IRAC MoA Classification Version 2025
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, Active Ingredients
of Action class or
exemplifying
Active
Ingredient
1 1A Alanycarb, Aldicarb, Bendiocarb,
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Carbamates Benfuracarb, Butocarboxim,
inhibitors Butoxycarboxim, Carbaryl, Carbofuran,
Carbosulfan, Ethiofencarb, Fenobucarb,
Nerve action Formetanate, Furathiocarb, Isoprocarb,
Methiocarb, Methomyl, Metolcarb, Oxamyl,
{Strong evidence that Pirimicarb, Propoxur, Thiodicarb, Thiofanox,
action at this protein is Triazamate,Trimethacarb, XMC, Xylylcarb
responsible for insecticidal
effects}
1B Acephate, Azamethiphos, Azinphos-ethyl,
Organophosphates Azinphos-methyl, Cadusafos,
Chlorethoxyfos, Chlorfenvinphos,
Chlormephos, Chlorpyrifos, Chlorpyrifos-
methyl, Coumaphos, Cyanophos,
Demeton-S-methyl, Diazinon, Dichlorvos/
DDVP, Dicrotophos, Dimethoate,
Dimethylvinphos, Disulfoton, EPN, Ethion,
Ethoprophos, Famphur, Fenamiphos,
Fenitrothion, Fenthion, Fosthiazate,
Heptenophos, Imicyafos, Isofenphos,
Isopropyl O-(methoxyaminothio-
phosphoryl) salicylate, Isoxathion,
Malathion, Mecarbam, Methamidophos,
Methidathion, Mevinphos, Monocrotophos,
Naled, Omethoate, Oxydemeton-methyl,
Parathion, Parathion- methyl, Phenthoate,
Phorate, Phosalone, Phosmet,
Phosphamidon, Phoxim, Pirimiphos-
methyl, Profenofos, Propetamphos,
Prothiofos, Pyraclofos, Pyridaphenthion,
Quinalphos, Sulfotep, Tebupirimfos,
Temephos, Terbufos, Tetrachlorvinphos,
Thiometon, Triazophos, Trichlorfon,
Vamidothion
2 2A
GABA-gated chloride channel Cyclodiene Chlordane, Endosulfan
blockers Organochlorines
Nerve action
{Strong evidence that
action at this protein is 2B
responsible for insecticidal Phenylpyrazoles Ethiprole, Fipronil
effects} (Fiproles)
Mode of Action Classification 1
v11.3
IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, Active Ingredients
of Action class or
exemplifying
Active
Ingredient
3 3A Acrinathrin, Allethrin, d-cis-trans Allethrin,
Sodium channel modulators Pyrethroids d- trans Allethrin, Bifenthrin, Bioallethrin,
Nerve action Pyrethrins Bioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl isomer ,
Bioresmethrin, Cycloprothrin, Cyfluthrin,
{Strong evidence that beta- Cyfluthrin, Cyhalothrin, lambda-
action at this protein is Cyhalothrin, gamma-Cyhalothrin,
responsible for insecticidal Cypermethrin, alpha- Cypermethrin, beta-
effects} Cypermethrin, theta- cypermethrin, zeta-
Cypermethrin, Cyphenothrin , (1R)-trans-
isomers], Deltamethrin, Empenthrin (EZ)-
(1R)- isomers], Esfenvalerate, Etofenprox,
Fenpropathrin, Fenvalerate, Flucythrinate,
Flumethrin, tau-Fluvalinate, Halfenprox,
Imiprothrin, Kadethrin, Permethrin,
Phenothrin [(1R)-trans- isomer], Prallethrin,
Pyrethrins (pyrethrum), Resmethrin,
Silafluofen, Tefluthrin, Tetramethrin,
Tetramethrin [(1R)-isomers], Tralomethrin,
Transfluthrin,
3B
DDT DDT
Methoxychlor Methoxychlor
4 4A
Nicotinic acetylcholine Neonicotinoids Acetamiprid, Clothianidin,
receptor (nAChR) competitive Dinotefuran, Imidacloprid,
modulators Nitenpyram, Thiacloprid,
Thiamethoxam,
Nerve action
4B
{Strong evidence that Nicotine Nicotine
action at one or more of
this class of protein is 4C
responsible for insecticidal Sulfoximines Sulfoxaflor
effects}
4D
Butenolides Flupyradifurone
4E
Mesoionics Dicloromezotiaz,
Fenmezoditiaz,
Triflumezopyrim
4F
Pyridylidenes Flupyrimin
Mode of Action Classification 2
v11.3
5
Nicotinic acetylcholine Spinosyns Spinetoram, Spinosad
receptor (nAChR) allosteric
modulators – Site I
Nerve action
{Strong evidence that
action at one or more of
this class of protein is
responsible for insecticidal
effects}
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, Active Ingredients
