1.

State the difference between Therapeutic effect, Toxic effect and lethal
effect?
- Therapeutic Effect: It's the good stuff. This is when a treatment or
medicine does what it's supposed to do, like easing pain or curing
an illness.
- Toxic Effect: This is when something goes wrong. It's when a
substance, like a drug or chemical, starts causing harm instead of
helping. Too much of it can lead to sickness or damage to the body.
- Lethal Effect: This is the worst-case scenario. It's when a substance
is so harmful that it can cause death. This is the outcome nobody
wants, and it's crucial to avoid it at all costs.
2. The drug metabolizing enzymes, Microsomal enzymes are:
A. All of the above.
B. They catalyse most of the oxidations, reductions, hydrolysis and
glucuronide conjugation.
C. Cytochrome P450, UGTs, epoxide hydrolases, etc. are microsomal
enzymes.
D. These are located on smooth endoplasmic reticulum , primarily in
liver.

3. “Respiratory burst” is a rapid release of reactive oxygen species from

 Immune cells
 Lungs cells
 Electron transport chain
 Ischemic tissues

4. Microorganisms anaerobic bacteria can convert it to methyl mercury, a

substance that can be absorbed quickly by most organisms and is known
to cause nerve damage.
- True
- False

5. What are the harmful effect of Arsenic and what is the Antidotes for
Arsenic poisoning?

Acute Poisoning: When you swallow a lot of arsenic at once, it can make you
throw up, give you stomach pain, and in severe cases, it can even kill you.

Long-term Exposure: If you're around arsenic for a long time, it can cause
skin problems, heart disease, damage your nerves, and even lead to cancer.
Pregnancy Risks: If a pregnant person is exposed to arsenic, it can harm the
baby's growth and increase the chance of miscarriage.

Antidote for Arsenic Poisoning:

Dimercaprol (BAL) is like a superhero antidote for arsenic. It binds to arsenic

and helps the body get rid of it. There are other treatments too, like DMPS
and DMSA, but BAL is the main one used to counteract arsenic poisoning.

6. Which enzyme is responsible for converting hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

into water and oxygen?
- Glutathione reductase
- Superoxide dismutase
- Glutathione peroxidase
- Catalase

7. Which of the following can be a consequence (result) of excessive reactive

oxygen species production in the body?
- Decreased inflammation
- Enhanced immune response
- Increased cell proliferation/growth
- Oxidative stress

8. Which of the following metals is known to influence the body’s ability to

handle oxidative stress as part of the glutathione antioxidant enzyme
system?
- Iron (Fe)
- Selenium (Se)
- Copper (Cu)
- Zinc (Zn)

9. How can studying ROS help scientists develop new therapeutic strategies?
- Studying ROS never helps scientists to develop therapeutic strategies for
diseases
- By complete inhibition of the production of the ROS in all cells
- By inhibiting the body's natural antioxidant defense system.
- By targeting and inhibiting ROS production pathways in diseased cells.
10. Which antioxidant enzyme helps to remove superoxide anions in the
cell?
- Peroxidase
- Glutathione peroxidase
- Catalase
- Superoxide dismutase (SOD)

11. Which of the following vitamin do not have reducing power to

neutralize free radicals directly in the cell?
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin C

12. Describe the process of ROS generation and the types of ROS
generated in mitochondria.
ROS Generation in Mitochondria:
Mitochondria produce energy for the cell.
During this process, some oxygen molecules get partially reduced and
turn into reactive oxygen species (ROS).
The main place where this happens is in the electron transport chain,
especially at Complex I and Complex III.
Types of ROS Generated:
Superoxide Anion (O2·⁻): It's the main ROS made in mitochondria.
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2): Superoxide can turn into hydrogen peroxide.
Hydroxyl Radical (·OH): Hydrogen peroxide can change into hydroxyl
radical.
How ROS Forms:
Inside the mitochondria, as electrons move around during energy
production, some escape and bump into oxygen, making ROS.
This happens especially at certain spots in the electron transport chain.
ROS include superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical.
In simple terms, mitochondria produce energy, but as a side effect, they
also make ROS. These ROS can cause damage if there are too many of
them, leading to problems in the cell.

