Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

Institute of Drilling Technologies, Dehradun

Summer Internship Training Report
Duration

Topic: Well Design

Report submitted by
Aaman Sarkar (R870222021)
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of
the degree o
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
APPLIED PETROLEUM ENGINEERING with
Specialization in UPSTREAM

Under the guidance of

Mr. Rupesh Kumar
CE (D)
ONGC, IDT, Dehradun

DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING AND EARTH STUDIES

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND ENERGY STUDIES
Bidholi Campus, The Hubble.
Dehradun - 248007.

1
2
 Declaration
I, Aaman Sarkar studying at the University of Petroleum and Energy
Studies, pursing B.Tech in Petroleum Engineering have undergone a
Summer Internship Training.

I have prepared this project on my own and to the best of my

knowledge. This is a true form of my work, collected based on
details given to me by my acknowledged mentor at ONGC,
Dehradun. This project was taken as a part of the summer training
at IDT, Dehradun, and all the details mentioned are facts and
information collected from various legitimate sources.

3
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my gratitude towards Oil and Natural Gas
Corporation Ltd, Dehradun Asset, for hosting the training session
on their premises and providing all necessary facilities for the
program completion. I am also grateful to them for putting a lot of
effort into organizing lectures throughout training, which helped me
to learn more.

I would like to extend my gratitude towards our mentor, Mr.

Rupesh Kumar, CE (Drilling), IDT, for providing me with all of the
essential assistance and for the guiding me during the preparation of
the report.

I am grateful to them for sharing their significant expertise with me,

without which this project would have been nearly difficult to
complete.

Finally, I would like to convey the appreciation towards everyone

who has assisted and encourage me in various ways while working
on this project. I want to express my gratitude towards employees at
ONGC, Dehradun for sharing their significant industry expertise
with us, which will aid me in achieving my future aspirations.

Aaman Sarkar

4
Table of Content

5
No. of E&P Companies of the World

World wide Oil and Gas companies by Market Capital

6
No. of E&P Companies of in Asia

Revenue of the Asian Oil and Gas companies

7
 No. of E&P Companies of in India

Source: Sharecart
Market capital of the Indian Oil and Gas companies

Working of E&P companies

E&P (Exploration and Production) companies are the upstream segment of the oil and gas
industry, responsible for finding and extracting crude oil and natural gas. They conduct
geological surveys, drill exploratory wells, and assess the commercial viability of oil and gas
reservoirs. If viable, they extract the resources, temporarily store them, and then transport
them to refineries.

Here’s a more detailed look at the process:

1. Exploration:
Geological and Geo Physical Studies: E&P companies use various techniques like
seismic surveys, gravity and magnetic surveys, and geological modeling to identify
potential hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Drilling Exploration Wells: Promising locations are drilled to confirm the presence of
oil and gas and to assess the reservoir's characteristics.
Reservoir Evaluation: Data from exploration wells is analyzed to estimate the size and
quality of the reserves, determining if they are commercially viable.

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2. Production:
Well Drilling And Completion: If the reservoir is deemed commercially viable, wells
are drilled and completed to facilitate the extraction of oil and gas.
Extraction: Oil and gas are extracted from the reservoir using various methods, such
as pumping or natural flow.
Temporary Storage and Transportation: Extracted resources are stored temporarily
before being transported, typically via pipelines, to refineries.
3. Key aspects of E&P companies:
High Risk and Investment: E&P involves significant financial and technological risks,
as exploration success is not guaranteed.
Specialized Expertise: E&P companies employ geologists, geophysicists, engineers,
and other specialists with expertise in reservoir evaluation, drilling and production.
Contract Drilling: E&P companies often contract drilling and other specialized
services to specialized companies.
Focus on Efficiency: E&P companies strive to improve drilling and production
efficiency to maximize resource recovery and minimize costs.

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 About ONGC
Current Assets Portfolio:
Here’s a breakdown of ONGC’s current assets portfolio as of March 31, 2025(₹ in crores),
based on its standalone financials:

Current Assets:
Inventories: ₹11,521
Trade Receivable: ₹10,284
Cash & Cash Equivalent: ₹15,496
Short-term Loans & Advances: ₹310
Other Current Assets: ₹15351
Current Investments: NIL (₹0)
Total Current Assets:
Approx. ₹52,962 crores (Money control)
Detailed annual report lists~ ₹1,34,797 crores in current assets, reflecting consolidation
differences.

ONGC Videsh currently holds stakes in 32 oil and gas projects across 15 countries, including
Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Brazil, Colombia, Iraq, Libya, Mozambique, Myanmar, Russia,
South Sudan, Syria, UAE, Venezuela, and Vietnam. The company follows a balanced
portfolio approach with strategic mix of producing, discovered, exploration, and pipeline
stage assets. Out of the total, 14 assets are producing, 4 have discovered hydrocarbons under
development, 11 are in various stages of exploration, and 3 are pipeline infrastructure
projects. This diversified and globally spread portfolio strengthens India’s energy security
while ensuring long term growth and resource sustainability.

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 Basin
As of mid-2025, India has 26 recognized sedimentary basins spanning approximately 3.4
million sqkm, categorized by the DGH into three maturity level: Category I basins with
proven reserves & production (7 basins), Category II with contingent reserves nearing
development, and Category III offering largely prospective resources. ONGC actively
explores under both Nomination and NELP/OALP regimes across 13 of the these basins-
including Assam Shelf, Assam-Arakan Fold Belt, Cambay (onshore/offshore), Cauvery
(on/off), Krishna-Godavari (on/off), Mumbai Offshore, Rajasthan (Jaisalmer), Kutch
Offshore, Mahanadi Offshore, Saurashtra Offshore, Himalayan Foreland, Bengal, and
Vindhyan- covering regions like Assam, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Himachal Pradesh, and India’s east and west coasts. The company has participated in the
successive licensing frameworks- from early nominating and NELP rounds to the ongoing
OALP (Round X covering 13 basins)- significantly expanding its frontiers acreage and data-
driven exploration capabilities. Over the past year, ONGC has recorded multiple onshore and
offshore oil and gas discoveries, across its strategic focus on deepening exploration success
while leveraging policy reforms that aim for full basin appraisal by 2025.

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 Institutes:
R&D Institutes by ONGC
1. ONGC Energy Centre (OEC), Delhi
Focus: Alternative and renewable energy research.
Projects: Hydrogen, geothermal energy, bio-energy, fuel cells.
Goal: Long-term energy security and diversification beyond hydrocarbons.
2. Institute of Drilling Technology (IDT), Dehradun
Focus: Drilling engineering, well control, rig design.
Functions: Provides solutions to complex drilling challenges in HPHT, deepwater, and
unconventional wells.
Support: Works closely with field operations to improve efficiency and reduce drilling
risks.
3. Institute of Reservoir Studies (IRS), Ahmedabad
Focus: Reservoir modelling, simulation, and management.
Expertise: Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), field development planning.
Tools: Uses advanced reservoir simulators and static/dynamic modelling.
4. Institute of Oil & Gas Production Technology (IOGPT), Panvel (Navi
Mumbai)
Focus: Surface production facilities, flow assurance, process optimization.
Function: Designs and improves oil/gas separation, water handling, and transportation
systems.
Support: Plays a major role in technology transfer and process troubleshooting.
5. Geophysical Services and Geodata Processing Centers
Location: Dehradun, Jorhat, Vadodara.
Role: Seismic data acquisition, processing, interpretation.
Support: Critical for substance mapping and exploration strategy.

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 Institutes:
Training Institutes by ONGC
1. ONGC Academy, Dehradun
Role: Apex training institute of ONGC.
Program: Induction, technical, management, and leadership training.
Collaborations: Partners with premier institutions like IIMs, IITs, and international
bodies.

2. Regional Learning Institutes (RLIs)

Located across major operational hubs:
Rajahmundry (South)
Vadodara (West)
Kolkata (East)
Mumbai (Offshore)
Chennai (Southern Offshore)
Focus: Field specific training in drilling, production, maintenance, safety, and logistics.

ONGC’s R&D infrastructure is among the most comprehensive in India’s Oil and Gas
sector.
These Institutes play a critical role in technology development, field optimization, and
capacity building.
ONGC frequently collaborates with international bodies like Schlumberger, Halliburton,
and academic partners for joint research and technology adoption.

Financial Performance Overview

FY 2023-24 (ended Mar 31, 2024)
Standalone net profit: ₹40,526 crore (all-time high), up marginally from ₹40,097 crore in
FY23.
Consolidated net profit: ₹57,101 crore, marking a 67% increase over ₹35,610 crore in
FY23.

FY 2024-25 (ended Mar 31, 2025)

Standalone net profit: ₹35,610 crore, down 12.1% from ₹40526 crore in FY24.
Consolidated net profit: ₹38,329-₹42,321 crore, marking a decline of ~30-35% compared
to FY24.

Reasons for Decline in FY 2024-25

Lower crude & gas realization: Crude realization dropped from $87 to ~$79 per barrel; gas
realization declined from ₹7.50 to ₹6.50 per scm.
Higher exploration write-offs: Increased from ₹1,516 crore to ₹5,046 crore in Q4,
weighting on bottom-line.
Subsidiary Performance: Downturn in profits from HPCL, MRPL, OPaL, among others.

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 Production Performance
Crude Oil Production
Q4 FY 2024-25: 4.7 million metric tonnes (mt), nearly unchanged from 4.714 mt in Q4
FY2023-24.
FY 2024-25 (Standalone): 18.558mt, up 0.9% from 18.395mt in FY 2023-24.
FY 2023-24 (Domestic): Approximately 21.14 mt; down 1.6% YoY.
Crude Production Trend: After eight years of decline, output turned positive in late 2024-
up 3-4% in Nov-Dec, boosted by KG-98/2 and Mumbai High.

Natural Gas Production

Q4 FY 2024-25: Around 4.893 billion cubic meters (BCM), slightly below Q4 FY 2023-
24's 4.951 BCM.
FY 2024-25: 19.654 BCM, down from 19.978 BCM in FY 2023-24.
Projection (FY 2023-24 baseline): 20.65 BCM actual domestic, part of broader 36.44
BCM national production.

