7.

2 The Classification Table

IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025

See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, class Active Ingredients
of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
1 1A Alanycarb, Aldicarb, Bendiocarb, Benfuracarb,
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Carbamates Butocarboxim, Butoxycarboxim, Carbaryl,
inhibitors Carbofuran, Carbosulfan, Ethiofencarb,
Fenobucarb, Formetanate, Furathiocarb,
Nerve action Isoprocarb, Methiocarb, Methomyl, Metolcarb,
Oxamyl, Pirimicarb, Propoxur, Thiodicarb,
{Strong evidence that action at Thiofanox, Triazamate,Trimethacarb, XMC,
this protein is responsible for Xylylcarb
insecticidal effects}

1B Acephate, Azamethiphos, Azinphos-ethyl,

Organophosphates Azinphos-methyl, Cadusafos, Chlorethoxyfos,
Chlorfenvinphos, Chlormephos, Chlorpyrifos,
Chlorpyrifos-methyl, Coumaphos, Cyanophos,
Demeton-S-methyl, Diazinon, Dichlorvos/ DDVP,
Dicrotophos, Dimethoate, Dimethylvinphos,
Disulfoton, EPN, Ethion, Ethoprophos, Famphur,
Fenamiphos, Fenitrothion, Fenthion,
Fosthiazate, Heptenophos, Imicyafos,
Isofenphos, Isopropyl O-(methoxyaminothio-
phosphoryl) salicylate, Isoxathion, Malathion,
Mecarbam, Methamidophos, Methidathion,
Mevinphos, Monocrotophos, Naled, Omethoate,
Oxydemeton-methyl, Parathion, Parathion-
methyl, Phenthoate, Phorate, Phosalone,
Phosmet, Phosphamidon, Phoxim, Pirimiphos-
methyl, Profenofos, Propetamphos, Prothiofos,
Pyraclofos, Pyridaphenthion, Quinalphos,
Sulfotep, Tebupirimfos, Temephos, Terbufos,
Tetrachlorvinphos, Thiometon, Triazophos,
Trichlorfon, Vamidothion

2 2A
GABA-gated chloride channel Cyclodiene Chlordane, Endosulfan
blockers Organochlorines

Nerve action
{Strong evidence that action at
this protein is responsible for 2B
insecticidal effects} Phenylpyrazoles Ethiprole, Fipronil
(Fiproles)

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 7

 IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, class Active Ingredients
of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
3 3A Acrinathrin, Allethrin, d-cis-trans Allethrin, d-
Sodium channel modulators Pyrethroids trans Allethrin, Bifenthrin, Bioallethrin,
Nerve action Pyrethrins Bioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl isomer ,
Bioresmethrin, Cycloprothrin, Cyfluthrin, beta-
{Strong evidence that action at Cyfluthrin, Cyhalothrin, lambda-Cyhalothrin,
this protein is responsible for gamma-Cyhalothrin, Cypermethrin, alpha-
insecticidal effects} Cypermethrin, beta-Cypermethrin, theta-
cypermethrin, zeta-Cypermethrin, Cyphenothrin ,
(1R)-trans- isomers], Deltamethrin, Empenthrin
(EZ)- (1R)- isomers], Esfenvalerate, Etofenprox,
Fenpropathrin, Fenvalerate, Flucythrinate,
Flumethrin, tau-Fluvalinate, Halfenprox,
Imiprothrin, Kadethrin, Permethrin, Phenothrin
[(1R)-trans- isomer], Prallethrin, Pyrethrins
(pyrethrum), Resmethrin, Silafluofen, Tefluthrin,
Tetramethrin, Tetramethrin [(1R)-isomers],
Tralomethrin, Transfluthrin,

3B
DDT DDT
Methoxychlor Methoxychlor

4 4A
Nicotinic acetylcholine Neonicotinoids Acetamiprid, Clothianidin, Dinotefuran,
receptor (nAChR) competitive Imidacloprid, Nitenpyram, Thiacloprid,
modulators Thiamethoxam,

Nerve action
4B
{Strong evidence that action at Nicotine Nicotine
one or more of this class of
protein is responsible for 4C
insecticidal effects}
Sulfoximines Sulfoxaflor
4D
Butenolides Flupyradifurone
4E
Mesoionics Dicloromezotiaz, Fenmezoditiaz,
Triflumezopyrim

4F
Pyridylidenes Flupyrimin

5
Nicotinic acetylcholine Spinosyns Spinetoram, Spinosad
receptor (nAChR) allosteric
modulators – Site I
Nerve action
{Strong evidence that action at
one or more of this class of
protein is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 8

 IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, class Active Ingredients
of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
6
Glutamate-gated chloride Avermectins, Abamectin, Emamectin benzoate, Lepimectin,
channel (GluCl) allosteric Milbemycins Milbemectin
modulators
Nerve and muscle action
{Strong evidence that action at
one or more of this class of
protein is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

7 7A
Juvenile hormone receptor Juvenile hormone Hydroprene, Kinoprene, Methoprene
modulators analogues