of Action class or
exemplifying
Active
Ingredient
6
Glutamate-gated chloride Avermectins, Abamectin, Emamectin benzoate,
channel (GluCl) allosteric Milbemycins Lepimectin, Milbemectin
modulators
Nerve and muscle action
{Strong evidence that
action at one or more of
this class of protein is
responsible for insecticidal
effects}
7 7A
Juvenile hormone receptor Juvenile Hydroprene, Kinoprene, Methoprene
modulators hormone
analogues
Growth regulation 7B
{Strong evidence that Fenoxycarb Fenoxycarb
action at one or more of
this class of protein is 7C
responsible for insecticidal Pyriproxyfen Pyriproxyfen
effects}
8* 8A
Miscellaneous non-specific Alkyl halides 1,3-Dichloropropene, Methyl bromide and
(multi-site) inhibitors other alkyl halides
8B
Chloropicrin Chloropicrin
8C
Fluorides Cryolite (Sodium aluminum fluoride),
Sulfuryl fluoride
8D
Borates Borax, Boric acid, Disodium octaborate,
Sodium borate, Sodium metaborate
8E
Tartar emetic Tartar emetic
8F
Methyl Dazomet, Metam, Methyl isothiocyanate
isothiocyanate
generators
Mode of Action Classification 3
v11.3
9 9B
Chordotonal organ TRPV Pyridine Pymetrozine, Pyrifluquinazon
channel modulators azomethine
Nerve action derivatives
{Strong evidence that 9D
action at one or more of Pyropenes Afidopyropen
this class of proteins is
responsible for insecticidal
effects}
IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, Active Ingredients
of Action class or
exemplifying
Active
Ingredient
10 10A
Mite growth inhibitors Clofentezine Clofentezine, Diflovidazin, Hexythiazox
affecting CHS1 Diflovidazin
Hexythiazox
Growth regulation
{Strong evidence that 10B
action at one or more of Etoxazole Etoxazole
this class of proteins is
responsible for insecticidal
effects}
11 11A
Microbial disruptors of insect Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis
midgut membranes and the Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai
insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki
(Includes transgenic crops proteins they Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis
expressing Bacillus produce
thuringiensis toxins, however B.t. crop proteins: (* Please see footnote)
specific guidance for Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry1A.105,
resistance management of Cry2Ab, Vip3A, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb,
transgenic crops is not Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1
based on rotation of modes
of action)
11B
Bacillus sphaericus Bacillus sphaericus
12 12A
Inhibitors of mitochondrial Diafenthiuron Diafenthiuron
ATP synthase 12B
Energy metabolism Organotin miticides Azocyclotin, Cyhexatin, Fenbutatin oxide
{Compounds affect the
function of this protein, but 12C
it is not clear that this is Propargite Propargite
what leads to biological
activity} 12D
Tetradifon Tetradifon
Mode of Action Classification 4
v11.3
13 *
Uncouplers of oxidative Pyrroles Chlorfenapyr
phosphorylation via
disruption of the proton Dinitrophenols DNOC
gradient
Sulfluramid Sulfluramid
Energy metabolism
IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, Active Ingredients
of Action class or
exemplifying
Active
Ingredient
14
Nicotinic acetylcholine Nereistoxin analogues Bensultap, Cartap hydrochloride,
receptor (nAChR) channel Thiocyclam, Thiosultap-sodium
blockers
Nerve action
{Compounds affect the
function of this protein, but
it is not clear that this is
what leads to biological
activity}
15
Inhibitors of chitin Benzoylureas Bistrifluron, Chlorfluazuron, Diflubenzuron,
biosynthesis affecting CHS1 Flucycloxuron, Flufenoxuron,
Hexaflumuron, Lufenuron, Novaluron,
Growth regulation Noviflumuron, Teflubenzuron, Triflumuron
{Strong evidence that
action at one or more of
