Ex.

No : 1
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ENGINEERING DRAWING Page No:
Date:

Aim:
To study the abbreviation and code for engineering drawing.
Abbrevations
Term Abbreviation Term Abbreviation
Across corners A/C Manufacture MFG
Across flats A/F Material MATL
Approved APPD Maximum max.
Approximate APPROX Metre m
Assembly ASSY Mechanical MECH
Auxiliary AUX Millimetre mm
Bearing BRG Minimum min.
Centimetre Cm Nominal NOM
Centres CRS Not to scale NTS
Centre line CL Number No.
Centre to centre C/L Opposite OPP
Chamfered CHMED Outside diameter OD
Checked CHD Pitch circle PC
Cheese head CH HD Pitch circle diameter PCD
Circular pitch CP Quantity QTY
Circumference OCE Radius R
Continued CONTD Radius in a note RAD
Counterbore C BORE Reference REF
Countersunk CSK Required REQD
Cylinder CYL Right hand RH
Diameter DIA Round RD
Diametral pitch DP Screw SCR
Dimension DIM Serial number Sl. No.
Drawing DRG Specification SPEC
Equi-spaced EQUI-SP Sphere/Spherical Spot SPHERE
External EXT Face SF
Figure FIG. Square SQ
General GNL Standard STD
Ground level GL Symmetrical SYM
Ground GND Thick THK
Hexagonal HEX Thread THD
Inspection INSP Through THRU
Inside diameter ID Tolerance TOL
Internal INT Typical TYP
Left hand LH Undercut U/C
Machine M/C Weight WT

1
 Sl.
IS-CODE DESCRIPTION
No.
1 IS:9609-1983 Lettering on Technical Drawing
2 IS:10711-1983 Size of drawing sheets
3 IS:10713-1983 Scales for use on technical drawing
4 IS:10714-1983 General Principles of Presentation
5 IS:10715-1983 Presentation of threaded parts on technical drawing
6 IS:10716-1983 Rules for presentation of springs
7 IS:10717-1983 Conventional representation of gears on technical drawing
8 IS:11663-1986 Conventional representation of common features
9 IS:11664-1986 Folding of drawing prints
10 IS:11665-1986 Technical drawing – Title blocks
11 IS:11669-1986 General principles of dimension on technical drawing
12 IS:11670-1986 Abbreviation’s for use in Technical Drawing

RESULT:
Thus the code and abbreviations of practice for engineering drawing were studied.

2
[Link].02
STUDY OF DRAFTING SOFTWARE COMMANDS (AUTOCAD) Page No:
Date:

Aim:
To study the AUTOCAD Software.
Commands:

Sl.
Command Description
No.
1. OPEN Opens an existing drawing file
2. ARC Creates an arc
3. ARRAY Creates multiple copies of objects in a pattern
4. BHATCH Fills an enclosed area or selected objects with a hatch pattern
5. BLOCK Creates a block definition from objects you select
6. BREAK Erase parts of object or splits an object in two
7. CHAMFER Bevels the edges of object
8. CHANGE Changes the properties of existing objects
9. CIRCLE Creates a circle
10. COLOR Defines color for new objects
11. COPY Duplicates objects
12. DIVIDE Places evenly spaced point objects or blocks along the length or perimeter of an
object
13. DONUT Draws filled circles and rings
14. ELLIPSE Creates an ellipse or an elliptical arc
15. ERASE Removes objects from a drawing
16. HATCH Fills a specified boundary with a pattern
17. HATCHEDIT Modifies an existing hatch object
18. EXTEND Extends an object to meet another object
19. INSERT Places a named block or drawing into the current drawing
20. LAYER Manages layers and layer properties
21. LINE Creates straight line segments
22. LINETYPE Creates, loads, and set line types
23. OFFSET Creates concentric circles, parallel lines, and parallel curves
24. FILLET Rounds and fillets the edges of objects
25. MIRROR Creates a mirror image copy of objects
26. MOVE Displaces objects a specified distance in a specified direction
27. MSLIDE Creates a slide file of the current view port in model space, or of all view ports
in paper space.
28. LTSCALE Sets the line type scale factor
29. PAN Moves the drawing display in the current view port
30. OOPS Restores erased objects
31. PLINE Creates two-dimensional polylines
32. POINT Creates a point object
33. POLYGON Creates an equilateral closed polyline

3
 Sl.
Command Description
No.
34. PROPERTIES Controls properties of existing objects
35. MTEXT Multiline text

Sl.
Command Description
No.
36 ORTHO Constrains cursor movement
37 OSNAP Sets object snap modes
38 REDRAW Refreshes the display in the current view port
39 REGEN Regenerates the drawing and refreshes the current view port
40 ROTATE Rotate
41 SCALE Enlarges or reduces selected objects equally in the X,Y, and Z directions
42 SCRIPT Executes a sequence of commands from a script
43 SKETCH Creates a series of freehand line segments
44 SPLINE Creates a quadratic or cubic spine (NURBS) curve
45 TEXT Displays text on screen as it is entered
46 UNDO Reverse the effect of commands
47 ZOOM Increases or decreases the apparent size of objects in the current view port
48 AREA Calculates the area and perimeter of objects or of defined areas
49 LTSCALE Sets the line type scale factor
50 BACKGROUND Sets up the background for your scene
51 BASE Sets the insertion base point for the current drawing
52 BLIPMODE Controls the displays of marker blips
53 BLOCKICON Generates preview images for blocks created with release 14 or earlier
CHPROP Changes the color, layer, line type, scale factor, line weight, thickness, and plot
54
style of an object
55 CLOSE Closes the current drawing
56 DBLIST Lists database information for each object in the drawing
57 DDEDIT Edits text and attribute definitions
58 DDPTYPE Specifies the display mode and size of point objects
59 DELAY Provides a timed pause within a script
60 DIM AND DIM Accesses dimensioning mode
61 DIMALIGNED Creates an aligned linear dimension
62 DIMANGULAR Creates an angular dimension
DIMBASELINE Creates a linear, angular, or ordinate dimension from the baseline of the
63
pervious dimension or a selected dimension
64 DIMDIAMETER Creates diameter dimensions for circles and arcs
65 DIMEDIT Edit dimensions
66 DIMLINEAR Creates linear dimension
67 DIMORDINATE Creates ordinate point dimensions
68 DIMOVERRIDE Overrides dimension system variables
69 DIMRADIUS Creates ordinate point dimensions