Overseas Production (ONGC Videsh)

FY 2024-25: Oil-7.265 mmt (1.2% increase YoY); Gas-3.013 BCM (decrease from 3.340
BCM).

Future Outlook & Growth Drivers

KP-IV and Mumbai High redevelopment: Collaborations with BP to boost recovery from
Mumbai High- aiming for 44-60% oil output increase (65 mmt oil; 112 BCM gas target
by 2027-28).
Production targets by FY27: ONGC plans to raise combined oil and gas output to
~47MMTOE-~19% growth over FY24 baseline.
KG-DWN-98/2 impact: Oil ramped from 12,000 to 25,000 bpd; gas headed toward
10mmscmd.

No. of wells drilled

In FY 2023-24, ONGC drilled a total of 541 wells- 103 exploratory and 438 development-
marking the highest number in over three decades.
This record was surpassed in FY 2024-25, with 578 wells drilled- 109 exploratory and 469
development- again the maximum in 35 years.

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 Major Joint Ventures of ONGC
1. Petronet LNG Limited (PLL)
Partners: ONGC, GAIL, IOC, BPCL (each holds ~12.5%)
Purpose: Import, regasification, and distribution of LNG.
Significance: Operates Dahej and Kochi LNG terminals; India’s leading LNG importer.

2. ONGC Petro Additions Ltd. (OPaL)

Partners: ONGC (majority), GAIL, GSPC
Purpose: Petrochemical production (ethylene, propylene, polymers).
Facility: Located at Dahej SEZ, Gujarat- India’s largest single location petrochemical
complex.

3. MRPL (Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd.)

Partners: ONGC (majority stake), HPCL (minor stake)
Purpose: Refining of crude oil and production of petroleum products.
Capacity: 15MMTPA; among India’s most complex refineries.

4. HPCL (Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd.)

Structure: ONGC acquired majority ownership (~51%) in HPCL in 2018.
Purpose: Refining and marketing of petroleum products.
Note: Operates as a subsidiary but synergizes in downstream operations.

5. ONGC Tripura Power Company (OTPC)

Partners: ONGC, IL&FS, Government of Tripura
Purpose: 726.6 MW gas-based power generation in Palatana, Tripura.
Benefit: Utilizes ONGC’s stranded gas reserves in the Northeast.

6. ONGC Videsh Ltd. (OVL) - International Ventures

Nature: Operates as ONGC’s wholly owned overseas arm.
Collaborations: Joint operations in Russia (Rosneft), Vietnam (PetroVietnam),
Mozambique (Anadarko/CNOOC), Iraq, Brazil, and Venezuela.
Key JV: Sakhalin-1 project in Russia (with Rosneft, Exxonmobil, others).

7. Indradhanush Gas Grid Ltd. (IGGL)

Partners: ONGC, IOCL, GAIL, NRL, OIL
Purpose: Northeast gas grid infrastructure.
Objective: Connect all eight NE states with 1,656 km pipeline.

8. Dahej SEZ Ltd.

Partners: ONGC and Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC)
Purpose: Industrial infrastructure development for petrochemicals.

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 Introduction of IDT
The Institute of Drilling Technology (IDT) is a premier R&D and training institute of the Oil
and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), located in Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Established in
1978, IDT serves as ONGC’s central hub for innovation, research, and training in drilling
engineering and well technology.

IDT plays a critical role in addressing the complex and evolving challenges of hydrocarbon
drilling, particularly in high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) wells, deepwater drilling,
horizontal and directional drilling, and unconventional reservoirs. It provides field-specific
solutions to ONGC’s operations across India and supports projects in both onshore and
offshore domains.

IDT is mainly comprised of 4 departments: Training; R&D; Monitoring; & Patent. Training is
further divided into well control school (WCS) and drilling technology school (DTS); R&D has
4 sub-heads which are drilling, cementing, drilling fluid, completion; Monitoring has 3 sub-roots
which are Monitoring, Bench-marking, Audit; & Patent works for applying patent of new
innovations that are being made in IDT.

Key Functions and Capabilities:

Drilling R&D: Designs advanced drilling tools, techniques, and technologies for improved
performance and safety.
Technical Support: Offers real-time engineering support for complex well issues and deep
well interventions.
Training: Conducts specialized courses for ONGC engineers and external professionals in
drilling technology, well control, and drilling fluids.
Innovation: Develops indigenous solutions and cost-effective technologies tailored to
Indian geological conditions.

Specialized Facilities at IDT

Well Control Simulation Labs
Mud Engineering Labs
Cementing Research Facilities
Downhole Tools Testing
HPHT Research Cells

Reputation and Reach

IDT is recognized as a Centre of Excellence within ONGC and is among the most advanced
drilling research institutes in Asia. Its collaboration span international companies, academic
institutions, and vendors, enabling ONGC to maintain global standards in drilling
performance and safety.

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 Drilling Rig
A drilling rig is a large, complex machine used to drill boreholes into the Earth’s subsurface to
explore for and extract oil, natural gas, or other minerals. It is the core equipment in upstream
oil and gas operations, especially during the exploration and development phases of a
hydrocarbon project.

Types of Drilling Rigs

1. Based on Location:
a. Onshore Rigs: Operate on land.
b. Offshore Rigs: Operate in oceans or large water bodies; examples include
i. Jack-up Rigs
ii. Semi-submersible Rigs
iii. Drillships
2. Based on Mobility:
a. Mobile Rigs: Can be moved from one location to another (e.g., truck-mounted).
b. Stationary Rigs: Build permanently over the well site.
3. Based on Drilling Methods:
a. Rotary Drilling Rigs: Use rotating drill bits to bore through rock.
b. Percussion Rigs: Use repeated hammerings (used less in modern petroleum drilling).

Major Components of a Drilling Rig

Component Function
Derrick/Mast Tall steel tower that supports the hoisting system.
Drill String Series of connected pipes that rotate the drill bit.
Drill Bit Cuts through rock at the bottom of the well bore.
Rotary Table/Top Drive Provides rotational motion to the drill string.
Mud Circulation System Pumps drilling fluid (“mud”) to cool bit, carry cuttings.
Blowout Preventer (BOP) Safety device that controls high-pressure kick or blowout.
Power System Provides energy (diesel/electric) to run all systems.
Draw Works Controls hoisting and lowering of drill strings.

Function of a Drilling Rig:

1. Borehole Creation: Drill vertical or directional wells into rock formations.
2. Core Sampling: Gather rock and fluid samples for reservoir analysis.
3. Casing & Cementing: Secure the wellbore walls and prevent collapse or fluid migration.
4. Well Control: Manage unexpected pressure surges (kicks) using BOPs.
5. Logging & Evaluation: Analyze formations during/after drilling for hydrocarbon presence.

Safety and Environmental Aspects:

Well Control: Prevent blowouts using trained personnel and equipment (e.g., BOPs).
Mud Management: Drilling Mud is carefully formulated and recycled.
Noice & Emissions: Modern rigs incorporate silencers and cleaner fuel technologies.

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 Drilling Rig
Source: Tidal Petroleum

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 Contents
1. Introduction
2. What is Well Design?
2.1. What are Well Design Considerations?
Well Costs
Tubing and Completion Longevity
Well Simplicity and Reliability
Well Reliability
Durability of the equipment
Flexibility to Handle Changing Reservoir Conditions
Ability to Achieve All (or Most) of the Objective of the Well
3. Basics of Well Drilling
3.1. Types of Wells
3.2. Key Components of a Well
3.3. Drilling Process Overview
3.4. Engineering Considerations in Well Design
4. Well Planning Fundamentals
4.1. Pre-Planning Considerations
4.2. Site Survey and Surface Location Planning
4.3. Geological and Formation Data Evaluation
4.4. Drilling Risk Assessment and Mitigation
4.5. Trajectory and Directional Planning
4.6. Well Design Integration
4.7. Regulatory and Environmental Planning
4.8. Final Drilling Program
5. Step-by-Step Process of Well Planning and Design
5.1. Step 1: Define Well Objectives
5.2. Step 2: Geological and Reservoir Evaluation
5.3. Step 3: Well Path and Trajectory Planning
5.4. Step 4: Casing and Cementing Design
5.5. Step 5: Drilling Fluid Program
5.6. Step 6: Bit and BHA Design
5.7. Step 7: Well Control and HSE Planning
5.8. Step 8: Cost Estimation and AFE
5.9. Step 9: Final Plan Review and Documentation
6. Well Designing Workflow
6.1. Casing Design
6.2. Mud Program Design
6.3. Wellbore Stability Considerations
6.4. Directional Well Planning
6.5. Cementing Design
6.6. Drill String Design