13. How are antioxidants believed to be helpful to our bodies?

- they bind to oxygen molecules, thus preventing aerobic pathways
 - they enhance free-radical formation, thus increasing the efficiency of
cellular processes
- they "quench" the reactivity of reactive oxygen species, thus preventing
their dangerous interactions with other cellular activities
- they complex with vitamins in our bodies to produce reactive oxygen
species, which are then used to enhance aerobic pathways

14. When Ester + H2O in presence of Esterase enzyme, Acid + Alcohol is

generated ; This type of reaction it occurs in liver, intestines, plasma and
other tissues. The type of this phase I biotransformation example of :
- Cyclization.
- None of the above.
- Decyclation
- Hydrolytic Reaction

15. What is the difference between enzymatic and non-enzymatic

antioxidants?
- There is no difference; they are the same thing.
- Enzymatic antioxidants are small molecules, while non-enzymatic ones
are large proteins.
- Enzymatic antioxidants are synthesized in the body, while non-enzymatic
ones come from food.
- Non-enzymatic antioxidants are synthesized in the body, while
enzymatic ones come from food.

16. What type of phase 1 biotransformation reaction is:

- Oxidation
- Phosphorylation
- DESULFURATION
- Methylation

17. Fenton reaction…………….

- Refers to how OH radicals are neutralized by the body
- Can lead to production of very reactive radicals by Fe2+ reaction with
H2O2
- Is a reaction of superoxide (O2.-) with H2O2 in the presence of Fe2+
- Requires GSH and can neutralize H2O2
18. Which of the following is NOT true of Glutathione (GSH)?
- The reduced form is more reactive than the oxidized GSH.
- It is a substrate for the detoxification enzymes
- The oxidized form is converted to the reduced form by glutathione
peroxidase
- GSH is a free radical scavenger

19. Itai-itai disaster is due to …………posining? Chemically interference

of ....... with ..........
- Zinc with calcium
- none of the above.
- Calcium with magnesium
- Cadmiun with calcium

20. Which of the following cellular process is not involved in the production
of free radicals?
- Macrophages and neutrophils
- All of the cellular processes mentioned here are involved in the
production of free radicals
- Lipid peroxidation
- Oxidative phosphorylation

21. What is Biological Magnification?

Biological magnification is when harmful substances, like pesticides or heavy

metals, build up in animals as they eat other organisms. This makes the
levels of these substances higher as you move up the food chain. So,
animals at the top of the food chain can end up with the most concentrated
amounts of these harmful substances.

22. How do reactive oxygen species contribute to aging?

- By increasing antioxidant production
- By increasing damage to cellular components
- By enhancing DNA repair mechanisms
- By promoting cell division
23. Heavy metal poisoning results when Hg2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions bind
to –SH groups on enzymes.
- True
- False

24. What type of phase 1 biotransformation reaction is:

- Methylation
- DESULFURATION
- Oxidation
- Phosphorylation

25. Which of the following metals is known to influence the body’s ability
to handle oxidative stress as part of the glutathione antioxidant enzyme
system?
- Zinc (Zn)
- Copper (Cu)
- Selenium (Se)
- Iron (Fe)

26. The drug metabolizing enzymes, Microsomal enzymes are:

- They catalyse most of the oxidations, reductions, hydrolysis and
glucuronide conjugation.
- Cytochrome P450, UGTs, epoxide hydrolases, etc. are microsomal
enzymes.
- These are located on smooth endoplasmic reticulum , primarily in
liver.
- All of the above.