4
Sl.
Command Description
No.
70 DIMSTYLE Creates and modifies dimension styles
71 DIST Measures the distance and angle between two points
72 DWGPROPS Sets and displays the properties of the current drawing
73 FILL Controls the filling of multi-lines, traces, solids, all hatches and wide polylines

Sl. No. Command Description

74. FILTER Creates reusable filters to select objects based on properties
75. ID Displays the coordinate values of a location
76. LIST Displays database information for selected objects
77. MASSPROP Calculate and displays the mass properties of regions or solids
78. MENU Loads a menu file
79. MENULOAD Loads partial menu files
80. MENUUNLOAD Unloads partial menu files
81. OPTIONS Customizes the AutoCAD settings
82. PLAN Displays the plan view of a user coordinate system
83. PLOT Plots a drawing to a plotting device of file
84. SHADEMODE Shades the objects in the current view port
85. SNAP Restricts cursor movement to specified intervals
86. SPELL Checks spelling in a drawing
87. VLISP Displays the Visual LISP interactive development environment(IDE)

FUNCTION KEY ASSIGNMENTS

Press the following keys to working in Auto Cad if necessary.

F1 - Displays help
F2 - Toggles between TEXT and GRAPHICS screen
F3 - Running Osnap On/Off
F4 - Tablet (Input device) On/Off.
F5 - Switches between the top, front and side views of isometric drawings.
F6 - Coordinates display On/Off.
F7 - Grid On/Off
F8 - Ortho On/Off. If On, lines are either horizontal or vertical.
F9 - Snap mode On/Off.
F10 - Polar option On/Off.
F11 - Object snapping On/Off.

RESULTS:
Thus the AutoCAD software Commands was studied.

5
 Ex. No. 03.A Draw the orthographic views for the given simple 3D
Page No:
Date: blocks using AutoCAD screen icons

AIM:
To draw the orthographic views for the given simple 3D blocks using AutoCAD
OBJECTIVES:
Easy to draw the given 2D objects.

COMPETENCIES:
Able to select the commands with respect to drawings.

HARDWARE REQUIRED:
Intel core 2 duo processor
IGB Ram
Monitor 1336 by 678 pixels
Optical mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Windows-XP or other higher versions (AUTOCAD 2010)

COMMANDS USED:
Limits, Zoom, Line, erase, Trim

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the windows and Auto CAD.
2. Set for required limits and grid.
3. By using F3 key the OSNAP will be open and click required snap points.
4. By using F8 key ORTHO is ON/OFF.
5. Draw the orthographic views for the given simple 3D blocks as per the sketch by using draw
and edit commands. The Unnecessary lines are deleted by using erase command.
6. Finally the output was printed by using printer.

APPLICATION OF THE SKILL IN PROFESSIONAL LIFE:

1. Architecture, Engineering and construction (AEC).
2. Mechanical.
3. Geographic information systems (GIS).
4. Surveying and civil engineering.
5. Facilities management.

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Limits should be given before drawing the object.
2. Object should be drawn from a specific point of location only.
3. Ensure that proper sequence should be followed to draw an object.

6
 All dimensions are in ‘mm’

RESULT:
Thus the orthographic views for the given simple 3D blocks are drawn by using AutoCAD.

7
 Ex. No. 03.B Draw the orthographic views for the given simple 3D
Page No:
Date: blocks using AutoCAD screen icons

AIM:
To draw the orthographic views for the given simple 3D blocks using AutoCAD
OBJECTIVES:
Easy to draw the given 2D objects.

COMPETENCIES:
Able to select the commands with respect to drawings.

HARDWARE REQUIRED:
Intel core 2 duo processor
IGB Ram
Monitor 1336 by 678 pixels
Optical mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Windows-XP or other higher versions (AUTOCAD 2010)

COMMANDS USED:
Limits, Zoom, Line, erase, Trim

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the windows and Auto CAD.
2. Set for required limits and grid.
3. By using F3 key the OSNAP will be open and click required snap points.
4. By using F8 key ORTHO is ON/OFF.
5. Draw the orthographic views for the given simple 3D blocks as per the sketch by using draw
and edit commands. The Unnecessary lines are deleted by using erase command.
6. Finally the output was printed by using printer.

APPLICATION OF THE SKILL IN PROFESSIONAL LIFE:

1. Architecture, Engineering and construction (AEC).
2. Mechanical.
3. Geographic information systems (GIS).
4. Surveying and civil engineering.
5. Facilities management.

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Limits should be given before drawing the object.
2. Object should be drawn from a specific point of location only.
3. Ensure that proper sequence should be followed to draw an object.

8
 All dimensions are in ‘mm’

RESULT:
Thus the orthographic views for the given simple 3D blocks are drawn by using AutoCAD.

9
 Ex. No. 03.C Draw the orthographic views for the given simple 3D
Page No:
Date: blocks using AutoCAD screen icons

AIM:
To draw the orthographic views for the given simple 3D blocks using AutoCAD
OBJECTIVES:
Easy to draw the given 2D objects.

COMPETENCIES:
Able to select the commands with respect to drawings.