this class of proteins is
responsible for insecticidal
effects}
16
Inhibitors of chitin Buprofezin Buprofezin
biosynthesis, type 1
Growth regulation
{Target protein responsible
for biological activity is
unknown, or
uncharacterized}
17
Moulting disruptors, Dipteran Cyromazine Cyromazine
Growth regulation
{Target protein responsible
for biological activity is
unknown, or
uncharacterized}
Mode of Action Classification 5
v11.3
18
Ecdysone receptor agonists Diacylhydrazines Chromafenozide,
Halofenozide,
Growth regulation Methoxyfenozide,
{Strong evidence that Tebufenozide
action at this protein is
responsible for insecticidal
effects}
IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, Active Ingredients
of Action class or
exemplifying
Active
Ingredient
19
Octopamine receptor agonists Amitraz Amitraz
Nerve action
{Good evidence that
action at one or more of
this class of protein is
responsible for insecticidal
effects}
20 20A
Mitochondrial complex III Hydramethylnon Hydramethylnon
electron transport inhibitors –
Qo site
Energy metabolism 20B
Acequinocyl Acequinocyl
{Good evidence that
action at this protein
complex is responsible for 20C
insecticidal effects} Fluacrypyrim Fluacrypyrim
20D
Bifenazate Bifenazate
21 21A
Mitochondrial complex I METI acaricides and Fenazaquin, Fenpyroximate, Pyridaben,
electron transport inhibitors insecticides Pyrimidifen, Tebufenpyrad, Tolfenpyrad
Energy metabolism
{Good evidence that 21B
action at this protein Rotenone Rotenone (Derris)
complex is responsible for
insecticidal effects}
22 22A
Voltage-dependent sodium Oxadiazines Indoxacarb
Mode of Action Classification 6
v11.3
channel blockers 22B
Nerve action Semicarbazones Metaflumizone
{Good evidence that
action at this protein
complex is responsible for
insecticidal effects}
IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, Active Ingredients
of Action class or
exemplifying
Active
Ingredient
23
Inhibitors of acetyl-CoA Tetronic and Tetramic Spidoxamat Spirodiclofen, Spiromesifen,
carboxylase acid derivatives Spiropidion, Spirotetramat
Lipid synthesis, growth
regulation
{Good evidence that
action at this protein is
responsible for insecticidal
effects}
24 24A
Mitochondrial complex IV Phosphides Aluminium phosphide, Calcium phosphide,
electron transport inhibitors Phosphine, Zinc phosphide
Energy metabolism
24B
{Good evidence that Cyanides
action at this protein Calcium cyanide, Potassium cyanide,
complex is responsible for Sodium cyanide
insecticidal effects}
25 25A
Mitochondrial complex II Beta-ketonitrile
electron transport inhibitors derivatives Cyenopyrafen, Cyflumetofen
Energy metabolism
25B
{Good evidence that Carboxanilides Pyflubumide
action at this protein
complex is responsible for
insecticidal effects}
28
Ryanodine receptor Diamides Chlorantraniliprole, Cyantraniliprole,
modulators Cyclaniliprole Flubendiamide,
Nerve and muscle action Tetraniliprole
{Strong evidence that
action at this protein
complex is responsible for
insecticidal effects}
Mode of Action Classification 7
v11.3
29 Flonicamid Flonicamid
Chordotonal organ
nicotinamidase inhibitors
Nerve action
{Strong evidence that
action at this protein is
responsible for insecticidal
effects}
IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, Active Ingredients
of Action class or
exemplifying
Active
Ingredient
30
GABA-gated chloride channel Isoxazolines Fluxametamide,
allosteric modulators Meta- Isocycloseram Broflanilide
diamides
Nerve action
{Strong evidence that
action at this protein
complex is responsible for
insecticidal effects}
31
Baculoviruses Granuloviruses (GVs) Cydia pomonella GV
Thaumatotibia leucotreta GV
Host-specific
occluded
pathogenic viruses