Growth regulation 7B
{Strong evidence that action at Fenoxycarb Fenoxycarb
one or more of this class of
protein is responsible for 7C
insecticidal effects} Pyriproxyfen Pyriproxyfen

8* 8A
Miscellaneous non-specific Alkyl halides 1,3-Dichloropropene, Methyl bromide and other
(multi-site) inhibitors alkyl halides
8B
Chloropicrin Chloropicrin

8C
Fluorides Cryolite (Sodium aluminum fluoride), Sulfuryl
fluoride
8D
Borates Borax, Boric acid, Disodium octaborate, Sodium
borate, Sodium metaborate

8E
Tartar emetic Tartar emetic

8F
Methyl isothiocyanate Dazomet, Metam, Methyl isothiocyanate
generators

9 9B
Chordotonal organ TRPV Pyridine azomethine Pymetrozine, Pyrifluquinazon
channel modulators derivatives
Nerve action
{Strong evidence that action at 9D
one or more of this class of Pyropenes Afidopyropen
proteins is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 9

 IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, class Active Ingredients
of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
10 10A
Mite growth inhibitors Clofentezine Clofentezine, Diflovidazin, Hexythiazox
affecting CHS1 Diflovidazin
Hexythiazox
Growth regulation
{Strong evidence that action at
10B
one or more of this class of
Etoxazole Etoxazole
proteins is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

11 11A
Microbial disruptors of insect Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis
midgut membranes and the insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai
proteins they produce Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki
(Includes transgenic crops Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis
expressing Bacillus thuringiensis
toxins, however specific B.t. crop proteins: (* Please see footnote)
guidance for resistance Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab,
management of transgenic Vip3A, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb,
crops is not based on rotation of Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1
modes of action)

11B
Bacillus sphaericus Bacillus sphaericus

12 12A
Inhibitors of mitochondrial Diafenthiuron Diafenthiuron
ATP synthase 12B
Energy metabolism Organotin miticides Azocyclotin, Cyhexatin, Fenbutatin oxide
{Compounds affect the function
of this protein, but it is not clear 12C
that this is what leads to Propargite Propargite
biological activity}
12D
Tetradifon Tetradifon

13 *
Uncouplers of oxidative Pyrroles Chlorfenapyr
phosphorylation via
disruption of the proton Dinitrophenols DNOC
gradient
Sulfluramid Sulfluramid
Energy metabolism

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 10

 IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, class Active Ingredients
of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
14
Nicotinic acetylcholine Nereistoxin analogues Bensultap, Cartap hydrochloride, Thiocyclam,
receptor (nAChR) channel Thiosultap-sodium
blockers
Nerve action
{Compounds affect the function
of this protein, but it is not clear
that this is what leads to
biological activity}

15
Inhibitors of chitin Benzoylureas Bistrifluron, Chlorfluazuron, Diflubenzuron,
biosynthesis affecting CHS1 Flucycloxuron, Flufenoxuron, Hexaflumuron,
Lufenuron, Novaluron, Noviflumuron,
Growth regulation Teflubenzuron, Triflumuron
{Strong evidence that action at
one or more of this class of
proteins is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

16
Inhibitors of chitin Buprofezin Buprofezin
biosynthesis, type 1
Growth regulation
{Target protein responsible for
biological activity is unknown, or
uncharacterized}

17
Moulting disruptors, Dipteran Cyromazine Cyromazine
Growth regulation
{Target protein responsible for
biological activity is unknown, or
uncharacterized}

18
Ecdysone receptor agonists Diacylhydrazines Chromafenozide, Halofenozide,
Methoxyfenozide, Tebufenozide
Growth regulation
{Strong evidence that action at
this protein is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 11

 IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, class Active Ingredients
of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
19
Octopamine receptor agonists Amitraz Amitraz
Nerve action
{Good evidence that action at
one or more of this class of
protein is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

20 20A
Mitochondrial complex III Hydramethylnon Hydramethylnon
electron transport inhibitors –
Qo site
Energy metabolism 20B
Acequinocyl Acequinocyl
{Good evidence that action at
this protein complex is
responsible for insecticidal
20C
effects}
Fluacrypyrim Fluacrypyrim

20D
Bifenazate Bifenazate

21 21A
Mitochondrial complex I METI acaricides and Fenazaquin, Fenpyroximate, Pyridaben,
electron transport inhibitors insecticides Pyrimidifen, Tebufenpyrad, Tolfenpyrad
Energy metabolism
{Good evidence that action at 21B
this protein complex is Rotenone Rotenone (Derris)
responsible for insecticidal
effects}

22 22A
Voltage-dependent sodium Oxadiazines Indoxacarb
channel blockers
Nerve action
{Good evidence that action at
this protein complex is 22B
responsible for insecticidal Semicarbazones Metaflumizone
effects}

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 12

 IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, class Active Ingredients
of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
23
Inhibitors of acetyl-CoA Tetronic and Tetramic Spidoxamat Spirodiclofen, Spiromesifen,
carboxylase acid derivatives Spiropidion, Spirotetramat
Lipid synthesis, growth
regulation
{Good evidence that action at
this protein is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