HARDWARE REQUIRED:
Intel core 2 duo processor
IGB Ram
Monitor 1336 by 678 pixels
Optical mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Windows-XP or other higher versions (AUTOCAD 2010)

COMMANDS USED:
Limits, Zoom, Line, erase, Trim

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the windows and Auto CAD.
2. Set for required limits and grid.
3. By using F3 key the OSNAP will be open and click required snap points.
4. By using F8 key ORTHO is ON/OFF.
5. Draw the orthographic views for the given simple 3D blocks as per the sketch by using draw
and edit commands. The Unnecessary lines are deleted by using erase command.
6. Finally the output was printed by using printer.

APPLICATION OF THE SKILL IN PROFESSIONAL LIFE:

1. Architecture, Engineering and construction (AEC).
2. Mechanical.
3. Geographic information systems (GIS).
4. Surveying and civil engineering.
5. Facilities management.

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Limits should be given before drawing the object.
2. Object should be drawn from a specific point of location only.
3. Ensure that proper sequence should be followed to draw an object.

10
 All dimensions are in ‘mm’

RESULT:
Thus the orthographic views for the given simple 3D blocks are drawn by using AutoCAD.

11
Ex. No. 04.A Draw the orthographic views for the given simple 3D
Page No:
Date: blocks using AutoCAD script file

AIM:
To draw the orthographic views for the given 3D Block AUTOCAD using script file

HARDWARE REQUIRED:
o Intel core 2 duo processor
o IGB Ram
o Monitor 1336 by 678 pixels
o Optical mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
• Windows-XP or other higher versions
• Note Pad
• AUTOCAD 2010

COMMANDS USED:
• Limits
• Zoom
• Line
• dimlinear
• Arc
• Circler
• Trim

All dimensions are in ‘mm’

12
PROCEDURE:
In a text editor type the script for the drawing and save the file as ASCII text (TXT file), with a file
extension of .scr.

grid on
ltscale 3.0
layer set 0 color red 0

line
0,0
70,0
70,40
40,40
40,80
10,80
10,130
0,130
0,0

line
0,-50
0,-130
70,-130
70,-50
0,-50

line
10,-50
10,-130

line
40,-50
40,-130

line
120,0
200,0
200,130
120,130
120,0

line
120,40
200,40

line
120,80
200,80

13
dimlinear
0,0
0,130
10

0,-130
70,-130
-20

0,-130
10,-130
-10

10,-130
40,-130
-10

120,130
200,130
-10

200,0
200,40
-10

200,40
200,80
-10

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Limits should be given before drawing the object.
2. Object should be drawn from a specific point of location only.
3. Ensure that proper sequence should be followed to draw an object.

RESULT:
Thus the orthographic view of a given 3D block was drawn using AUTOCAD script file.

14
Ex. No. 04.B Draw the orthographic views for the given simple 3D
Page No:
Date: blocks using AutoCAD script file

AIM:
To draw the orthographic views for the given 3D Block AUTOCAD using script file

HARDWARE REQUIRED:
o Intel core 2 duo processor
o IGB Ram
o Monitor 1336 by 678 pixels
o Optical mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
• Windows-XP or other higher versions
• Note Pad
• AUTOCAD 2010

COMMANDS USED:
• Limits
• Zoom
• Line
• dimlinear
• Arc
• Circler
• Trim

All dimensions are in ‘mm’

15
PROCEDURE:
In a text editor type the script for the drawing and save the file as ASCII text (TXT file), with a file
extension of .scr.

grid on
ltscale 3.0
layer set 0 color red 0

line
0,0
40,0
40,30
30,30
20,10
10,30
0,30
0,0

line
0,-50
0,-90
40,-90
40,-50
0,-50

line
10,-50
10,-90

line
20,-50
20,-90

line
30,-50
30,-90

line
90,0
130,0
130,30
90,30
90,0

16
line
90,10
130,10

dimlinear
0,0
0,30
10

0,-50
0,-90
10

0,-90
40,-90
-20

0,-90
10,-90
-10

10,-90
30,-90
-10

130,0
130,10
10

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Limits should be given before drawing the object.
2. Object should be drawn from a specific point of location only.
3. Ensure that proper sequence should be followed to draw an object.

RESULT:
Thus the orthographic view of a given 3D block was drawn using AUTOCAD script file.

17
 Ex. No. 05.A Draw the isometric view for the objects given in
Page No:
Date: orthographic views using AutoCAD screen icons

AIM:
To draw the isometric view for the objects given in orthographic views using AutoCAD screen
icons
OBJECTIVES:
Easy to draw the given isometric views of the objects.

COMPETENCIES:
Able to select the commands with respect to drawings.

HARDWARE REQUIRED:
Intel core 2 duo processor
IGB Ram
Monitor 1336 by 678 pixels
Optical mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Windows-XP or other higher versions (AUTOCAD 2010)

COMMANDS USED:
Limits, Zoom, Line, erase, Trim

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the windows and Auto CAD.
2. Set for required limits and grid.
3. By using F3 key the OSNAP will be open and click required snap points.
4. By using F8 key ORTHO is ON/OFF.
5. Draw the orthographic views for the given simple 3D blocks as per the sketch by using draw
and edit commands. The Unnecessary lines are deleted by using erase command.
6. Finally the output was printed by using printer.

APPLICATION OF THE SKILL IN PROFESSIONAL LIFE:

1. Architecture, Engineering and construction (AEC).
2. Mechanical.
3. Geographic information systems (GIS).
4. Surveying and civil engineering.
5. Facilities management.

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Limits should be given before drawing the object.
2. Object should be drawn from a specific point of location only.
3. Ensure that proper sequence should be followed to draw an object

18
RESULT:
Thus the isometric view for the objects given in orthographic views drawn using AutoCAD
screen icons

19
 Ex. No. 05.B Draw the isometric view for the objects given in
Page No:
Date: orthographic views using AutoCAD screen icons

AIM:
To draw the isometric view for the objects given in orthographic views using AutoCAD screen
icons
OBJECTIVES:
Easy to draw the given isometric views of the objects.