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7. Software and Tools Used
7.1. Importance of Software in Well Engineering
7.2. Commonly Used Software and Their Applications
7.3. Supportive Tools and Data Platforms
7.4. Integration and Workflow Efficiency
8. Case Study: Implementation of Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) in ONGC Tripura Asset
8.1. Project Background & Objectives
8.2. Challenges Identified
8.3. Well Planning and Design Solutions
8.4. Operational Execution
8.5. Key Outcomes
8.6. Lessons Learned
8.7. Summary Table
9. HSE in Well Planning
9.1. Importance of HSE in Well Planning
9.2. HSE Risk Assessment and Management
9.3. Key HSE Elements in Well Planning
9.4. Emergency Response Planning
9.5. Regulatory and Documentation Requirements
9.6. HSE Culture and Human Factors
10. Learnings and Outcomes
10.1. Components of Well Cost
10.2. Cost Estimation Methods
10.3. Economic Decision Factors in Design
10.4. Learning Reflection
11. Technological Advancements
11.1. Digital Twin Technology
11.2. Automated Well Planning Platforms
11.3. Real-Time Data Integration and Remote Operations
11.4. Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD)
11.5. Advanced Trajectory Planning & Anti-Collision Systems
11.6. Sustainable and Environment Friendly Technologies
11.7. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI/ML)
12. Industry Trends in Well Planning
12.1. Shift towards Digitalized Planning
12.2. Increased Used of Factory Drilling & Pad Development
12.3. Environmentally-Conscious Well Design
12.4. Design for Decommissioning and Long-Term Integrity
12.5. Inclusion of Unconventional Reservoir Planning
12.6. Real-Time Decision-Making and Well Planning Integration
13. Role of Multidisciplinary Teams in Well Planning
13.1. Key Disciplines Involved in Well Planning
13.2. Importance of Interdisciplinary Communication
13.3. The Role of Planning Coordinators and Simulation Teams
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14. Challenges in Modern Well Design
14.1. Subsurface Uncertainty
14.2. Narrow Pressure Margins
14.3. Extended Reach and Complex Trajectories
14.4. Equipment and Regulatory Constraints
14.5. Operational Execution Risks
14.6. Economic Constraints and Uncertainty
15. Sustainability Considerations in Well Planning
15.1. Minimizing Surface and Environmental Impact
15.2. Water Conservation and Waste Management
15.3. Emissions Reduction During Drilling and Testing
15.4. Zonal Isolation and Long-Term Integrity
15.5. Regulatory and ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Alignment
15.6. Reflection on Sustainability in Engineering Practice
16. Key Takeaways from the Internship
16.1. Holistic Understanding of Well Planning
16.2. Practical Exposure to Industry Tools and Workflows
16.3. Importance of HSE and Risk-Based Thinking
16.4. Economic Awareness in Engineering Decisions
16.5. Technological Mindset
16.6. Personal Growth and Professional Confidence
17. Conclusion
18. References

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1. Introduction
Over the past few decades, the nature of petroleum wells had significantly evolved. While
advancements in drilling equipment and technologies have enabled deeper and more precise
operations, they have also introduced new challenges- particularly in terms of complexity and
cost-efficiency. As a result, the process of well designing has become more critical that ever
before in the oil and gas industry.

The objective of well design is to create drilling plan that is not only technically sound but
also adaptable to changing conditions during operations. A well-designed plan must prioritize
safety, stability, and cost-effectiveness, while allowing for operational flexibility. With the help
of modern software tools, engineers can now simulate and optimize various aspects of well
planning. However, the reliability of such tools still depends heavily on the designer’s
understanding of geology, fluid dynamics, and field conditions.

During the course of this internship, I explored the well design process as a systematic and
data-driven approach, beginning with the definition of design premises- such as expected
formation pressures, kick tolerances, and casing depths. I studied the role of mud weight and
hydraulic design in maintaining borehole stability, and how careful planning around fracture
gradients and geomechanical constraints helps prevent formation damage or well failure.
Special focus was given to the design challenges in HPHT (High Pressure High Temperature)
wells, where casing design and fracture prediction require detailed analysis.

Futhermore, I examined operational platform selection, frictional forces, and well integrity,
along with post-drilling evaluations that are essential for continuous improvement. Case
studies and past failure analyses offered insight into how theoretical design principles are
applied and adjusted in real-world drilling environments.

This internship provided valuable exposure to the technical, economic, and safety-driven
aspects of well designing, reinforcing its importance in the successful execution of modern oil
and gas projects.

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2. What is Well Design?
Well design is the process of carefully and structuring all the elements that form the
connection between the drilling rig and the reservoir. It requires a through understanding of
the subsurface environment and involves selecting appropriate equipment, materials, and
configurations that suit specific geological and operational conditions.

The aim is to build a wellbore that cannot only withstand the mechanical and thermal stresses
of drilling and production but also allow efficient extraction of hydrocarbons. A well-designed
system ensures long-term stability, safety, and performance, making it a cornerstone of
successful oil and gas operations.

2.1 What are Well Design Considerations?

Well design considerations encompass various factors carefully taken into account when
planning and arranging the components of a well.

1. Well Costs
During my internship, I learned that well costs are one of the most influential factors in well
design, as they directly determine the economic feasibility of drilling operations. These costs
encompass a wide range of expenditures- from drilling rigs and casing materials to mud
systems, personnel, and service logistics.

An important takeaway was how cost planning begins right at the design stage, not after.
Engineers must strike a carefully balance: the well must be designed to achieve maximum
production efficiency, but without incurring unnecessary or excessive costs. Every
component- be it the choice of casing depth, number of casing strings, or mud weight
program- has cost implications that need to be evaluated early on.

By optimizing design choices with cost in mind, operations can reduce financial risks and
improve project sustainability. This aspect of well design highlighted the importance of
integrating both engineering judgement and economic awareness into every decision, making
cost- conscious design a fundamental part of modern drilling operations.

2. Tubing and Completion Longevity

Another key aspect I explored during was the importance of tubing and completion longevity
in well design. Tubing acts as the main channel for transporting hydrocarbons to the surface,
while the completion system includes the tools and methods used to prepare the well for
production. Both components directly influence the efficiency, reliability, and lifespan of the
well.

A well-designed completion with durable materials and robust tubing helps ensure smooth
production with minimal interruptions. If these components fail prematurely, it leads to

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costly replacements and unplanned shutdowns- negatively affecting both operational
performance and financial returns.

Although periodic replacement of tubular is standard in the industry, frequent failures can
drastically increase operational costs. That’s why investing in quality completion equipment
and designing for longevity not only improves well integrity but also supports the goal of
cost-effective field development.

Overall, the longevity of tubing and completion systems plays a vital role in reducing long-
term expenses while maximizing the productive life of the well.

3. Well Simplicity and Reliability

I came to understand that simplicity and reliability are fundamental principles in effective well
design. A simpler well structure not only reduces the chances of operational issues but also
makes ongoing monitoring, maintenance, and troubleshooting much more manageable.

Reliable design elements- such as proven equipment, streamlined layouts, and clear
operational procedures- helps ensure that the well performs consistently over time. Simplicity,
when paired with technical soundness, minimizes the risk of failures, shortens learning curves
for field teams, and improves overall efficiency during both drilling and production phases.

Ultimately, designing a well that is both simple and dependable contributes to long-term
operational success and reduces downtime, making it a valuable strategy for maintaining both
performance and cost control in field development.

4. Well Reliability
A major insight from my experience was the importance of well reliability in achieving
sustained operational success. A reliable well design reduces the risk of unexpected failures
and support consistent, uninterrupted performance throughout the well’s life cycle.

a. Durability of the Equipment

Reliability starts with the durability of the well components. Equipment such as tubing casing
and downhole tools must be able to endure extreme pressures, temperatures, and chemical
exposure during drilling and production. Durable materials reduce the frequency of failures,
limit unplanned maintenance, and minimize downtime- all of which improves the overall
efficiency and cost effectiveness of operations.

b. Flexibility to Handle Changing Reservoir Conditions

Reliability also includes a well’s ability to adapt to changing reservoir conditions. Pressure
fluctuations, fluid composition changes, or formation shifts are common in long-term
production. A well designed with built-in flexibility such as adjustable flow system or
expandable completions- can continue operating effectively despite these variations. This
adaptability ensures that performance remains stable and productive, even as reservoir
dynamics evolve.
24
In summary, designing for reliability means building wells that are robust, adaptable, and
capable of long term, trouble free performance- a critical goal in any successful drilling project.

5. Ability to Achieve All (or Most) of the Objectives of the Well

Another important aspect of well design that I learned is the alignment of the design with the
well’s intended objectives. Each well is drilled with specific production or reservoir
management goals in mind, and the effectiveness of the design is measured by how well it
enables the achievement of these goals. A well-planned design not only addresser technical
challenges but also supports long term productivity and operational efficiency.

Some of the key objectives considered during the well design process include:
Objective Description
1. Sand Control In formations with unconsolidated rock or where fines
migration is a risk, sand control becomes essential. Techniques
like gravel packing, sand screens, or chemical stabilization help
prevent sand or fines from entering the wellbore. This ensures
borehole stability and protects equipment, allowing for
consistent resource extraction.
2. Zonal Isolation For reservoirs with multiple production zones, zonal isolation
is critical. It allows operators to control or shut off specific
zones independently, preventing unwanted fluid crossflow and
enhancing reservoir management. Tools like packers, cement,
and sliding sleeves are typically used to isolate zones
effectively.
3. Well In tight formations or wells with reduced flow potential, well
Stimulation stimulation techniques are used to enhance productivity.
Methods like acidizing or hydraulic fracturing improve
permeability and reservoir connectivity, increasing
hydrocarbon recovery. This is especially useful in damaged or
low-permeable formations.
4. Artificial Lift In wells with low natural flow rates, artificial lift systems help
maintain production levels. Devices such as ESP (Electric
Submersible Pumps), sucker rod pumps, or gas lift systems are
used to bring fluids to the surface, especially as reservoir
pressure declines over time.
Designing a well with these objectives in mind ensures that it is not only technically sound
but also fully capable of meeting production and reservoir management needs. A well that
successfully incorporates solutions for sand control, stimulation, zonal isolation, and
artificial lift is more likely to deliver long-term performance and economic returns.

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3. Basics of Well Drilling
Well drilling is the foundation discipline within drilling operations that encompasses the
planning, design, and execution of a well to safely and efficiently access hydrocarbons from
hydrocarbons from underground reservoirs. It acts as the bridge between subsurface studies
(geology, geophysics, and reservoir engineering) and surface drilling operations. During my
internship at ONGC IDT, I was introduced to the fundamental concepts of well engineering
and its practical application in real world drilling projects.

3.1 Types of Wells

Well are classified based on their trajectory, purpose, and complexity. The main types i come
across include:
Vertical Wells: The simplest form of wells drilled straight down from the surface. These
are typically used in early exploration or in reservoirs where the target lies directly
beneath the rig location. They are relatively cheaper and involve fewer technical
challenges.
Deviated Wells: These wells are drilled at an angle to reach targets not directly below the
surface location. They are commonly used to access multiple reservoirs from a single
surface point or to avoid surface obstructions.
Horizontal Wells: In these, the wellbore is turned horizontal within the reservoir to
increase contact with the producing zone. This significantly improves production rates
and is particularly useful in tight or fractured formations such as shale or coalbed
methane reservoirs.
Multilateral and Sidetrack Wells: These are advanced versions that involve branching off
from an existing wellbore to enhance reservoir access or bypass damaged sections.