24 24A
Mitochondrial complex IV Phosphides Aluminium phosphide, Calcium phosphide,
electron transport inhibitors Phosphine, Zinc phosphide
Energy metabolism
24B
{Good evidence that action at
Cyanides Calcium cyanide, Potassium cyanide, Sodium
this protein complex is
responsible for insecticidal cyanide
effects}

25 25A
Mitochondrial complex II Beta-ketonitrile
electron transport inhibitors derivatives Cyenopyrafen, Cyflumetofen

Energy metabolism
25B
{Good evidence that action at Carboxanilides
this protein complex is Pyflubumide
responsible for insecticidal
effects}

28
Ryanodine receptor Diamides Chlorantraniliprole, Cyantraniliprole,
modulators Cyclaniliprole Flubendiamide, Tetraniliprole
Nerve and muscle action
{Strong evidence that action at
this protein complex is
responsible for insecticidal
effects}

29 Flonicamid Flonicamid
Chordotonal organ
nicotinamidase inhibitors
Nerve action
{Strong evidence that action at
this protein is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 13

 IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, class Active Ingredients
of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
30
GABA-gated chloride channel Isoxazolines Fluxametamide, Isocycloseram
allosteric modulators Meta-diamides Broflanilide

Nerve action
{Strong evidence that action at
this protein complex is
responsible for insecticidal
effects}

31
Baculoviruses Granuloviruses (GVs) Cydia pomonella GV
Thaumatotibia leucotreta GV
Host-specific occluded
pathogenic viruses

{Midgut epithelial columnar cell

membrane target site – Nucleopolyhedroviruses Anticarsia gemmatalis MNPV
undefined} (NPVs) Helicoverpa armigera NPV

32
Nicotinic Acetylcholine GS-omega/kappa GS-omega/kappa HXTX-Hv1a peptide
Receptor (nAChR) Allosteric HXTX-Hv1a peptide
Modulators - Site II

Nerve action
{Strong evidence that action at
one or more of this class of
protein is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

33
Calcium-activated potassium Acynonapyr Acynonapyr
channel (KCa2) modulators
Nerve action
{Strong evidence that action at
this protein is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

34
Mitochondrial complex III Flometoquin Flometoquin
electron transport inhibitors –
Qi site
Energy metabolism
{Modulation of this protein
complex has been clearly
demonstrated and the specific
target site responsible for
biological activity is distinct from
Group 20}

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 14

 IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, class Active Ingredients
of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
35
RNA Interference mediated Ledprona Ledprona
target suppressors

Activation of the RNAi

mechanism which specifically
reduces abundance of the target
messenger RNA (mRNA)
resulting in the reduction of the
protein encoded by the mRNA.

36
Chordotonal organ Pyridazine Dimpropyridaz
modulators – undefined target pyrazolecarboxamides
site
Nerve action
{Modulation of chordotonal
organ function has been clearly
demonstrated, but the specific
target protein(s) responsible for
biological activity are distinct
from Group 9 and Group 29 and
remain undefined}

37
Vesicular acetylcholine Oxazosulfyl Oxazosulfyl
transporter (VAChT) inhibitor
Nerve action
Bind to VAChTs, causing
cholinergic synaptic
transmission block resulting in
nervous system shutdown and
paralysis. VAChTs are involved
in loading acetylcholine into
synaptic vesicles
UN* Azadirachtin Azadirachtin
Compounds of unknown or
uncertain MoA Benzoximate Benzoximate
{Target protein responsible for
biological activity is unknown, or Benzpyrimoxan Benzpyrimoxan
uncharacterized}
Bromopropylate Bromopropylate

Chinomethionat Chinomethionat

Dicofol Dicofol

Lime sulfur Lime sulfur

Mancozeb Mancozeb

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 15

 IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, class Active Ingredients
of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
Pyridalyl Pyridalyl

Sulfur Sulfur

UNB*
Bacterial agents (non-Bt) of Burkholderia spp
unknown or uncertain MoA Wolbachia pipientis (Zap)
{Target protein responsible for
biological activity is unknown or
uncharacterized}

UNE*
Botanical essence including Chenopodium ambrosioides near ambrosioides
synthetic, extracts and extract, Fatty acid monoesters with glycerol or
unrefined oils with unknown propanediol, Neem oil, Nonanoic acid, Sabadilla
or uncertain MoA extract
{Target protein responsible for
biological activity is unknown, or
uncharacterized}

UNF*
Fungal agents of unknown or Akanthomyces muscarius Ve6
uncertain MoA Beauveria bassiana strains
Metarhizium brunneum strain F52
{Target protein responsible for Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Apopka strain 97
biological activity is unknown, or
uncharacterized}

UNM*
Non-specific mechanical and Diatomaceous earth
physical disruptors Mineral oil
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)
{Target protein responsible for
biological activity is unknown, or
uncharacterized}

UNP*
Peptides of unknown or
uncertain MoA
{Target protein responsible for
biological activity is unknown, or
uncharacterized}
UNV*
Viral agents (non-baculovirus)
of unknown or uncertain MoA
{Target protein responsible for
biological activity is unknown, or
uncharacterized}

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 16