27. Which antioxidant enzyme helps to remove superoxide anions in the

cell?
- Glutathione peroxidase
- Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
- Catalase
- Peroxidase
28. Which of the following is NOT true of Glutathione (GSH)?
- GSH is a free radical scavenger
- It is a substrate for the detoxification enzymes
- The reduced form is more reactive than the oxidized GSH.
- The oxidized form is converted to the reduced form by glutathione
peroxidase

29. Q. Receptor tyrosine kinases

- are the most common form of receptor.
- activate phospholipase A
- dimerize on ligand binding
- phosphorylate tyrosine residues on SH2 domain proteins

30. Q. Which of the following molecules acts as a second messangers in

multiple signalling pathways, including those G protein- coupled
receptors?
- Phospholipase C
- Adenylate Cyclase.
- Cyclic AMP
- Tyrosine Kinase

31. Q. Which protein/enzyme is activated by Cyclic AMP (cAMP) in liver

cells to induce glucose release?
- Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)
- Phospholipase C (PLC)
- Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)
- Protein kinase A (PKA)

32. The PhaseII reactions terminate the pharmacologic activity of

Xenobiotics?
- True
 - False

33. Q. Why are ion channels necessary to transport ions into or out of a
cell?
- Ions do not need ion channels to move through the membrane.
- Ions are charged particles and cannot diffuse through the hydrophobic
interior of the membrane.
- Ions are too large to diffuse through the membrane.
- Ions bind to carrier proteins in the bloodstream, which must be removed
before transport into the cell.
34. Q. The process by which extracellular messages convert into another
form of intracellular messages is termed as…..
- signal transduction
- cell transformation
- cell response
- cell activation

35. Q. During signal transduction, the number of affected molecules

increase geometrically in an enzyme cascade in………………..
- Adaptation
- Amplification
- Integration
- Specificity

36. Q. In which type of signaling, the cell that expresses messenger

molecules also produces receptors?
- Autocrine
- Paracrine
- Juxtracrine
- Intracellular

37. Q. Which molecule acts as a primary signal for G protein-coupled

receptor for glucose release from liver cells during times of low blood
sugar levels?
- Glucagon
- Insulin
 - Epinephrine
- cAMP

38. Q. What property enables the residues of the amino acids serine,
threonine, and tyrosine to be phosphorylated?
- They are non-polar.
- They occur more frequently in the amino acid sequence of signaling
proteins.
- They contain a hydroxyl group.
- They are polar.

39. Q. What property prevents the ligands of cell-surface receptors from

entering the cell?
- The ligands are able to penetrate the membrane and directly influence
gene expression upon receptor binding.
- The molecules are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate the hydrophobic
interior of the plasma membrane.
- The molecules are attached to transport proteins that deliver them
through the bloodstream to target cells.
- The molecules bind to the extracellular domain.

40. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activate G proteins, altering

conformation and enabling interaction. This leads to physiological
reactions like gene expression, ion channel activity, enzyme activity, or
cytoskeletal rearrangements.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are like the "gatekeepers" of the cell.

When a signal molecule (like a hormone or neurotransmitter) knocks on the
cell's door by binding to the GPCR, it's like ringing a doorbell. This causes the
GPCR to change its shape inside the cell, which then activates a protein
called a G protein.

Once the G protein is activated, it starts a chain reaction inside the cell, kind
of like flipping switches that turn on different activities. These activities can
include things like turning on genes, opening channels that let ions (like
calcium or potassium) in or out of the cell, or even changing the shape of the
cell itself.
So, when a GPCR is activated, it sets off a series of events inside the cell that
lead to different responses, like changing how the cell behaves or responds
to its environment.

41. Q. State the main event happening in G protein coupled signaling

pathway?
The signal molecule (like a hormone or neurotransmitter) knocks on
the cell's door by binding to a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) on
the cell surface. This activates the GPCR, which then activates a
protein inside the cell called a G protein.
Once the G protein is activated, it sets off a chain reaction inside the
cell that leads to various responses, like turning on genes, opening
channels that let ions in or out of the cell, or changing how the cell
behaves. So, the main event is the activation of the G protein by the
GPCR, which triggers all the other events in the signaling pathway.
42. Q. Nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signalling molecule in various
physiological processes. Which of the following best describes the
mechanisms :
- NO activates guanylate cyclase which coverts GTP to cGMP, leading to
the activation of PKG and subsequent cellular response.
- NO is sequestered by intracellular enzymes before it can exert any
significant effects, thereby acting as aprotective mecahnism against
oxidative stress.
- NO freely diffuses cell memebrane and directly activates gene
expression by binding DNA within the nucleus.
- NO binds to membrane bound receptors, initiating a cascade of
phosphorylation events that cativate transcription factors.