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3.2 Key Components of a Well
Understanding the physical structure of a well in vital for designing it properly. The main
components include:
Casing Strings: Steels pipes of varying diameters installed in the well to stabilize the
borehole and isolate different pressure zones. Typical casing strings include conductor,
surface, intermediate, and production casing.
Drill Bit and Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA): The bit is used to crush or cut through rock
formations. The BHA includes stabilizers, motors, and measurement tools that provide
directional control and formation data.
Drilling Fluid (Mud): A specially formulated fluid that cools the bit, carries rock cuttings
to the surface, balances formation pressure, and maintains wellbore stability. The mud
type and properties are carefully selected based on formation cahracterics.
Blowout Preventer (BOP): A crucial safety device mounted on the wellhead to control
unexpected pressure surges (kicks). It allows the well to be shut in safely to prevent
blowouts.

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3.3 Drilling Process Overview
The general sequence of well construction involves several key stages:
1. Spudding the Well: This marks the beginning of the drilling operation. The top section is
drilled and the conductor casing is set to prevent washouts.
2. Drilling to Target Depth: This is done in phases, with each section drilled using a different
bit size and mud type. After each phase, casing is run and cemented to isolate the section.
3. Casing and Cementing: Casing provides mechanical integrity, while cement is pumped into
the annulus (space between casing and formation) to hold the casing in place and seal off
formation fluids.
4. Logging and Testing: Logging tools are lowered into the well to gather data about
formation properties. If the results are favorable, a well completion design is prepared.
5. Well Completion or Abandonment: If hydrocarbon presence is confirmed, completion
equipment like tubing and packers are installed. Otherwise, the well is sealed and
abandoned.

3.4 Engineering Considerations in Well Design

The design of a well must account for multiple subsurface and operational factors. Some
critical engineering considerations include:
Pore Pressure and Fracture Gradient: Accurate prediction of formation pressure is
essential to select the appropriate mud weight. If the mud is too light, it may lead to a
kick; if too heavy, it can fracture the formation.
Kick Tolerance and Well Control: Kick tolerance defines how much influx the well can
handle before losing control. Well engineers use this data to select BOP configurations
and control measures.
Wellbore Stability: Mechanical and chemical interactions between the formation and
drilling fluid can lead to borehole collapse. Engineers perform stability modeling to
mitigate such issues.
Casing and Cement Design: Casing must withstand burst, collapse, and tensile loads. The
cement slurry must also be designed to avoid shrinkage and channeling, which could
compromise zonal isolation.
Hydraulics and Hole Cleaning: Efficient cuttings transport and proper pressure profiles
are achieved through careful hydraulic calculations. These ensure optimal flow rate and
mud properties.
Torque and Drag Modeling: In deviated or extended-reach wells, torque and drag forces
must be minimized to prevent pipe sticking and mechanical failures.

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4. Well Planning Fundamentals
Well planning is the strategic and technical process of preparing for the safe, efficient, and
economical drilling of a well. It involves integrating geological, geophysical, reservoir, and
drilling data to develop a comprehensive roadmap that defines every stage of drilling—
starting from surface location selection to the total depth (TD) of the well. The main goal of
well planning is to reduce uncertainty, minimize risk, optimize drilling performance, and
maximize resource recovery while maintaining safety and environmental compliance.

A well-planned operation prevents costly surprises, ensures structural integrity, and enhances
the success rate of hydrocarbon exploration and development activities.

4.1 Pre-Planning Considerations

Before any physical drilling work begins, extensive background research and planning
activities are undertaken to assess the feasibility and safety of the proposed well. These
include:
Review of Geological and Offset Data: Data from previously drilled wells in the vicinity
(offset wells) provide crucial information about formation tops, pore pressures, mud
weights, casing points, wellbore stability, and drilling problems. This helps avoid repeating
past mistakes.
Reservoir Objectives: Clearly defining the well’s objective—exploration, appraisal,
development, injection, or observation—is fundamental. This determines the target
depth, trajectory, casing policy, and completion design.
Target Definition and Well Placement: Precise identification of the reservoir’s spatial
location and geometry using seismic data is essential. This is followed by deciding on the
type of well (vertical, deviated, or horizontal) and selecting the optimum trajectory to
reach the target safely.

4.2 Site Survey and Surface Location Planning

Prior to spudding the well, a detailed site survey is conducted to assess the environmental,
topographical, and geotechnical characteristics of the drilling location. The survey includes:
Topography and Accessibility: Determines if the location is suitable for rig setup and
logistics.
Shallow Hazards Survey: Identifies near-surface faults, gas pockets, boulders, or voids
that could pose a risk during drilling.
Cultural and Environmental Considerations: Includes clearance from nearby villages,
roads, rivers, or ecologically sensitive zones.
Well Pad Design and Rig Positioning: The layout must accommodate the rig, storage
tanks, power systems, mud pits, safety zones, and transportation paths.

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4.3 Geological and Formation Data Evaluation
Subsurface data is analyzed to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the
formations that will be drilled through. Key parameters include:
Lithology and Formation Tops: Helps in defining casing depths and bit selection.
Pore Pressure and Fracture Gradient: Essential for planning safe mud weights and casing
shoe depths to avoid formation influx or fracturing.
Overpressure Zones: These can cause kicks if not properly managed. Identifying them in
advance is critical.
Hole Stability and Reactivity: Knowledge of shale swelling, sloughing, or reactive
formations helps in mud design and selecting additives.

4.4 Drilling Risk Assessment and Mitigation

Drilling is inherently risky, and a large part of planning involves identifying potential hazards
and developing mitigation strategies. Common risks include:
Stuck Pipe or Differential Sticking
Kicks and Blowouts
Lost Circulation Zones
Wellbore Instability
Tool Failures
Contingency plans, such as pre-positioned fishing tools, kick tolerance calculations, and lost
circulation material (LCM) strategies, are integrated into the drilling plan.

4.5 Trajectory and Directional Planning

For deviated or horizontal wells, trajectory design is a critical aspect of planning. This
involves:
1. Kick-off Point (KOP) Selection: The depth at which the well starts deviating from
vertical.
2. Build, Hold, and Drop Sections: Designing curvature to reach the target without
exceeding the mechanical limits of the drill string.
3. Dogleg Severity (DLS): Ensures safe and smooth changes in angle to avoid excessive
stress on the drill pipe.
4. Anti-Collision Analysis: Required in crowded fields to prevent intersecting with nearby
wells.
Directional planning is performed using specialized software that models the planned path in
three dimensions and validates it against subsurface targets.

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4.6 Well Design Integration
Once subsurface and risk data are analyzed, the actual design elements of the well are
formulated:
Hole Sizes and Casing Program: Determines the sequence of drilling and casing
installation to maintain wellbore stability and integrity.
Mud and Cement Programs: Customized fluid and cement designs for each hole section to
ensure pressure balance and zonal isolation.
Drill String and BHA Design: Selection of appropriate tools, stabilizers, and bits for
optimum drilling performance.
These design components are interdependent and must be optimized together to achieve
operational efficiency and safety.

4.7 Regulatory and Environmental Planning

Compliance with legal, environmental, and safety regulations is a mandatory part of well
planning:
Permit and Clearance Acquisition: Includes drilling approvals, land use permissions, and
environmental clearances.
Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA): Ensures minimal disruption to ecosystems,
groundwater, and air quality.
Waste Management Plans: Covers the disposal of drilling waste, used mud, and cuttings.

4.8 Final Drilling Program

The outcome of the planning phase is the Drilling Program Document, which serves as the
operating manual for the well. It includes:
Well objective and trajectory
Casing and hole size schedule
Drilling fluid and cementing program
Expected formation pressures and temperatures
Contingency plans and safety protocols
Personnel and equipment checklists
This document is shared with all teams involved—drilling engineers, geologists, rig crew, and
safety officers—to ensure coordinated execution.

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5. Step-by-Step Process of Well Planning and
Design
Well Planning is a systematic, data-driven process that combines geological understanding,
engineering design, safety evaluation, and economic assessment. It serves as the blueprint for
drilling operations, ensuring that the well is drilled safely, efficiently, and in line with
production goals.

This section outlines the key stages involved in planning and designing an oil or gas well,
based on what I learned.

5.1 Step 1: Define Well Objectives

Before anything else, the team must determine why the well is being drilled.
Objectives may include:
Exploration (to confirm the presence of hydrocarbons)
Appraisal (to assess reservoir quality)
Development (to maximize production)
Injection (for water/gas injection or disposal)
The type of well (vertical, deviated, horizontal, multilateral) is selected based on the reservoir
geometry and objective.

5.2 Step 2: Geological and Reservoir Evaluation

Geoscientists play a key role in this stage by:
Interpreting seismic and well log data
identifying formation tops, faults and hazards
Providing a prognosis of lithology and expected pressures
Recommending target depths and reservoir entry points
Reservoir engineers may provide production targets, fluid properties, and drive mechanisms
for the expected output.

5.3 Step 3: Well Path and Trajectory Planning

Using geological models, engineers plan the well trajectory:
Selection of kick-off point (KOP) and build sections
Designing inclination and azimuth angles for directional drilling
Avoiding collision with nearby wells
Ensuring optimal reservoir contact and minimal tortuosity
Software like Compass™, WellArchitect™, or Landmark is used to simulate and validate the
trajectory.

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5.4 Step 4: Casing and Cementing Design
Casing is like the selection of the well. Engineers:
Define casing setting depths based on formation pressure, stability, and hole condition
Select casing grades and diameters
Calculate collapse, burst, and tensile loads
Design cement slurries to provide zonal isolation, support, and corrosion protection
Multiple casing strings (conductor, surface, intermediate, production) may be used
depending on depth and complexity.

5.5 Step 5: Drilling Fluid Program

The mud system must:
Maintain hydrostatic pressure
Stabilize the wellbore
Cool and clean the drill bit
Carry cuttings to the surface
Mud engineers design the density, viscosity, pH, and additives for each section of the well.
Choices include water-based, oil-based, or synthetic-based muds.