COMPETENCIES:
Able to select the commands with respect to drawings.

HARDWARE REQUIRED:
Intel core 2 duo processor
IGB Ram
Monitor 1336 by 678 pixels
Optical mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Windows-XP or other higher versions (AUTOCAD 2010)

COMMANDS USED:
Limits, Zoom, Line, erase, Trim

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the windows and Auto CAD.
2. Set for required limits and grid.
3. By using F3 key the OSNAP will be open and click required snap points.
4. By using F8 key ORTHO is ON/OFF.
5. Draw the orthographic views for the given simple 3D blocks as per the sketch by using draw
and edit commands. The Unnecessary lines are deleted by using erase command.
6. Finally the output was printed by using printer.

APPLICATION OF THE SKILL IN PROFESSIONAL LIFE:

1. Architecture, Engineering and construction (AEC).
2. Mechanical.
3. Geographic information systems (GIS).
4. Surveying and civil engineering.
5. Facilities management.

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Limits should be given before drawing the object.
2. Object should be drawn from a specific point of location only.
3. Ensure that proper sequence should be followed to draw an object

20
RESULT:
Thus the isometric view for the objects given in orthographic views drawn using AutoCAD
screen icons

21
 Ex. No. 06
SINGLE RIVETED LAP JOINT Page No:
Date:

AIM:
To draw the top view and sectional front view of a SINGLE RIVETED LAP JOINT with.
Plates of thickness 7mm.

HARDWARE REQUIRED:
o Intel core 2 duo processor
o IGB Ram
o Monitor 1336 by 678 pixels
o Optical mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
o Windows-XP or other higher versions
o AUTOCAD 2010

COMMANDS USED:
1. LIMITS 8. TEXT
2. ZOOM 9. POLYGON
3. LINE 10. LTYPE
4. OFFSET 11. CIRCLE
5. TRIM 12. ARRAY
6. ORTHO 13. DIMLINEAR
7. OSNAP 14. DIMRADIUS

DESCRIPTION:
✓ Rivets are short cylindrical pieces of ductile metal having a head at one end and slightly tapered tail
on the other end
✓ The portion of a rivet between the head and the tail is called shank
✓ Used to join two or more pieces of sheet metals permanently, plates to rolled sections, rolled section
to each other etc…
✓ Mild steel, wrought iron, copper and Aluminium alloys are some of the metals commonly used for
rivets.

EMPIRICAL EQUATION USED IN LAP JOINT

▪ Diameter of rivet,d=6√t
▪ Longitudinal pitch,p=3d
▪ Distance of centre of the rivet=1.5d

22
CALCULATION:
❖ The thickness of plates is 7mm.
✓ Diameter of rivet,d=6√t=6√7=16mm
✓ Longitudinal pitch,p=3d=3x16=48mm
✓ Distance of centre of the rivet=1.5d=1.5x16=24mm

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the Auto CAD window.
2. Set the required limits and grids.
3. By using F3 key (OSNAP command), the dialog box will be open and select end point,
Midpoint etc.
4. By using F8 key, the Ortho is ON.
5. By using DDCUSP command, the UCS (User Co-ordinate System) dialog box will be
Open and select required view.
6. Draw the different views of the riveted joint
7. By using hatch command, the required portion of drawing was hatched.
8. finally mark all the dimensions and save the drawing sheet.

APPLICATION:
✓ Rivets are used for joining of sheets and plates in bridges, boilers, storage tanks, pressure
vessels and ships etc…

23
RESULT:
Thus the top view and sectional front view of SINGLE RIVETED LAP JOINT is drawn by
AUTO CAD commands as per sketch.

24
 Ex. No. 07 DOUBLE RIVETED LAP JOINT
Page No:
Date: CHAIN TYPE

AIM:
To draw the top view and sectional front view of a DOUBLE RIVETED LAP JOINT-
ZIGZAG TYPE with plates of thickness 7mm.

HARDWARE REQUIRED:
o Intel core 2 duo processor
o IGB Ram
o Monitor 1336 by 678 pixels
o Optical mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
o Windows-XP or other higher versions
o AUTOCAD 2010

COMMANDS USED:
1. LIMITS 8. TEXT
2. ZOOM 9. POLYGON
3. LINE 10. LTYPE
4. OFFSET 11. CIRCLE
5. TRIM 12. ARRAY
6. ORTHO 13. DIMLINEAR
7. OSNAP 14. DIMRADIUS

DESCRIPTION:
✓ Rivets are short cylindrical pieces of ductile metal having a head at one end and slightly tapered tail
on the other end
✓ The portion of a rivet between the head and the tail is called shank
✓ Used to join two or more pieces of sheet metals permanently, plates to rolled sections, rolled section
to each other etc…
✓ Mild steel, wrought iron, copper and Aluminium alloys are some of the metals commonly used for
rivets.

EMPIRICAL EQUATION USED IN LAP JOINT

▪ Diameter of rivet,d=6√t
▪ Longitudinal pitch,p=3d
▪ Distance of centre of the rivet=1.5d

25
CALCULATION:
❖ The thickness of plates is 7mm.
✓ Diameter of rivet,d=6√t=6√7=16mm
✓ Longitudinal pitch,p=3d=3x16=48mm
✓ Distance of centre of the rivet=1.5d=1.5x16=24mm

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the Auto CAD window.
2. Set the required limits and grids.
3. By using F3 key (OSNAP command), the dialog box will be open and select end point,
Midpoint etc.
4. By using F8 key, the Ortho is ON.
5. By using DDCUSP command, the UCS (User Co-ordinate System) dialog box will be
Open and select required view.
6. Draw the different views of the riveted joint
7. By using hatch command, the required portion of drawing was hatched.
8. finally mark all the dimensions and save the drawing sheet.

