Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2023) 45:145
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-023-04033-z
TECHNICAL PAPER
Evaluation of dynamic mechanical analysis of crump rubber epoxy
composites: experimental and empirical perspective
Venkatesh Chenrayan1 · Kiran Shahapurkar1 · Gangadhar M. Kanaginahal2 · Vineet Tirth3,4 ·
Abdulaziz H. Alghtani5 · Ali Algahtani3,4 · Fadi Althoey6 · Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar7,11,12 · Chandru Manivannan8 ·
H. C. Ananda Murthy9,10
Received: 11 October 2022 / Accepted: 10 January 2023
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 2023
Abstract
The present study investigates the dynamic mechanical response of crump rubber filled epoxy composites. The effect of
crump rubber content (0, 10, 20 and 30 vol.%) on the storage modulus, loss modulus and damping properties is assessed by
experimental and theoretical approaches. The experimental storage modulus decreases with an increase in temperature for
all the compositions while the experimental loss modulus of EC-30 registers higher values in comparison with other com-
positions. Damping capabilities also increase with higher filler content. The strengthening mechanism of the crump rubber
composite is validated through the effectiveness of dispersion, degree of entanglement and activation energy. The increment
in the degree of entanglement and activation energy are 84 and 154% higher than the neat epoxy, respectively, which implies
the thermal stability of the composite. The results of theoretical modeling evaluated for the storage and loss modulus are in
good agreement with the experimental results.
Keywords Polymer composites · Crump rubber · Dynamic mechanical analysis · Storage modulus · Damping ·
Reinforcement mechanism
1 Introduction so on [4–6]. Thereby, the development of new materials as
per the needs of different sectors is always in demand. Off
Polymeric matrix reinforced with particles or fibers, in late, significant consideration is provided for material devel-
which the matrix infiltrates into the reinforcement and bonds opment addressing environmental pollution and reducing
properly to form polymer matrix composites [1]. Polymer disposal and landfill burden issues caused by a number of
matrix composites are utilized in several applications due materials [7, 8]. Dual benefits of using waste material are
to their better mechanical and thermal properties, mainly seen in the effective utilization of waste constituents and
credited with effective reinforcements (particulate or fiber) reduction in polymer consumption. [9, 10]. Ample acces-
[2, 3]. Polymer matrix composites are extensively used to sibility to the different types of waste materials combined
fabricate and produce goods varying from small devices to with the low cost of components increases the feasibility
heavy products. For example, in the aerospace sector used of utilizing these materials in commonly used composites.
for structural works of commercial aircraft and satellite sys- A number works on waste reinforcement like fly ash ceno-
tems; in the marine sector used for producing body parts of sphere [7, 8, 11–14], rice husk [15–17], blast furnace slag [18,
boats, kayaks, and canoes; in the bio-medical industry used 19], walnut shell powder [20, 21], waste tire rubber [22–27],
in medical inserts, platforms and devices of MRI scanners etc., have been reported. Waste tire particles derived from the
and X-rays, interiors and exteriors of automotive bodies and shredding of discarded automotive vehicle tires have attained
significant interest from the research community to alleviate the
landfill burden and disposal problems related to discarded tires
Technical Editor João Marciano Laredo dos Reis. [14, 28, 29]. Thereby, more attention is paid to viable options to
effectively address the difficulties mentioned earlier [30]. Non-
* Kiran Shahapurkar
[email protected] biodegradability and complex disintegration of waste tires are
mainly attributed to the characteristic cross-linking structure of
Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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