5.6 Step 6: Bit and BHA Design

Engineers select:
Drill bits (roller cone, PDC, hybrid) suited to formation hardness
The bottom hole assembly (BHA), which includes stabilizers, collars, and directional
tools.
Hydraulics to ensure sufficient bit cleaning and cutting removal.
Directional drilling tools like RSS or mud motors are added based on the planned trajectory.

5.7 Step 7: Well Control and HSE Planning

This includes:
Selecting the right BOP (Blowout Preventer) stack
Calculating kick tolerance and setting mud weights to manage formation pressures
Conducting risk assessments (HAZID/HAZOP)
Preparing emergency response plans
HSE engineers unsure all environmental and safety standards are met during the operation.

5.8 Step 8: Cost Estimation and AFE

A detailed Authorization for Expenditure (AFE) is prepared:
Estimates costs for rig time, materials, manpower, logistics, and contingencies
Benchmarks are taken from offset wells and market rates
Economic feasibility is reviewed before final approval

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5.9 Step 9: Final Plan Review and Documentation
All teams review and sign off on the finalized well plan.
The plan is documented, including:
Well schematics and casing plans
Trajectory plots and target zones
Mud and cement programs
Safety protocols and cementing planning
The approval plan is then handed over the execution team for drilling.

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6. Well Designing Workflow
Well designing is the core engineering task that defines how a well will be constructed to meet
its intended purpose—whether exploration, appraisal, production, or injection—while
ensuring safety, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. It involves integrating geoscientific data,
engineering models, operational experience, and regulatory guidelines into a detailed
blueprint for drilling and completing the well.

The design is developed in stages, with each section of the well (from surface to reservoir)
carefully analyzed for mechanical integrity, pressure containment, and drilling feasibility. This
section outlines the key components of the well design workflow, which include casing design,
mud program, wellbore stability, directional planning, cementing, and drill string
configuration.

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6.1 Casing Design
Casing strings are steel pipes inserted into the well to stabilize the borehole, prevent collapse,
isolate formation fluids, and protect freshwater zones. Casing design is foundational to well
integrity and involves the following steps:
a. Setting Depths and Sizes
The well is drilled in sections, each progressively smaller in diameter.
Casing points are selected based on geological markers, pressure transitions, and hole
stability.
Typical sequence: Conductor casing → Surface casing → Intermediate casing →
Production casing.
b. Load Calculations
Engineers perform detailed stress analysis for:
Burst Loads: Caused by high-pressure formation fluids entering the casing.
Collapse Loads: Occur when external formation pressure exceeds internal casing pressure.
Tensile Loads: Arise from the weight of the casing string suspended in the well.
c. Casing Grade and Weight Selection
Casing materials (e.g., K-55, N-80, P-110) are selected based on strength and corrosion
resistance. Wall thickness is chosen to withstand the anticipated loads.
d. Safety Margins and Design Factors
Industry standards like API RP 5C3 guide the use of minimum design factors to account for
uncertainties and ensure long-term reliability.

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6.2 Mud Program Design
Drilling fluid, or mud, plays a critical role in pressure control, cuttings transport, borehole
stabilization, and cooling the bit. A well-designed mud program must be tailored to match
formation characteristics in each hole section.
a. Mud Type Selection
Water-Based Mud (WBM): Most commonly used, low-cost, environmentally friendly.
Oil-Based Mud (OBM): Better for shale stability and high-temperature wells.
Synthetic-Based Mud (SBM): Combines performance of OBM with lower environmental
impact.
b. Key Mud Properties
Density (mud weight): Maintains hydrostatic pressure to control formation fluids.
Viscosity: Influences cuttings transport and hydraulic efficiency.
Gel Strength: Helps suspend cuttings when circulation stops.
pH and Additives: Adjusted for fluid stability and corrosion control.
c. Contingency Planning
Mud loss zones, swelling clays, and reactive shales are anticipated and mitigated using
inhibitors, bridging agents, and specialized additives.

6.3 Wellbore Stability Considerations

A stable wellbore is essential for avoiding collapse, washouts, and stuck pipe situations.
Engineers use rock mechanics data to:
Model in-situ stresses acting on the borehole.
Analyze breakout and tensile failure zones.
Determine optimal mud weight window (between pore pressure and fracture gradient).
Design bit hydraulics and hole cleaning strategies to prevent pack-off or stuck BHA.
Advanced simulations such as caliper log interpretation, image log analysis, and borehole
breakout modeling help predict instability risks.

6.4 Directional Well Planning

When the well path must be steered away from vertical- either to reach an offset target, avoid
subsurface hazards, or maximize reservoir exposure- directional drilling principles are
applied.
a. Trajectory Design
Kick-Off Point (KOP): Depth where deviation begins.
Build and Hold Sections: Curvature segments designed to reach the planned inclination
and azimuth.
Dogleg Severity (DLS): Measures the rate of change in inclination/direction; kept within
tool and pipe limits.
b. Planning Tools and Techniques
2D and 3D wellpath modelling using directional software.
Anti-collision checks to prevent interference with adjacent wells.

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 Use of downhole motors, rotary steerable systems (RSS), and MWD/LWD tools to guide
and monitor the trajectory in real time.

6.5 Cementing Design

Cementing secures the casing in place, provides zonal isolation, and prevents fluid migration
between formations. A well-executed cement job is critical for well integrity.
a. Slurry Design
Selection of cement type, setting time, and additives (retarders, dispersants, anti-gas
migration agents) based on downhole conditions.
b. Spacer and Flush Design
Spacers clean the annulus and improve bonding.
Proper centralizer placement ensures uniform cement sheath distribution.
c. Cementing Techniques
Single stage or multi-stage cementing depending on well depth and geometry.
Plug setting with bottom and top plugs to prevent contamination and allow for
displacement accuracy.
d, Quality Assurance
Cement bond logs (CBL) and ultrasonic imaging tools verify the integrity of cement
placement.

6.6 Drill String Design

The drill string transmit rotational energy from the surface to the drill bit, supports the weight
of the BHA, and provides circulation of drilling fluid.
a. Components
Drill pipe: Main body of the string.
Heavy Weight Drill Pipe (HWDP): Adds weight and flexibility transition.
BHA: Includes drill collars, stabilizers, mud motors, and measurement tools.
b. Design Considerations
Axial and torsional load limits to prevent failure.
Buckling and fatigue resistance under high DLS.
Hydraulic optimization for efficient cutting transport and bit cleaning.
Connection types and tool joint inspection for strength and leak prevention.

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7. Software and Tools Used
In modern well planning and designing, software plays a crucial role in minimizing
uncertainty, improving efficiency, and ensuring safety. Advanced engineering tools enable
precise modeling, visualization, and simulation of subsurface conditions and drilling
operations. These tools help in integrating geological, geophysical, and engineering data into
a unified workflow, allowing engineers to make informed decisions at every stage of well
construction.

This section highlights the industry-standard software and digital platforms commonly used
in well engineering, as well as their application in specific design tasks.

7.1 Importance of Software in Well Engineering

Accuracy: Sophisticated algorithms provide accurate calculations for casing design,
hydraulics, cementing, and pressure profiles.
Scenario Planning: Simulations allow for analyzing different design alternatives and their
outcomes.
Real-Time Monitoring: Some tools support real-time data integration from the rig to
optimize performance and safety.
Regulatory Compliance: Many platforms align with international standards (API, ISO) to
ensure the design meets safety and quality regulations.
Efficiency and Time-Saving: Automated workflows reduce manual calculation errors and
enhance productivity.

7.2 Commonly Used Software and Their Applications

a. Landmark WellPlan (By Halliburton)
One of the most comprehensive platforms used in well design. It supports:
Casing design and seat selection
Drill string design and torque & drag modelling
Hydraulics and ECD (Equivalent Circulating Density) calculations
Kick tolerance and well control simulations
It also includes a user-friendly interface for trajectory planning and operational reporting.

b. CemPRO+ (by Pegasus Vertex Inc.)

This tool is widely used for cementing simulation and design:
Slurry design based on temperature, pressure, and fluid compatibility.
Spacers and displacement efficiency modeling
Centralizer placement and job optimization
Cement quality prediction (e.g., channeling risk, free water)

c. Drillbench (by Schlumberger)

Used primarily for pressure management and well control modelling. Key features include:

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 Dynamic kill simulations for blowout control
Real-time monitoring of kick scenarios
Fracture pressure modelling for MPD (Managed Pressure Drilling)
Surge and swab effect analysis

d. Compass and WellArchitect

These are directional well planning tools used to:
Plan complex 2d and 3D well trajectories
Perform anti-collision analysis
Generate survey reports
Optimize dogleg severity and toolface orientations

e. WELLFLO (by Weatherford)

Used for well performance and nodal analysis, WELLFLO helps in:
Estimating production/injection rate
Designing artificial lift systems
Evaluating tubing and casing flow dynamics
Multiphase flow modeling

7.3 Supportive Tools and Data Platforms

a. Mudlab Software & Hydraulics Simulators
Used to analyze:
Drilling fluid behavior under HPHT (High Pressure High Temperature) conditions
Hole cleaning efficiency
Cuttings transport and settling velocity

b. Geosteering and Real-Time Logging Platforms

Combine LWD (Logging While Drilling) data with well trajectory
Help make geosteering decisions in horizontal wells
Enable real-time updates to the well plan based on downhole data

c. Data management Systems

Used for maintaining offset well data, formation evaluation logs, and drilling
performance records.
Examples include OpenWells™, EDMS, or custom-built in-house software.

7.4 Integration and Workflow Efficiency

Modern well planning is multidisciplinary, and most software platforms support data
interoperability, allowing engineers to:
Import geological models from seismic interpretation software
Share real-time updates across departments (geology, reservoir, drilling)
Export plans to field engineers for execution

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8. Case Study: Implementation of Managed
Pressure Drilling (MPD) in ONGC Tripura Asset
This case study presents the design and execution of a challenging high-pressure, high-
temperature (HPHT) exploratory well in ONGC’s Tripura asset, where Managed Pressure
Drilling (MPD) was used for the first time in ONGC’s history. This operational milestone
demonstrates how advanced well design and drilling techniques enable safe and effective
resource discovery in difficult pore-pressure environments.