APPLICATION:
✓ Rivets are used for joining of sheets and plates in bridges, boilers, storage tanks, pressure
vessels and ships etc…

RESULT:
Thus the top view and sectional front view of DOUBLE RIVETED LAP JOINT (CHAIN
TYPE) is drawn by AUTO CAD commands as per sketch.

26
 Ex. No. 08 DOUBLE RIVETED LAP JOINT
Page No:
Date: ZIG-ZAG TYPE

AIM:
To draw the top view and sectional front view of a DOUBLE RIVETED LAP JOINT-
ZIGZAG TYPE with plates of thickness 7mm.

HARDWARE REQUIRED:
o Intel core 2 duo processor
o IGB Ram
o Monitor 1336 by 678 pixels
o Optical mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
o Windows-XP or other higher versions
o AUTOCAD 2010

COMMANDS USED:
1. LIMITS 8. TEXT
2. ZOOM 9. POLYGON
3. LINE 10. LTYPE
4. OFFSET 11. CIRCLE
5. TRIM 12. ARRAY
6. ORTHO 13. DIMLINEAR
7. OSNAP 14. DIMRADIUS

DESCRIPTION:
✓ Rivets are short cylindrical pieces of ductile metal having a head at one end and slightly tapered tail
on the other end
✓ The portion of a rivet between the head and the tail is called shank
✓ Used to join two or more pieces of sheet metals permanently, plates to rolled sections, rolled section
to each other etc…
✓ Mild steel, wrought iron, copper and Aluminium alloys are some of the metals commonly used for
rivets.

27
EMPIRICAL EQUATION USED IN LAP JOINT
▪ Diameter of rivet,d=6√t
▪ Longitudinal pitch,p=3d
▪ Distance of centre of the rivet=1.5d

CALCULATION:
❖ The thickness of plates is 7mm.
✓ Diameter of rivet,d=6√t=6√7=16mm
✓ Longitudinal pitch,p=3d=3x16=48mm
✓ Distance of centre of the rivet=1.5d=1.5x16=24mm

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the Auto CAD window.
2. Set the required limits and grids.
3. By using F3 key (OSNAP command), the dialog box will be open and select end point,
Midpoint etc.
4. By using F8 key, the Ortho is ON.
5. By using DDCUSP command, the UCS (User Co-ordinate System) dialog box will be
Open and select required view.
6. Draw the different views of the riveted joint
7. By using hatch command, the required portion of drawing was hatched.
8. finally mark all the dimensions and save the drawing sheet.

APPLICATION:
✓ Rivets are used for joining of sheets and plates in bridges, boilers, storage tanks, pressure
vessels and ships etc…

28
RESULT:
Thus the top view and sectional front view of DOUBLE RIVETED LAP JOINT (ZIG-ZAG
TYPE) is drawn by AUTO CAD commands as per sketch.

29
 Ex. No. 09
SINGLE RIVETED SINGLE COVER BUTT JOINT Page No:
Date:

AIM:
To draw the top view and sectional front view of a SINGLE RIVETED SINGLE COVER
BUTT JOINT with plates of thickness 7mm.

HARDWARE REQUIRED:
o Intel core 2 duo processor
o IGB Ram
o Monitor 1336 by 678 pixels
o Optical mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
o Windows-XP or other higher versions
o AUTOCAD 2010

COMMANDS USED:
1. LIMITS 8. TEXT
2. ZOOM 9. POLYGON
3. LINE 10. LTYPE
4. OFFSET 11. CIRCLE
5. TRIM 12. ARRAY
6. ORTHO 13. DIMLINEAR
7. OSNAP 14. DIMRADIUS

DESCRIPTION:
✓ Rivets are short cylindrical pieces of ductile metal having a head at one end and slightly tapered tail
on the other end
✓ The portion of a rivet between the head and the tail is called shank
✓ Used to join two or more pieces of sheet metals permanently, plates to rolled sections, rolled section
to each other etc…
✓ Mild steel, wrought iron, copper and Aluminium alloys are some of the metals commonly used for
rivets.

EMPIRICAL EQUATION USED IN BUTT JOINT

▪ Diameter of rivet,d=6√t
▪ Longitudinal pitch,p=3d
▪ Distance of centre of the rivet=1.5d
▪ Thickness of cover plate t1=1.125t
30
CALCULATION:
❖ The thickness of plates is 7mm.
✓ Diameter of rivet,d=6√t=6√7=16mm
✓ Longitudinal pitch,p=3d=3x16=48mm
✓ Distance of centre of the rivet=1.5d=1.5x16=24mm
✓ Thickness of cover plate t1=1.125*7=8mm

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the Auto CAD window.
2. Set the required limits and grids.
3. By using F3 key (OSNAP command), the dialog box will be open and select end point,
Midpoint etc.
4. By using F8 key, the Ortho is ON.
5. By using DDCUSP command, the UCS (User Co-ordinate System) dialog box will be
Open and select required view.
6. Draw the different views of the riveted joint
7. By using hatch command, the required portion of drawing was hatched.
8. finally mark all the dimensions and save the drawing sheet.

APPLICATION:

✓ Rivets are used to connect tie bars in bridges and roof structural works.

31
RESULT:
Thus the top view and sectional front view of SINGLE RIVETED SINGLE COVER BUTT
JOINT drawn by AUTO CAD commands as per sketch.

32
 Ex. No. 10 DOUBLE RIVETED DOUBLE COVER BUTT
Page No:
Date: JOINT CHAIN TYPE RIVETING

AIM:
To draw the top view and sectional front view of a DOUBLE RIVETED DOUBLE
COVER BUTT JOINT –CHAIN TYPE RIVETING with plates of thickness 7mm.

