Classical Model of Communication (focus: Speaker)
It was developed by Aristotle, one of the three pioneering Greek
Philosophers. These models represent communication as an orator to a large
audience. Speaker plays an important role in communication.
Aristotle’s speaker-centered model received perhaps its fullest development
in the hands of Roman educator Quintilian (ca. 35-95 A.D.), whose Institutio
Oratoria was filled with advice on the full training of a “good” speaker-
statesman.
Six Things to Remember to be a Good Orator (Speaker)
Content
Manner of Delivery
Pathos (Emotion) - inheres in the audience
Logos (Reason) - inheres in the content or the message itself
Ethos (Credibility) - inheres in the speaker
Arguments
Harold Laswell Communication Model (focus: Channel)
Harold Dwight Lasswell, the American political scientist states that a
convenient way to describe an act of communication is to answer the following
questions:
• Who
• Says What
• In Which Channel
• To Whom
• With what effect?
The use of medium is very crucial in this model. “Who says what in which
channel to whom with what effect?” According to Lasswell there are three
functions for communication:
1. Surveillance of the environment
2. Correlation of components of society
3. Cultural transmission between generations
It also suggests the message flow in a multicultural society with multiple
audiences. The flow of message is through various channels.
• Communication = “Control Analysis”,
• Says What = “Content Analysis”,
• Channel = “Media Analysis”,
• To Whom = “Audience Analysis”
• With What Effect = “Effect Analysis
Shannon and Weaver Communication Model (focus: Noise)
• This model is focused of information theory; The Transmission and Reception of
message.
• Transmitter and Receiver – used by the sender and receiver during the act of
communication.
• This model is specially designed to develop the effective communication between sender
and receiver. Also they find factors which affecting the communication process called
“Noise”. At first the model was developed to improve the Technical communication.
Later it’s widely applied in the field of Communication.
Elements
• Sender : The originator of message or the information source selects desire message
• Encoder : The transmitter which converts the message into signals
• Decoder : The reception place of the signal which converts signals into message. A
reverse process of encode
• Receiver : The destination of the message from sender
• Noise: The messages are transferred from encoder to decoder through channel. During
this process the messages may distracted or affected by physical noise like horn sounds,
thunder and crowd noise or encoded signals may distract in the channel during the
transmission process which affect the communication flow or the receiver may not
receive the correct message
Noise maybe in:
1. Static Sources (Example: Solar Flares.)
2. Unusual weather conditions.
3. Electronic Equipment that interferes with the signal.
4. Environmental Phenomena.
Willbur Schramm Communication Model (focus: Signal)
Wilbur Schramm (1954) was one of the first to alter the mathematical model of
Shannon and Weaver.
It is a Circular Model; communication is something circular in nature.
This model breaks the sender and receiver model it seems communication in a
practical way. It is not a traditional model.
It can happen within our self or two people; each person acts as both sender and
receiver and hence use interpretation. It is simultaneously taken place e.g., encoding,
interpret and decoding.
“If there is no commonality in the sender and receiver field of experience. Then,
communication does not take place.”
In this model, Communication becomes a continuous process of message and
feedback.
It allows interaction.
Feedback – central feature.
Elements
Encoder – Who does encode or sends the message (message originates)
Decoder – Who receives the message
Interpreter – Person trying to understand (analyses, perceive) or interpret
o Note: From the message starting to ending, there is an interpretation goes
on. Based on this interpretation only the message is received
David Berlo Communication Model (A Model of The Ingredients of Communication)
The model identifies the controlling factors for the major elements of communication SMCR
(Source, Message, Channel and Receiver)
Elements
Source: The source is where the message originates.
Communication skills – It is the individual’s skill to communicate (ability to read, write,
speak, listen etc…)
Attitudes – The attitude towards the audience, subject and towards one self for e.g. for the
student the attitude is to learn more and for teachers wants to help teach.
Knowledge– The knowledge about the subject one is going to communicate for e.g. whatever
the teacher communicates in the class about the subject so having knowledge in what you are
communicating
Social system – The Social system includes the various aspects in society like values, beliefs,
culture, religion and general understanding of society. It is where the communication takes
place
Elements – It includes various things like language, gestures, body language etc, so these are
all the elements of the particular message. Content is accompanied by some elements.
Treatment – It refers to the packing of the message. The way in which the message is
conveyed or the way in which the message is passed on or deliver it.
This model believes that for an effective communication to take place the source and the receiver
needs to be in the same level, only if the source and receiver are on the same level communication will
happen or take place properly. So, source and receiver should be similar
Frank Dance Communication Model (focus: Time)
In 1967, Frank Dance proposed the communication model called
Dance’s Helix Model for a better communication process.
The name helical comes from “Helix” which means an object having
a three-dimensional shape like that of a wire wound uniformly around
a cylinder or cone. He shows communication as a dynamic and non-
linear process
As like helix, the communication process starts very slowly and
defined small circle. Communicators share information only with
small portion of themselves to their relationships. Its gradually
develops into next level but which will take some time to reach and
expanding its boundaries to the next level. Later the communicators
commit more and share more portions themselves.
• Communication evolves from the very first day (origin) until the
existing moment.
• Communication is largely dependent on its past.
• The concept of time is important in this model
• Communication process is the product of what we learnt.