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8.1 Project Background & Objectives

Location: Onshore Tripura Asset, North-East India.
Target Depth: Approx. 4840m measured depth (mMD)
Formation Conditions: Bottom-hole temperatures up to ~151 °C and pressures above
15,000 psi — classifying the operation as HPHT
Objective: To drill through complex pressure zones safely, reach Lower Bhuban and
Barasil sand reservoirs, and collect formation data for future appraisal/planning.

8.2 Challenges Identified

Narrow drilling window between pore pressure and fracture gradient, necessitating precise
pressure control
Risk of gas/water kicks, loss zones, and wellbore instability in uncertain pore-pressure
zones
High operational risk due to extreme temperature and pressure conditions
Prior conventional drilling attempts had been abandoned due to technical cmplications
caused by subsurface pressure anomalies.
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8.3 Well Planning and Design Solutions
a. Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) & Managed Pressure Cementing (MPC)
A closed loop MPD system was designed, featuring:
Automated choke manifold
Rotating control device
Back pressure pump
The system enables continuous regulations of bottom hole pressure, allowing mud
weights to be reduced while maintaining control over formation pressures

b. Segmented Design Strategy

MPD was utilized for both the 12¼″ and 8½″ hole sections
Casing and cement designs were modified to suit high-temperature/pressure conditions
A controlled mud density window was maintained with dynamic surface choke
adjustments.

8.4 Operational Execution

Drilling Execution: Successfully drilled ~2,013 m (6,604 ft) under MPD control in the
12¼" section with stable pressure monitoring
Cementing: Managed Pressure Cementing ensured zonal isolation despite high-pressure
zones and unstable formations
Data Capture: Early detection of hydrocarbon zones, pressure transitions, and formation
changes was facilitated through real-time monitoring

8.5 Key Outcomes

Well Depth Achieved: Reached the final target of ~`4840m MD
Safety: Completed without well control incidents or loss of circulation events
Operational Efficiency: MPD enables safe drilling through zones previously considered
non-drillable by conventional methods
Data Collection: Valuable subsurface information gathered for reservoir evaluation and
future development decision-making

8.6 Lessons Learned

MPD technology is effective in narrow pressure margin formations, offering greater safety
and flexibility.
Designing a closed-loop choke system and remote monitoring setup was key to managing
pressure dynamically.
Integration of pressure modelling with casing and mud programs is critical in HPHT
environments
Deploying MPD alongside conventional design elements (trajectory planning, BHA
setup, etc.) can significantly reduce operational risk and uncertainty.

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8.7 Summary Table
Stage Details and Actions
Planning MPD system design, mud window modeling, casing &
cementing design
Drilling Execution Drilled 12¼″ & 8½″ sections under MPD, reaching TD
~4,840 m
Pressure Control Real-time pressure management via automated MPD choke
Cementing Adapted cement slurry & job design for HPHT zones
Outcome Safe, controlled well delivered- no incodents, valuable data
captured
Impact Validated MPD for future ONGC HPHT drilling campaigns

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9. HSE in Well Planning
Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) considerations are fundamental to well planning and
design in the oil and gas industry. Drilling operations, by their nature, involve significant
hazards—including high-pressure formations, toxic gases, flammable materials, heavy
equipment, and complex logistics. Therefore, incorporating HSE protocols during the well
planning stage is not only a regulatory requirement but also an ethical and operational
imperative.
This section outlines how HSE is systematically integrated into the well planning process to
minimize risk to personnel, prevent environmental damage, and ensure sustainable operations
throughout the well’s lifecycle.

9.1 Importance of HSE in Well Planning

Risk Reduction: Early identification of potential hazards helps prevent accidents,
blowouts, equipment failure, and environmental harm.
Regulatory Compliance: Most national and international agencies require documented
HSE measures before granting drilling approvals.
Cost Control: Effective HSE practices reduce downtime, avoid penalties, and prevent
costly remediation efforts.
Reputation and Social License: Demonstrating responsible operations helps maintain
public trust and stakeholder confidence.

9.2 HSE Risk Assessment and Management

A structural risk assessment process is used during the planning phase to identify and
mitigate hazards. It involves:
HAZID (Hazard Identification): Listing potential risks related to geological uncertainties,
pressure anomalies, equipment failure, and human error.
HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Study): Evaluating possible deviations in processes and
how they could lead to unsafe conditions.

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 Risk Matrix Evaluation: Ranking Risks based on probability and impact, and
establishing control measures accordingly.
Barrier Philosophy: Implementing both preventive (e.g., casing, BOP) and mitigate (e.g.,
relief wells, emergency response) barriers.

9.3 Key HSE Elements in Well Planning

a. Well Control Measures
Inclusion of Blowout Preventer (BOP) systems in the design to shut off the well during
kicks.
Kick tolerance calculations and kill mud design are performed in advance.
Well control training is mandatory for all personnel (e.g., IWCF/IADC certification).

b. Pressure and Temperature Management

Safe drilling margins (between pore pressure and fracture gradient) are respected through
accurate mud and casing design.
HPHT wells are treated with additional control layers, specialized equipment, and stricter
operational limits.

c. Gas Detection and Venting Systems

H2S zones and gas kicks are anticipated; detectors and alarms are integrated into tig
designs.
Flare systems are designed and tested in advance.

d. Cementing for Zonal Isolation

Proper zonal isolation prevents crossflow between formations and leakage to surface or
groundwater.
Cement bond logs are used to verify integrity.

e. Environmental Protection
Zero discharge policies, where applicable, to ensure no fluid or waste enters the
environment.
Spill prevention strategies , including secondary containment for fuel and chemicals.
Waste management plans for drilling fluids, cuttings, and used equipment.
Water-based muds are often preferred over oil-based muds in environmentally sensitive
zones.

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9.4 Emergency Response Planning
An Emergency Response Plan (ERP) is prepared as part of the well planning documentation.
It includes:
Evacuation procedures
Muster Point locations
Fire-fighting systems and training
Medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) protocols
Coordination with local authorities and environmental agencies
Mock drills are conducted to verify crew readiness.

9.5 Regulatory and Documentation Requirements

The well planning package includes HSE-related documents such as:
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
HSE Management Plan
Permit-to-Work (PTW) Systems
Drilling Hazard Management Plans
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all chemicals
Government bodies (e.g., MoEF&CC in India) must review and approve these before
drilling.

9.6 HSE Culture and Human Factors

Crew training and awareness programs are conducted regularly.
Safety culture is encouraged through “Stop Work Authority,” where any crew member
can halt unsafe operations.
Fatigue managements, proper shift planning, and ergonomic rig designs help reduce
human error.

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10. Learnings and Outcomes
Well planning is not just about technical feasibility- it is equally about economic viability. A
well may be perfectly engineered, but if it cannot be drilled and produced within a reasonable
budget relative to its expected return, it may not be considered worthwhile. That’s why cost
estimation is a core component of the well design process.

During my internship, I learned how cost forecasting is integrated into every stage of well
planning. From the choice of casing materials to the type of rig, mud system, and even the
trajectory of the well- economic considerations shape nearly every design decision.

10.1 Components of Well Cost

A typically well is divided into several cost categories, each requiring careful estimation and
monitoring:
a. Drilling Costs
Rig rental (daily rates), fuel, water, and transportation.
Bit and drilling tool costs.
Manpower (crew wages, service contractors, engineers)

b. Casing and Tubular Costs

Cost of steel casings increases with depth, size, and grade (e.g., N-80 vs P-110)
Accessories like coupling, centralizers, and float shoes also add up.

c. Cementing and Mud Costs

Slurry volume, additives, and spacer design impact cementing costs
Specialized mud systems (like OBM or SBM) are significantly more expensive than water-
based muds.

d. Directional Drilling and Logging

Non-vertical wells need MWD/LWD tools, rotary steerable systems, and expert services.
Logging operations, especially wireline or open-hole logs, can be cost intensive

e. Well Control and Safety Equipment

BOPs, diverter systems, kick detection tools
Safety margins in casing and well control systems may increase material and equipment
costs.

10.2 Cost Estimation Methods

a. AFE (Authorization for Expenditure)
An AFE is prepared before drilling, estimating costs for each stage- spud to TD (total depth),
completion, testing, and abandonment.
Estimates are often based on offset wells, vendor quotes, and drilling records
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 Software like Landmark’s Cost Management tools or in house Excel models are used to
stimulate cost curves.

b. Contingency and Risk Allowance

Around 10-15% contingency is typically included to account for unexpected issues like
mud losses, stuck pipe, or weather delays
In high risk areas (e.g., HPHT or remote locations), higher contingency may be factored
in

c. Cost Tracking
Daily drilling reports and field tickets are used to monitor real-time expenses
Cost overruns are flagged early so corrective actions (like adjusting bit runs or mud
weights) can be taken

10.3 Economic Decision Factors in Design

Every technical choice has cost implications, and engineers are trained to evaluate both
performance and price:
Well Trajectory: A straight vertical well is cheaper than a deviated or horizontal well, but
result in lower reservoir exposure. So, the extra cost must be justified by higher
production rates.
Casing Depths: Deeper casing increases steel cost and mud volume. Engineers must
balance safety (well integrity) with economics (material usage).
Rig Days: Non-productive time (NPT) due to design oversights can lost lakhs per day.
Hence, robust pre-planning saves both money and time.

10.4 Learning Reflection

Before this internship, I knew that drilling a well was expensive- but now I understand why. I
realized how important it is to make every design decision not just technically sound, but cost
effective. I also learned how small changes- like increasing the casing diameter by a few
inches or switching mud types- can have a big impact on overall economics.

I gained an appreciation for the balancing act that engineers perform- safety vs cost, risk vs
return, and technology vs budget. It’s not about engineering excellence; its also about
economic discipline.