HARDWARE REQUIRED:
o Intel core 2 duo processor
o IGB Ram
o Monitor 1336 by 678 pixels
o Optical mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
o Windows-XP or other higher versions
o AUTOCAD 2010

COMMANDS USED:
1. LIMITS 8. TEXT
2. ZOOM 9. POLYGON
3. LINE 10. LTYPE
4. OFFSET 11. CIRCLE
5. TRIM 12. ARRAY
6. ORTHO 13. DIMLINEAR
7. OSNAP 14. DIMRADIUS

DESCRIPTION:
✓ Rivets are short cylindrical pieces of ductile metal having a head at one end and slightly tapered tail
on the other end
✓ The portion of a rivet between the head and the tail is called shank
✓ Used to join two or more pieces of sheet metals permanently, plates to rolled sections, rolled section
to each other etc…
✓ Mild steel, wrought iron, copper and Aluminium alloys are some of the metals commonly used for
rivets.
EMPIRICAL EQUATION USED IN BUTT JOINT
▪ Diameter of rivet,d=6√t
▪ Longitudinal pitch,p=3d
▪ Distance of centre of the rivet=1.5d
▪ Thickness of cover plate t1=0.625t

33
CALCULATION:
❖ The thickness of plates is 4mm.
✓ Diameter of rivet,d=6√t=6√4=12mm
✓ Longitudinal pitch,p=3d=3x12=36mm
✓ Distance of centre of the rivet=1.5d=1.5x12=18mm
✓ Thickness of cover plate t1=0.625*4=3mm

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the Auto CAD window.
2. Set the required limits and grids.
3. By using F3 key (OSNAP command), the dialog box will be open and select end point,
Midpoint etc.
4. By using F8 key, the Ortho is ON.
5. By using DDCUSP command, the UCS (User Co-ordinate System) dialog box will be
Open and select required view.
6. Draw the different views of the riveted joint
7. By using hatch command, the required portion of drawing was hatched.
8. finally mark all the dimensions and save the drawing sheet.

APPLICATION:

✓ Rivets are used to connect tie bars in bridges and roof structural works.

34
RESULT:
Thus the top view and sectional front view of DOUBLE RIVETED DOUBLE COVER BUTT
JOINT-CHAIN TYPE is drawn by AUTO CAD commands as per sketch

35
 Ex. No. 11
KNUCKLE JONT Page No:
Date:

AIM:
To create the 2D drawing for KNUCKLE JOINT by using AutoCAD-2010

HARDWARE REQUIRED:
o Intel core 2 duo processor
o IGB Ram
o Monitor 1336 by 678 pixels
o Optical mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
o Windows-XP or other higher versions
o AUTOCAD 2010

COMMANDS USED:
1. LIMITS 8. TEXT
2. ZOOM 9. POLYGON
3. LINE 10. LTYPE
4. OFFSET 11. CIRCLE
5. TRIM 12. ARRAY
6. ORTHO 13. DIMLINEAR
7. OSNAP 14. DIMRADIUS

DESCRIPTION:

A knuckle joint is a pin joint used to fasten two circular rods. In this joint, one end of the rod is
formed into an eye and the other into a fork (double eye). For making the joint, the eye end of the
rod is aligned into the fork end of the other and then the pin is inserted through the holes and held
in position by means of a collar and a taper pin. Once the joint is made, the rods are free to swivel
about the cylindrical pin.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the Auto CAD window.
2. Set the required limits and grids.
3. By using F3 key (OSNAP command), the dialog box will be open and select end point,midpoint
etc.
4. By using F8 key, the ortho is ON.

36
5. By using DDCUSP command, the UCS (User Co-ordinate System) dialog box will be open and
select required view.
6. Draw the different parts of detailed drawing for socket and spigot joint by using draw and edit
commands.
7. By using move command, assemble all parts of detailed drawing.
8. By using hatch command, the required portion of drawing was hatched.

APPLICATION:
Knuckle joint is used to connect two round rods, whose axes intersect. This joint allows a small
angular movement between the rods and can be used for rotary and transverse motions. Knuckle
joint has it applications in the rods for roof, chain link, steam engine valve rod, eccentric rods etc

37
38
RESULT:
Thus the given KNUCKLE JOINT is drawn to the given dimensions using AUTOCAD 2010.

39
 Ex. No. 12
FLEXIBLE TYPE FLANGE COUPLING Page No:
Date:

AIM:
To create the 2D drawing for FLEXIBLE TYPE FLANGE COUPLING by using
Auto CAD -2010.

HARDWARE REQUIRED:
o Intel core 2 duo processor
o IGB Ram
o Monitor 1336 by 678 pixels
o Optical mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
o Windows-XP or other higher versions
o AUTOCAD 2010

COMMANDS USED:
1. LIMITS 8. TEXT
2. ZOOM 9. POLYGON
3. LINE 10. LTYPE
4. OFFSET 11. CIRCLE
5. TRIM 12. ARRAY
6. ORTHO 13. DIMLINEAR
7. OSNAP 14. DIMRADIUS

DESCRIPTION:
These are the standard forms of couplings, most extensively used. In a flanged coupling, flanges
are either fitted or provided at the ends of shafts. The flanges are fastened together by means of a
number of bolts and nuts. The number and size of the bolts depend upon the power to be transmitted
and hence, the shaft diameter.
In this, two flanges are keyed, one at the end of each shaft, by means of sunk keys. For ensuring
correct alignment, a cylindrical projection may be provided on one flange which fits into the
corresponding recess in the other. In the design shown in figure, the bolt heads and nuts are exposed
and liable to cause injury to the workman. Hence, as a protection, the bolt heads and nuts may be
covered by providing an annular projection on each flange. A flanged coupling, using these flanges
is called a protected flanged coupling.
PROCEDURE:
1. Open the Auto CAD window.
40
2. Set the required limits and grids.
3. By using F3 key (OSNAP command), the dialog box will be open and select end point,midpoint
etc.
4. By using F8 key, the ortho is ON.
5. By using DDCUSP command, the UCS (User Co-ordinate System) dialog box will be open and
select required view.
6. Draw the different parts of detailed drawing for socket and spigot joint by using draw and
edit commands.
7. By using move command, assemble all parts of detailed drawing.
8. By using hatch command, the required portion of drawing was hatched.
APPLICATION:

A flanged coupling is the simplest type of rigid coupling most extensively used in the general power
transmission applications.