{Midgut epithelial columnar Nucleopolyhedrovirus Anticarsia gemmatalis MNPV
cell membrane target site – es (NPVs) Helicoverpa armigera NPV
undefined}
32
Nicotinic Acetylcholine GS-omega/kappa GS-omega/kappa HXTX-Hv1a peptide
Receptor (nAChR) Allosteric HXTX-Hv1a
Modulators - Site II peptide
Nerve action
{Strong evidence that
action at one or more of
this class of protein is
responsible for insecticidal
effects}
33
Calcium-activated potassium Acynonapyr Acynonapyr
channel (KCa2) modulators
Nerve action
{Strong evidence that
action at this protein is
responsible for insecticidal
effects}
34
Mitochondrial complex III Flometoquin Flometoquin
Mode of Action Classification 8
v11.3
electron transport inhibitors –
Qi site
Energy metabolism
{Modulation of this protein
complex has been clearly
demonstrated and the
specific target site
responsible for biological
activity is distinct from Group
20}
IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, Active Ingredients
of Action class or
exemplifying
Active
Ingredient
35
RNA Interference mediated Ledprona Ledprona
target suppressors
Activation of the RNAi
mechanism which
specifically reduces
abundance of the target
messenger RNA (mRNA)
resulting in the reduction of
the protein encoded by the
mRNA.
36
Chordotonal organ Pyridazine Dimpropyridaz
modulators – undefined target pyrazolecarboxamides
site
Nerve action
{Modulation of chordotonal
organ function has been
clearly demonstrated, but
the specific target
protein(s) responsible for
biological activity are
distinct from Group 9 and
Group 29 and remain
undefined}
37
Vesicular acetylcholine Oxazosulfyl Oxazosulfyl
transporter (VAChT) inhibitor
Nerve action
Bind to VAChTs, causing
cholinergic synaptic
transmission block resulting
in nervous system
shutdown and paralysis.
VAChTs are involved in
loading acetylcholine into
synaptic vesicles
UN* Azadirachtin Azadirachtin
Mode of Action Classification 9
v11.3
Compounds of unknown or
Benzoximate Benzoximate
uncertain MoA
{Target protein responsible Benzpyrimoxan Benzpyrimoxan
for biological activity is
unknown, or Bromopropylate Bromopropylate
uncharacterized}
Chinomethionat Chinomethionat
Dicofol Dicofol
Lime sulfur Lime sulfur
Mancozeb Mancozeb
IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, Active Ingredients
of Action class or
exemplifying
Active
Ingredient
Pyridalyl Pyridalyl
Sulfur Sulfur
UNB*
Bacterial agents (non-Bt) of Burkholderia spp
unknown or uncertain MoA Wolbachia pipientis (Zap)
{Target protein responsible
for biological activity is
unknown or uncharacterized}
UNE*
Botanical essence including Chenopodium ambrosioides near ambrosioides
synthetic, extracts and extract, Fatty acid monoesters with glycerol
unrefined oils with unknown or propanediol, Neem oil, Nonanoic acid,
or uncertain MoA Sabadilla extract
{Target protein responsible
for biological activity is
unknown, or
uncharacterized}
UNF*
Fungal agents of unknown or Akanthomyces muscarius Ve6
uncertain MoA Beauveria bassiana strains
Metarhizium brunneum strain F52
{Target protein responsible Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Apopka strain 97
for biological activity is
unknown, or
uncharacterized}
UNM*
Non-specific mechanical and Diatomaceous
physical disruptors earth Mineral oil
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)
{Target protein responsible
for biological activity is
unknown, or
uncharacterized}
UNP*
Peptides of unknown or
uncertain MoA
Mode of Action Classification 10
v11.3
{Target protein responsible
for biological activity is
unknown, or
uncharacterized}
UNV*
Viral agents (non-baculovirus)
of unknown or uncertain MoA
{Target protein responsible
for biological activity is
unknown, or
uncharacterized}
Mode of Action Classification 11
v11.3