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11. Technological Advancements
The oil and gas industry is undergoing a major transformation, driven by digitalization,
automation, and the need to explore and produce hydrocarbons from more complex
reservoirs. Well designing and planning, which used to rely heavily on manual calculations
and static data, has evolved into dynamic, real time, and predictive discipline, thanks to the
integration of advanced technologies.

During my internship, I became more aware of how modern tools and innovations are
influencing the ways wells are designed- making the process faster, safer, more cost-efficient,
and better aligned with environmental goals.

11.1 Digital Twin Technology

Digital twins are virtual replicas of physical wells, allowing engineers to simulate different
drilling scenarios and predict outcomes before actual field operations begin. They integrate
real-time data from sensors, geological models , and equipment to:
Visualize stress distribution on casings
Simulate pressure response to mud weight changes
Forecast potential failures or kick events.
Improve decision-making and reduce non-productive time (NPT)
This technology supports proactive design changes and improves well integrity throughout
the life cycle.

11.2 Automated Well Planning Platforms

Modern well design software now features AI-driven automation that speeds up the planning
process:
Landmark’s DecisionSpace®, Schlumberger’s DrillPlan™, and Baker Hughes’
JewelSuite™ are examples of platforms that can auto-generate casing programs, perform
sensitivity analyses, and run multiple wellpath simulations simultaneously.
These systems reduce planning time from weeks to days and enable better collaboration
between drilling, subsurface, and HSE teams.

11.3 Real-Time Data Integration and Remote

Operations
One of the most impactful changes in well planning in the ability to access and act on real-
time data from the field:
Measurement While Drilling (MWD) and Logging While Drilling (LWD) tools
continuously transmit formation data.
This helps engineers adjust drilling parameters or even change the well path while drilling
is in progress.

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 Remote Operation Centers (ROCs) allows teams to monitor multiple wells from a
centralized digital command center- improving safety and reducing on-site manpower.

11.4 Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD)

MPD is a modern technique that offers greater control over bottom hole pressures using a
closed loop circulation system. it allows wells to be safely drilled through narrow pore
pressure- fracture pressure windows. advancements in MPD include:
Automated choke systems
Dynamic annular pressure control
Integration with real time kick detection tools
This technology is especially useful in HPHT wells and deepwater environments, where
traditional methods may fail.

11.5 Advanced Trajectory Planning & Anti-Collision

Systems
While increasing complexity in directional and horizontal drilling, trajectory planning has
benefited from:
3D and 4D well path visualization
Anti-collision algorithms that prevent wellbore interference in crowded fields
Use of rotary steerable systems (RSS) and automated trajectory correction tools to
maintain drilling precision.
These advancements reduce the risk of sidetracks and maximize reservoir contact.

11.6 Sustainable and Environment Friendly

Technologies
New technologies also reflect a growing emphasis on sustainability:
Water-based muds with biodegradable additives are replacing oil-based muds in many
operations.
Cementing innovations like self healing cements and nano-particles slurries reduce leakage
risks.
Zero-discharge rigs and cutting reinjection systems are becoming more common,
especially in sensitive zones.
These environmentally conscious approaches are now being factored into well design from
the planning stage itself.

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11.7 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
(AI/ML)
AI and ML are starting to influence decision-making in well planning by:
Analyzing historical drilling data to identify optimal parameters
Predicting drilling dysfunctions (like stuck pipe or bit wear)
Optimizing well trajectories to reduce torque and drag.
Such tools not only increase efficiency but also reduce the chances of human error.

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12. Industry Trends in Well Planning
Well planning is no longer just about reaching a reservoir safely and efficiently it has become
a strategic process shaped by technology, economics, environmental responsibility, and
global energy demands. As the energy industry evolves, so does the approach is being
influenced by a wide range of trends, from digital transformation to carbon-conscious design.

12.1 Shift towards Digitalized Planning

One of the most noticeable trends in the industry is the growing reliance on digital tools and
automated systems for planning and simulation. Traditional spreadsheets and static models
are being replaced by cloud based platforms that integrate geology, drilling, reservoir, and
HSE data into one environment.
Integrated well planning platforms (e.g., Schlumberger’s DrillPlan™, Halliburton’s
DecisionSpace®) allows teams to collaborate in real time, reducing delays and human
error.
Digital workflows are helping companies move forward “One Plan - One Team” models,
breaking down silos between departments.

12.2 Increased Use of Factory Drilling & Pad

Development
In tight formations like shale or coal bed methane, the industry is moving towards factory-
style drilling:
Multi-wells pads are now standard in many basins, allowing several wells to be drilled
from one surface location.
This reduces surface footprint, improves rig efficiency, and cuts down cost per barrel.
Well planning now includes optimizing well spacing, orientation, and stimulation
strategies across dozens of wells in a single area.

12.3 Environmentally-Conscious Well Design

Sustainability is becoming central to engineering decisions. There is growing pressure to
design wells with reduced carbon footprint, both during drilling and over the life of the well.
Key strategies include:
Flare minimization planning, using early production systems and improved gas handling
design.
Water reuse strategies in drilling mud and hydraulic fracturing operations.
Selecting muds and cements with lower environmental impact (e.g., biodegradable
additives, self-healing cements)

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12.4 Design for Decommissioning and Long-Term
Integrity
With maturing fields and increasing regulatory oversight, well abandonment planning is
gaining importance:
Engineers are now expected to design wells that can be safely sealed and abandoned
decades later
Planning includes selecting casing and cement materials that will resist corrosion,
collapse, or leakage for the long term.
Zonal isolation strategies are designed not just for production, but also for post-
abandonment safety

12.5 Inclusion of Unconventional Reservoir Planning

Unconventional resource development (e.g., Shale gas, tight oil) has created demand for more
aggressive well designs:
Extended reach horizontal wells with multi-stage hydraulic fracturing are now common.
Planning often involves designing fractures clusters, stimulation pressures, and proppant
selection - in addition to traditional well architecture
Faster drilling cycles mean planning must be done in parallel with operations, requiring
quick updates and adaptability.

12.6 Real-Time Decision-Making and Well Planning

Integration
There’s a strong move toward adaptive well planning, where the plan involves in real time:
Geosteering allows changes in well trajectory based on real-time formation evaluation.
Data from offset wells and LWD tools is used to optimize the next well while the current
one is being drilled.
This reduces dry hole risks and increased recovery rates, especially in heterogenous
reservoirs

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13. Role of Multidisciplinary Teams in Well
Planning
One of the most eye-opening lessons I gained was understanding how diverse technical
disciplines come together during the well planning process. While each engineer may
specialize in their domain- be it drilling, geology, reservoir engineering, or HSE- the success
of a well ultimately depends on how effectively these professional collaborate and share
information.

Well planning is a multifaceted engineering effort, and its success is only possible when
multiple disciplines work in alignment, bringing their individual expertise to solve shared
challenges.

13.1 Key Disciplines Involved in Well Planning

a. Geoscientists (Geologists and Geophysicists)
Provide Structural and stratigraphic maps to define the reservoir location and
characteristics.
Interpret seismic data to identify safe drilling targets and avoid hazards like faults or
shallow gas pockets
Define the prognosed depth of critical markers, helping set casing points.

b. Reservoir Engineers
Determine the best well placement and completion strategy to maximize hydrocarbon
energy.
Estimate production profiles and simulate flow behavior using reservoir models
Collaborate with the drilling team to design the well trajectory that enhances contact with
the productive zones.

c. Drilling Engineers
Design the wellbore architecture- trajectory, casing, mud programs, and BHA.
Ensure operational feasibility while considering geological data and reservoir targets.
Balance technical constraints with cost, safety, and efficiency during drilling.

d. Cementing and Mud Engineers

Select appropriate drilling fluids based on formation characteristics and pressure profiles.
Design cement slurries that ensure proper zonal isolation and casing support.
Continuously update fluid and cementing programs as new formation data is received.

e. HSE Engineers
Evaluate environmental and safety risks associated with the well location and design..
Contribute to planning by suggesting safer rig layouts, emergency protocols, and control
measures.
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 Ensure that the entire plan complies with local and international regulatory frameworks.

f. Production and Completion Engineers

Plan the completion string, perforation strategy, and artificial lift systems.
Coordinate with reservoir engineers to ensure efficient production post drilling.
Their early involvement in planning ensures seamless transition from drilling to
production phases.

13.2 Importance of Interdisciplinary Communication

Successful well planning depends not just on technical excellence, and reservoir parameters
must be shared in real time to update drilling and casing designs.
Data Sharing: Geological methods, pore pressure estimates, and reservoir parameters
must be shared in real-time to update drilling and casing design.
Design Adjustments: A change in trajectory or casing depth must be immediately
evaluated by all teams for its impact on safety, cost, and productivity.
Integrated Decision-Making: In high-staked environments (e.g., offshore, HPHT), design
meetings often include professionals from 5-6 disciplines to jointly approve the final plan.
The integrated workflow ensures that every aspect of the well is optimized- from trajectory
and cost to production potential and environmental impact.

13.3 The Role of Planning Coordinators and Simulation

Teams
In many operations, a dedicated well planning coordinator or subsurface manager acts as a
bridge between departments. Their role is to:
Keep all teams aligned on project timelines and deliverables
Mediate conflicting technical opinions (e.g., well path vs. fracture risk)
Manage version control in digital models and documentation
Advancements well planning often also involves cross-functional simulation teams, especially
in deepwater or complex geological environments, where various scenarios are tested
collaboratively before execution.

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14. Challenges in Modern Well Design
Despite advancements in technology, well design remains a highly complex and risk-sensitive
process. Engineers must account for a wide range of subsurface uncertainties, operational
constraints, and surface limitations—often while balancing time, cost, and safety. During my
internship, I learned that even with the support of advanced software and integrated planning
systems, several real-world challenges continue to test the limits of engineering expertise.