41
RESULT:
Thus the given FLEXIBLE TYPE FLANGE COUPLING is drawn using AutoCAD-2010

42
 Ex. No. 13
UNIVERSAL COUPLING Page No:
Date:

AIM:
To create the 2D drawing for UNIVERSAL COUPLING by using AutoCAD-2010

HARDWARE REQUIRED:
o Intel core 2 duo processor
o IGB Ram
o Monitor 1336 by 678 pixels
o Optical mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
o Windows-XP or other higher versions
o AUTOCAD 2010

COMMANDS USED:
1. LIMITS 8. TEXT
2. ZOOM 9. POLYGON
3. LINE 10. LTYPE
4. OFFSET 11. CIRCLE
5. TRIM 12. ARRAY
6. ORTHO 13. DIMLINEAR
7. OSNAP 14. DIMRADIUS

DESCRIPTION:
It is a rigid coupling that connects two shafts, whose axes intersect if extended. It consists of two
forks which are keyed to the shafts. The two forks are pin joined to a central block, which has two
arms at right angle to each other in the form of a cross. The angle between the shafts may be varied
even while the shafts are rotating.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the Auto CAD window.
2. Set the required limits and grids.
3. By using F3 key (OSNAP command), the dialog box will be open and select end point, midpoint
etc.

43
4. By using F8 key, the ortho is ON.
5. By using DDCUSP command, the UCS (User Co-ordinate System) dialog box will be open
and select required view.
6. Draw the different parts of detailed drawing for socket and spigot joint by using draw and
edit commands.
7. By using move command, assemble all parts of detailed drawing.
8. By using hatch command, the required portion of drawing was hatched.

APPLICATION:
This coupling is used to connect two shafts with intersecting axes: The advantage of this coupling
is that the angle between the two shafts may be varied while the shafts are running. It is used in
milling machines and in Automobiles

44
RESULT:
Thus the given UNIVERSAL COUPLING is drawn using AutoCAD-2010

45
 Ex. No. 14
PEDESTRAL BEARING Page No:
Date:

AIM:
To create the 2D drawing for PLUMMER BLOCK by using AutoCAD-2010

HARDWARE REQUIRED:
o Intel core 2 duo processor
o IGB Ram
o Monitor 1336 by 678 pixels
o Optical mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
o Windows-XP or other higher versions
o AUTOCAD 2010

COMMANDS USED:
1. LIMITS 8. TEXT
2. ZOOM 9. POLYGON
3. LINE 10. LTYPE
4. OFFSET 11. CIRCLE
5. TRIM 12. ARRAY
6. ORTHO 13. DIMLINEAR
7. OSNAP 14. DIMRADIUS

DESCRIPTION:
This bearing is used for long shafts, requiring intermediate support, especially when the shaft cannot
be introduced in the bearing end-wise. It consists of a pedestal or base, a cap and a bush, split into
two halves, called ‘bearing brasses’. The split parts used in the assembly facilitate easy assembly
and periodical replacement of the worn-out brasses.
After placing the journal on the lower half of the bush, kept in the base, the upper half of the bush
is placed and the cap is then fixed to the pedestal, by means of two bolts. Flanges are provided at
either end of the bush, to prevent its axial motion. The rotary motion of the bush is prevented by a
snug provided at the bottom of the lower brass, fitting into a corresponding hole in the base.
PROCEDURE:
1. Open the Auto CAD window.
2. Set the required limits and grids.
3. By using F3 key (OSNAP command), the dialog box will be open and select end point,midpoint
etc.

46
4. By using F8 key, the ortho is ON.
5. By using DDCUSP command, the UCS (User Co-ordinate System) dialog box will be open and
select required view.
6. Draw the different parts of detailed drawing for socket and spigot joint by using draw and edit
commands.
7. By using move command, assemble all parts of detailed drawing.
8. By using hatch command, the required portion of drawing was hatched.

APPLICATION:

➢ It is a split type of journal bearing and is used for shafts of high speed and large size.
➢ In this type, supporting pressure is perpendicular to the axis of the shaft.

47
RESULT:
Thus the given PLUMMER BLOCK is drawn by using AUTOCAD-2010

48
 Ex. No. 15
SCREW JACK Page No:
Date:

AIM:
To create the 2D drawing for screw jack by using Auto CAD commands.

HARDWARE REQUIRED:
o Intel core 2 duo processor
o IGB Ram
o Monitor 1336 by 678 pixels
o Optical mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
o Windows-XP or other higher versions
o AUTOCAD 2010

COMMANDS USED:
1. LIMITS 8. TEXT
2. ZOOM 9. POLYGON
3. LINE 10. LTYPE
4. OFFSET 11. CIRCLE
5. TRIM 12. ARRAY
6. ORTHO 13. DIMLINEAR
7. OSNAP 14. DIMRADIUS

DESCRIPTION:
A jackscrew is a type of jack that is operated by turning a lead screw. In the form of a screw jack it
is commonly used to lift heavy weights, such as the foundations of houses, or large vehicles.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the Auto CAD window.
2. Set the required limits and grids.
3. By using F3 key (OSNAP command), the dialog box will be open and select end point,
midpoint etc.
4. By using F8 key, the ortho is ON.
5. By using DDCUSP command, the UCS (User Co-ordinate System) dialog box will be
open and select required view.
6. Draw the different parts of detailed drawing for socket and spigot joint by using draw and
edit commands.
7. By using move command, assemble all parts of detailed drawing.
49
8. By using hatch command, the required portion of drawing was hatched.