43. Q. Ligand binding to G-protein coupled receptors

- causes dissociation of Gα-GDP from the receptor followed by exchange of
GTP for GDP
- always causes elevation of intracellular [Ca2+]
- stimulates Gα-GDP to exchange GDP for GTP, before dissociating from
the receptor
- activates phospholipase C-γ
44. [CLO-4] Q. Where do DAG and IP3 originate? How do they mediate the
signaling?

Think of DAG and IP3 as two messengers inside a cell.

IP3 opens a door in a room inside the cell and lets out calcium.

The calcium makes things happen inside the cell, like muscle movement or
releasing chemicals.

DAG tells a worker in the cell to start working.

The worker goes to the cell's wall and starts changing other things, like
flipping switches to turn on different activities.

So, DAG and IP3 are like messengers that help the cell respond to what's
happening outside.

45. Phase II drug metabolism involves glutathione conjugation, where

electrophilic substances react with glutathione, a tripeptide, to produce
conjugates that are more excretable and soluble in water, a crucial route
in drug metabolism.
- genetic Variability
- drug-Drug Interactions
- Disease States
- All is correct

46. Q. What is Glutathione conjugation? Name at least three factors

affecting the Drug metabolism?
- Age, sex, disease, pregnancy

47. What are the differences between internal receptors and cell-surface
receptors?

48. Endocrine signals are transmitted more slowly than paracrine signals
because ___________.
- the ligands don't bind to carrier proteins during transport
 - the ligands are transported through the bloodstream and travel greater
distances
- the ligands are degraded rapidly
- the target and signaling cells are close together

49. Q. Protein kinases and phosphatases act by altering ______________ of

the signaling proteins.
- Size
- Basicity
- Conformation
- Acidity

50. Q. Which of the following are not cell surface (membrane) receptors?
- Nuclear receptors
- Enzyme-linked receptors
- Ion-channel linked receptors
- G protein-linked receptors

51. Q. Arrange the following sequence of extracellular signaling in the

correct order?
1) Transport of signal to a target
2) Start of signal transduction pathways
3) Signaling cell synthesize and release signaling molecules
4) Binding of the signal to the specific receptor
- 3, 1, 4, 2
- 2, 3, 4, 1
- 1, 2, 3, 4
- None of the above.

52. Q. Which of the following is not the characteristics of the moieties that
are transfered to the substrate in phase II reaction?
- Strong nonpolar groups are attached.
- Strong polar groups are attached.
- Simple endogenous molecule are transfered.
- Simple endogenous molecules are transferred.

53. What is the role of protein kinases in cellular signaling and how
dysregulation of kinase activity contributes to disease pathogenesis?
 - Protein kinases inhibit signaling cascades, leading to cellular
homeostasis (balance).
- Protein kinases phosphorylate target proteins, modulating their activity,
and inhibiting kinase activity will disturb normal signaling pathway which
could lead to different diseases.
- Protein kinases have no role in cellular signaling pathways
- Dysregulation of kinase activity leads to decreased cellular
proliferation/growth and results in disease pathogenesis.

54. Q. Which coenzymes is synthesised in the1st step of the formation of

Glucuronide?
- Uridine triphosphate
- Glucuronide.
- Uridine-5'-diphosphate-alpha-D-glucuronic acid.
- UDP- glucose

55. Which of the following is a free radical?

- H2O2
- OH.-
- O2
- OH-
56. How can certain plant-based foods be considered antioxidants?
- They contain molecules that can scavenge free radicals.
- They stimulate the production of ROS in the body.
- They can directly neutralize ROS.
- They contain enzymes directly involved in ROS removal.