14.1 Subsurface Uncertainty

One of the biggest challenges in well planning is the lack of absolute certainty regarding
subsurface conditions:
Pore pressure and fracture gradients may deviate from predictions, increasing the risk of
wellbore instability or kicks.
Unexpected faults, tight formations, or high-pressure zones can be encountered,
necessitating on-the-fly design changes.
Limited or poor-quality seismic and offset well data in frontier areas make casing depth
decisions difficult and risky.
Engineers must build contingency options into the design to accommodate such uncertainties.

14.2 Narrow Pressure Margins

Many modern wells are drilled in high-risk pressure environments like HPHT (High Pressure
High Temperature) or deepwater basins, where:
The difference between pore pressure and fracture pressure is small, making mud weight
design extremely sensitive.
Inadequate mud weight can lead to a blowout, while excessive weight may fracture the
formation.
Casing programs must be precisely staged to handle these conditions, often increasing
cost and complexity.

14.3 Extended Reach and Complex Trajectories

As companies target deeper and more distant reservoirs, well designs are becoming more
demanding:
Extended Reach Drilling (ERD) and horizontal wells introduce torque and drag issues,
hole cleaning difficulties, and trajectory control challenges.
Multilateral wells, while efficient, require specialized junction designs and increase the
risk of mechanical failure.
Designing and executing these wells requires sophisticated software and tight coordination
between subsurface and drilling teams.

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14.4 Equipment and Tool Limitations
Some designs push beyond the mechanical limits of current drilling tools and materials:
Casing collapse, burst, and tensile strength must be meticulously calculated—especially in
deep, high-pressure wells.
Standard drill bits may not be suitable for ultra-hard or abrasive formations.
Certain downhole tools used in horizontal wells (e.g., MWD/LWD, RSS) have limited
operating temperatures and pressure tolerances.
Tool availability and service reliability are critical to ensure plan feasibility.

14.5 Environmental and Regulatory Constraints

Modern well designs must comply with increasingly strict environmental regulations:
Setback requirements (distance from water bodies, habitats, etc.) limit surface and
subsurface well placement.
Discharge and emissions standards influence mud system and waste management choices.
In some regions, regulatory approval is required for every major design change—slowing
down planning and adding administrative pressure.

14.6 Operational Execution Risks

Even a well-designed plan can fail if not executed properly:
Delays in procurement or rig mobilization can lead to costly idle times.
Human error in drilling operations may lead to NPT or equipment damage.
Poor cement placement due to loss circulation or gas migration can compromise well
integrity.
Engineers must design realistic, field-executable plans and build in operational tolerances.

14.7 Economic Constraints and Uncertainty

Even technically sound designs must be economically viable:
Fluctuating oil prices and uncertain market conditions make it difficult to commit to
high-cost designs.
Budgetary limits often force compromises on casing quality, mud types, or drilling
duration.
The challenge lies in optimizing costs without compromising safety or long-term
performance.

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15. Sustainability Considerations in Well
Planning
In recent years, sustainability has become a core focus in petroleum engineering—not only
from a compliance perspective but as an ethical and operational priority. As global awareness
of climate change and environmental degradation increases, the oil and gas industry is being
challenged to reduce its ecological footprint. This change is reflected in how wells are now
being planned and designed.

During my internship, I observed how well planning is evolving to include environmental

safeguards and long-term sustainability strategies. It’s not just about drilling and producing
hydrocarbons anymore—it’s about doing so responsibly.

15.1 Minimizing Surface and Environmental Impact

Well planners are now expected to minimize land use, emissions, and ecological disruption.
This is being done through:
Multi-well pads: Drilling several directional or horizontal wells from a single surface
location reduces the number of well sites, roads, and facilities.
Compact rig layouts: New rig designs and modular components reduce surface congestion
and associated emissions.
Low-impact site selection: GIS-based tools help choose locations away from sensitive
ecosystems, water bodies, and populated zones.

15.2 Water Conservation and Waste Management

Water is a critical resource in drilling and completion, especially in areas where it's scarce.
Sustainability measures include:
Water-based mud recycling: Closed-loop systems reduce disposal and minimize freshwater
withdrawal.
Use of brackish or recycled water for drilling and hydraulic fracturing.
Drill cuttings re-injection and on-site waste treatment systems are now integrated into well
design to avoid surface discharge.

15.3 Emissions Reduction During Drilling and Testing

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions starts right at the planning stage:
Flareless well testing techniques are now being designed into early production systems.
Engine and generator sizing is optimized to minimize fuel consumption on rigs.
Selection of low-emission drilling fluids and biodegradable additives where possible.
Some companies also integrate carbon accounting tools into the design phase to estimate the
CO₂ footprint of a well in advance.

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15.4 Zonal Isolation and Long-Term Integrity
Well integrity is no longer just about preventing blowouts—it's also about protecting
underground aquifers and preventing long-term leakage. To ensure this:
Engineers select cement systems that resist degradation over decades, including self-
healing cements.
Casing designs now include corrosion-resistant alloys for wells that may remain idle or be
abandoned.
Planning includes compliance with plug and abandonment (P&A) guidelines from the
start, ensuring that future decommissioning can be done responsibly.

15.5 Regulatory and ESG (Environmental, Social,

Governance) Alignment
Many companies now align their operations with ESG goals, and this impacts the well
planning process:
Projects must meet not only technical and financial KPIs but also environmental
performance indicators.
Design reviews may include a sustainability audit, especially for offshore or high-risk
regions.
Stakeholder engagement and community concerns are increasingly considered when
selecting well locations and technologies.

15.6 Reflection on Sustainability in Engineering

Practice
As an intern, seeing how environmental factors are integrated into every step of well design
gave me a broader perspective. I realized that sustainability is no longer an afterthought—it’s
embedded in planning decisions like mud type, casing depth, well trajectory, and rig selection.
It’s about creating responsible designs that fulfill energy needs while protecting the planet and
the people around it.

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16. Key Takeaways from the Internship
As I conclude this internship, I can confidently say that the experience has been both
enriching and transformative. It has allowed me to step beyond classroom theory and witness
the complexity, precision, and coordination required to design a successful oil and gas well.
From the early phases of data analysis to the finalization of well schematics, every part of the
planning process taught me something new.

Below are the key takeaways that i will carry forward from this internship:

16.1 Holistic Understanding of Well Planning

I now have a clear understanding of how a well is conceptualized, designed, and
optimized to meet reservoir targets safely and efficiently.
I learned that well design is not just about depth or diameter- it’s a multi-disciplinary
effort that involves geosciences, reservoir engineering, mechanical design, HSE, and
economics all working together.

16.2 Practical Exposure to Industry Tools and

Workflows
Getting hands on familiarity with tools like Landmark WellPlan, CemPRO+, and
directional drilling software has given me a real world skillset.
I realized how critical simulations, casing design logic, and pressure calculations are for a
safe and cost effective well.

16.3 Importance of HSE and Risk-Based Thinking

Every step in well design prioritizes safety- not just in terms of preventing incidents, but
also in protecting the environment and ensuring operational integrity.
I now understand how risk matrices, kick tolerance, and well control systems are
embedded into the planning right from the start.

16.4 Economic Awareness in Engineering Decisions

Cost estimation is a central part of the design process. I learned how technical decisions-
like choosing casing material or mud type - are always evaluated alongside their economic
impact
This experience taught me that engineering judgement is about finding the balance
between performance, safety, and cost.

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16.5 Technological Mindset
The internship introduced me to the growing influence of AI, automation, and real time
monitoring in the oil and gas sector.
It’s clearly that the well design is a digital, and engineers must adapt quickly to new tools
and smarter workflows.

16.6 Personal Growth and Professional Confidence

I improved my ability to think systematically, document technical content clearly, and
collaborate on structed tasks.
More importantly, I now feel more confident in participating in real-world engineering
discussions and contributing meaningfully to future industry projects.

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17. Conclusion
This internship experience has been a defining chapter in my academic and professional
journey. Through in depth exposure to the principles of well designing and planning, I’ve
gained not just technical knowledge, but also a deeper appreciation for the complexity and
responsibility that come with engineering work in the oil and gas sector.

What initially seemed like a set of abstract concepts- casing design, mud programs, trajectory
planning, and risk analysis- gradually turned into a clear, interconnected process where every
decision has real world impact. I’ve learned how to approach a well not just as a hole in the
ground, but as a carefully engineered system that must balance technical feasibility, economic
viability, and environmental responsibility.

The training modules, simulation based projects, and exposure to industry tools have
collectively provided me with a strong foundation in drilling and well planning. Just as
important, I’ve developed a sharper problem-solving mindset, stronger technical
communication skills, and an increased awareness of health, safety, and environmental
standards that govern the industry.

This experience has reinforced my passion for petroleum engineering and given me a realistic
perspective of the field I’m preparing to enter. As I move forward in my studies and career,
the insights gained here will continue to guide my approach to engineering challenges-
reminding me that good design is always thoughtful, collaborative, and built on a solid
understanding of both the surface and the surface.

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18. References
Amitabh Kumar, Drilling Engineering: Principles and Practices, IK International
Publishing House, 2010.
Robert F.Mitchell, Advanced Well Control, Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), 2012.
Bourgoyne, A.T., Millheim, K.K., Chenevert, M.E., and Young, F.S., Applied Drilling
Engineering, SPE Textbook Series Vol. 2, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1986.
J.P. Brantly, History of Oil Well Drilling, Gulf Publishing Company, 1971.
Azar, J.J., & Samuel, G.R., Drilling Engineering, PennWell Books, 2007.
Economides, M.J., & Nolte, K.G., Reservoir Stimulation, 3rd Edition, Wiley, 2000.
Rabia, H., Well Engineering and Construction, Entrac Consulting, 2002.
Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary - https://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com
Halliburton Landmark, WellPlan Software User Guide, Halliburton Energy Services.
OnePetro Technical Papers (accessed via abstracts and summaries):
“Managed Pressure Drilling Success in HPHT Onshore India”
“Casing Design Considerations for Deep Wells in South Asia”
Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) Technical Resources- https://www.spe.org
Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH), India- https://www.dghindia.gov.in
ONGC Training Modules (Drilling Engineering, Casing Design, Mud Engineering, HSE
in Well Planning), IDT Baroda- 2025 Internship Sessions.

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