APPLICATION:

➢ A screw jack manually operated is a contrivance to lift heavy objects over a small height
with a distinct mechanical advantage.
➢ It also serves as a supporting aid in the raised position.
➢ It is used to lift automobile vehicles.

50
51
RESULT:

Thus the given SCREW JACK is drawn using AutoCAD-2010

52
 Ex. No. 16
TAIL STOCK Page No:
Date:

AIM:
To create the 2D drawing for TAIL STOCK by using AutoCAD-2010.

HARDWARE REQUIRED:
o Intel core 2 duo processor
o IGB Ram
o Monitor 1336 by 678 pixels
o Optical mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
o Windows-XP or other higher versions
o AUTOCAD 2010

COMMANDS USED:
1. LIMITS 8. TEXT
2. ZOOM 9. POLYGON
3. LINE 10. LTYPE
4. OFFSET 11. CIRCLE
5. TRIM 12. ARRAY
6. ORTHO 13. DIMLINEAR
7. OSNAP 14. DIMRADIUS

DESCRIPTION:
✓ Tailstock is also called the loose head stock or puppet head. It is mounted on the bed of the lathe
such that it is capable of sliding along the latter, maintaining its alignment with the head stock.
✓ On common types of medium and small lathes, it is moved along the bed by hand, whereas in
heavier types of lathes, it is moved by means of a hand wheel through a pinion that meshes with
the rack provided on the front of the lathe bed.
✓ The main function of a tailstock is to provide bearing and support to the job that is being worked
between the centres. To enable this, the tailstock is made to possess a number of parts that
collectively help in its successful functioning.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the Auto CAD window.
53
 2. Set the required limits and grids.
3. By using F3 key (OSNAP command), the dialog box will be open and select end point,
midpoint etc.
4. By using F8 key, the ortho is ON.
5. By using DDCUSP command, the UCS (User Co-ordinate System) dialog box will be
open and select required view.
6. Draw the different parts of detailed drawing for socket and spigot joint by using draw and
edit commands.
7. By using move command, assemble all parts of detailed drawing.
8. By using hatch command, the required portion of drawing was hatched.

APPLICATION:
✓ When a work piece is fixed between the headstock and the tail-stock, it is said to be "between
centres". When a work piece is supported at both ends, it is more stable, and more force may be
applied to the work piece, via tools, at a right angle to the axis of rotation, without fear that the
work piece may break loose.
✓ When a work piece is fixed only to the spindle at the headstock end, the work is said to be "face
work". When a work piece is supported in this manner, less force may be applied to the work piece,
via tools, at a right angle to the axis of rotation, lest the work piece rip free. Thus, most work must
be done axially, towards the headstock, or at right angles, but gently.
✓ When a work piece is mounted with a certain axis of rotation, worked, then remounted with a new
axis of rotation, this is referred to as "eccentric turning" or "multi-axis turning". The result is that
various cross sections of the work piece are rotationally symmetric, but the work piece as a whole
is not rotationally symmetric. This technique is used for camshafts, various types of chair legs.

54
RESULT:
Thus the given TAIL STOCK is drawn using AutoCAD-2010.

55
 Ex. No. 17
RAMSBOTTOM SAFETY VALUE Page No:
Date:

AIM:
To create the 2D drawing for RAMSBOTTOM SAFETY VALVE by using AutoCAD-2010.

HARDWARE REQUIRED:
o Intel core 2 duo processor
o IGB Ram
o Monitor 1336 by 678 pixels
o Optical mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
o Windows-XP or other higher versions
o AUTOCAD 2010

COMMANDS USED:
1. LIMITS 8. TEXT
2. ZOOM 9. POLYGON
3. LINE 10. LTYPE
4. OFFSET 11. CIRCLE
5. TRIM 12. ARRAY
6. ORTHO 13. DIMLINEAR
7. OSNAP 14. DIMRADIUS
DESCRIPTION:
✓ It consists of housing 1 with two valve chests. The valve seats 3 are screwed into the housing
and valves 2 are located in the valve seats. The eye bolt 8 is fastened to the bridge of the
housing, by means of washer 9 and both the nuts 10 and 11. Pivot 4 is pinned to the lever 5
and it is placed over the valves and held in position by safety links 7 and spring 6. The safety
links 7 are fixed at one end to the lever and the other end to the eye bolt 8 by pins 12 and
split pins 13.
✓ The required rigidity is provided to this assembly by fixing the spring 6 between the eye
bolt and the lever (holes are provided in the lever and eye bolt for this purpose). When the
set value of the pressure exceeds in the boiler, the lever moves and allows the valves to get
lifted from the seats concerned. The movement of the lever is permitted due to the slot
provided centrally in it and returns to the original position due to spring action.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the Auto CAD window.
56
2. Set the required limits and grids.
3. By using F3 key (OSNAP command), the dialog box will be open and select end point,
midpoint etc.
4. By using F8 key, the ortho is ON.
5. By using DDCUSP command, the UCS (User Co-ordinate System) dialog box will be
open and select required view.
6. Draw the different parts of detailed drawing for socket and spigot joint by using draw and
edit commands.
7. By using move command, assemble all parts of detailed drawing.
8. By using hatch command, the required portion of drawing was hatched.

APPLICATION:
The Ramsbottom safety valve is a spring loaded type of safety valve. It is usually employed in
mobile boilers such as locomotive and marine boilers

57
RESULT:
Thus the given RAMSBOTTOM SAFETY VALVE is drawn by AutoCAD-2010

58