
• Boost the visibility of research • It cannot be reasonably categorized
findings • is the original work of the author or coauthor(s)
using one of the ChemRxiv subjects
• includes new research results and analysis
• Make research work more • includes a thorough overview of prior research • It is found to be wholly or partially
discoverable from multiple sources with references plagiarized
• Find potential collaborators and hold
• does not infringe the intellectual property right • It is found to have already been
of any person(s) or entity(ies) accepted for publication following peer
interdisciplinary discussions • does not contain any unlawful statements review
• Document research results for grant • does not contain inappropriate, confidential, or • It is not written in English
reviewers in advance of publication harmful statements or materials
• does not include excessive self-citation
• It contains infringing material and/or
• Facilitate rapid evaluation of results • falls broadly in the ChemRxiv subject categories
has not been uploaded by an authorized
individual
• Spot trends and encourage a broad • has not been formally accepted or published
following a peer review process • It is found to contain inappropriate,
range of constructive feedback
• is not also posted to another preprint server confidential, or harmful statements or
material
Commercial DR for Scholarly Publishing: F1000 Research
Launched in 2013 - Repository framework Rigorous pre-publication checks include:
– Author/s affiliation & credentials
– Plagiarism
Innovative Open Access research publishing platform –
–
Image manipulation
Ethical approval
– FAIR data/materials/software
(‘Mega Journal’) for researchers, scientists, scholars –
compliance
Open materials & methods
and clinicians.
Offers Rapid & Transparent Publishing of research
articles and other research outputs, without editorial bias.
All articles benefit from transparent peer review and
editorial guidance on making all source data openly
available.
APC Charges
Key objectives:
o Accelerating access, reach & impact
Scopus
o Supporting careers & capacity building PubMed
ChemBase
DOAJ
Acquired by T & F Group in 2020 Google Scholar, etc
F1000 content @ SCOPUS
Digital Repositories: Access Based
• Fully Open Access
• Partially Open Access
– Metadata
– Full text
• Sherpa-Romeo Publisher OA archiving rights
• Request a Copy - (Fair Use Clause for Copyrighted content)
• Closed access
– Access only to authorized members
Demonstration of Institutional Repositories
CSIR-NAL- http://nal-ir.nal.res.in/
Eprints@IISc: https://eprints.iisc.ac.in/
Digital Repositories: Document Type
• Dedicated Repositories based on Document type
– Reports servers
– Thesis & Dissertations
– Data Sets
– Grey Literature servers
Dataverse: Research Data Repository Platforms
• Service by Harvard University
• Free data repository open to all researchers, all disciplines
• Research Data Repository to
– Archive, Share, Cite, Explore & Access
• Customizable: Organize & manage, Access control
• Automatically generate DOI for Dataset
• Export as standard data citation format
• Dataverse for
– Researchers
• Archive up to 1GB
• Personalize
– Journals
• Allows to upload associated files with seamless access
– Organizations
• can create and customize a Dataverse Collection where researchers,
departments, and faculty can share their research data
FigShare: Research Data Repository Platforms
Support Open Science
• For Individuals
– Cloud based platform to upload Research work
– 20GB of Free space for individuals
– Individuals can make research outputs available in
• citable, shareable & Discoverable
– DoI for Datasets
• For Institutions
– Provide Repository platform (SaaS)
– A custom-branded portal- Interface, Metadata
– Track Metrics: Altmetric Scores, Citations
• For Publishers
– Provides platform to upload associated data
• Datasets, simulations, Images, etc.
Mendeley Data Sets Repository
Mendeley Data is a secure cloud-based repository
where you can store your data, ensuring it is easy to
share, access and cite;
Launched by Elsevier in the years 2015;
Provides a DOI which makes easy connect to cited
datasets;
Data formats like Text documents, Markup
language, Spreadsheets, Statistical data, Raster
Images, Audio, Video, Geographical Information
(GIS), RDF, CAD are acceptable;
Zenodo
Zenodo is a general-purpose open-access repository
developed under the European OpenAIRE program and
operated by CERN and was launched in May 2013.
Zenodo was first born as the OpenAire orphan records
repository, with the mission to provide open science
compliance to researchers without an institutional repository,
irrespective of their subject area, funder or nation. It provides
a DOI to datasets;
Files may be deposited under closed, open, or embargoed
access. Files deposited under closed access are protected.;
Upload upto 50GB
Demo of Dataverse
Registry of Scholarly Digital Repositories
http://roar.eprints.org/
https://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/opendoar/
Registry of Data Digital Repositories: re3Data
• Re3data is a global registry of research data
repositories
• Funded by the German Research Foundation
(DFG)
• More than 3000+ digital data repositories
registered
• To register with re3data
– be run by a legal entity, such as a sustainable institution (e.g. library,
university)
– clarify access conditions to the data and repository as well as the terms
of use
– have focus on research data
Aggregators of Digital Repositories: BASE
• Largest search engine for academic web resources
• Service by Bielefeld University Library, Germany
• Digital Repositories are major content provider
• Content providers are indexed only after check by
qualified personnel of Bielefeld University Library
• Content harvested using OAI-PMH protocol
• More than 10K content providers (6000+ digital
repositories)
• 60%-70% content is open source
• Powerful Search / Browse Retrieval functionalities
Aggregators of Digital Repositories: CORE
• Aggregator of open access research papers from
repositories and journals
• CORE currently contains 207M OA articles collected
from 11K data providers
• Evolving as powerful discovery platform – Scholarly
content
• Data harvested through APIs
• Repository integration and discovering documents
without a DOI
• Data is largely governed by Open Data Commons
(ODC) Attribution License
Digital Repositories Work Flow
• Content Deposition
– Decentralized document deposition
• Authorized Users / Creators
– Centralized Data Curation
– Centralized Moderation / Review
• Content Access
– Global Access (Anonymous Access)
– Authorized Access (Institutional access)
• Repository Administration
– Centralized
– Customization
• Metadata, Workflow, Interface
Digital Repositories in RDM Workflow
• Research Data Management
– Data Collection / Capturing
– Data organization and curation
• Metadata
– Data Sharing & Dissemination
• Discovery / Retrieval Technologies
• Interoperability
– Protocols (Z39.50, OAI-PMH)
• Content Policies
– Data Preservation
– Data Metrics / Visualization
Open Science Framework (OSF)
• Open platform to support research & enable
collaborations
• Discover Public research: projects, papers, data,
materials etc.
• Collect & Analyse data – store data, code etc. @ OSF
Storage
• Publish reports, preprints etc.
• Track metrics for the your contributions
Open Science Framework
OER Repositories
“OER are teaching, learning, and research resources that
reside in the public domain or are released under an
intellectual property license (creative commons) that
permits their free use and repurposing by others”
-- Hewlett Foundation
OER Repositories
• Open Text Books Repositories
– DOAB, OTN
• Open CourseWare Repositories
– MIT OpenCourseWare
• Projects Repositories
– Wikiversity
• Teaching Materials Repositories
– Teaching Commons
• OER Multimedia Repositories
• OER Search Platforms
– OASIS (Openly Available Sources Integrated Search)
Digital Repositories: Content Rights
How do I Trust Web Information (Research)
Follow CRAAP Model
To Conclude
• E-Learning / Digital learning is a New Normal of present Education System
• Variety of Information sources on Web
• Digital repositories are evolving as promising source scholarly literature
• The volume of Open Education Resources growing
• Awareness about sources go a long way in knowledge acquisition
Next Class: Copyright, Author Rights
