Roman, Early Christian, and Byzantine

Architecture

Jhaylon Kyle A. Tabat

ARCH1E
Ar. Jihad Navarro
 Roman Architecture
Architecture of Ancient Rome

Roman architecture, more than any other form of Roman art, reflected its creators'
practical nature, restless energy, and organizational mindset. As the Roman Empire grew to
encompass not only the Mediterranean region but also large areas of Western Europe, Roman
architects struggled to achieve two overarching goals: demonstrating Rome's grandeur and
power while also improving the lives of their fellow citizens. To that end, they learned a variety
of important architectural techniques, such as the arch, dome, and vault, as well as the use of
concrete.

Roman Architecture Timeline:

Birth of Roman Republic - 509 BC. The establishment of new ideas and architectural styles
that would be implemented into hundreds of thousands of buildings over time began with the
birth of the new republic.

Historical Event- Etruria Subjugated - 400 BC. When the Roman empire begins to exert more
political and economic power in the world, architecture is dominated not by temples, but by the
Forum or trading place, the basilica or public meeting-hall, the baths, sports arenas, theaters,
and circuses, many of which are colossal in size and lavishly ornamented. The palaces,
triumphal arches, and ceremonial gateways come later.

Major Technology- Aqueducts - 312 BC. Aqueducts were invented around 312 B.C. and used
until approximately 226 A.D. Having said that, they drastically altered Roman society by
allowing large amounts of fresh water to be transported to densely populated areas. Aqueducts
had been used previously, but the Romans greatly improved their structure and built extensive
and complex networks in their territories.

Major Technology- Concrete - 200 BC. Though the Romans were not the first to use concrete,
they revolutionized it by combining volcanic ash, lime, and seawater to create the mixture. By
200 B.C., concrete was widely used. across the country This was the key to all Roman buildings
and the only reason that these thousands of years old structures survived natural and human
factors.

Circus Maximus - 50 BC. Julius Caesar's chariot racetrack in Rome is one of the city's oldest
circuses. Circus Maximus hosted wild animal hunts, public executions, and gladiator fights, and
Pompey even organized a competition between 20 elephants and barbarian gladiators. Today, it
serves as a venue for entertainment, hosting music concerts and rallies while also allowing
spectators to admire the architecture and beauty.

Historical Event-Roman Civil War - 49 BC. Caesar had become rivals with Pompey the Great
during this war, and there was no way Caesar would agree to Pompey's request to disband his
army and return home as a civilian. As a result, Caesar rallied his troops and marched to Italy,
sparking a civil war. Caesar routed Pompey's army and allies. To gain an advantage in the war,
architecture had to adapt, and many buildings built for military purposes were required.

Pantheon - 27 BCE. The Pantheon was built as a temple for Roman Gods by statesman
Marcus Agrippa. One interesting fact about the building is that the original structure was
destroyed in a fire around the year 80 A.D. and then rebuilt, only to be destroyed again in 110
A.D. The building is now a tourist attraction as well as a popular location for architects,
designers, and artists to study and examine the geometry and building construction.

Theatre of Marcellus - 13 BCE. The structure was begun during Julius Caesar's reign but was
not completed until Augustus' reign. It was used as a theatre with a seating capacity of 15,000
to 20,500 people. It has two tiers, each made up of 41 arches, which is an interesting fact.
Today, Rome's largest and most important theatre serves as a tourist destination as well as a
source of information for architects, engineers, and designers as they dissect the building's
construction.

Maison Carree - 10 AD. The Maison Carree, built by Agrippa, was used as a Roman temple
and features many columns and intricate details. Today, the temple was dedicated to the
builder's sons, but it has been rededicated to a variety of other people. The temple exemplifies
early Imperial architecture as well as the extent to which local elites would invest in monumental
construction to honor the emperor and his family members.

The Colosseum - 70 AD. The Flavian, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian Emperors
commissioned the construction of the Colosseum. The building was built with Jewish slaves.
The structure is the largest Roman Amphitheater ever built. One interesting fact about the
building is that it has survived multiple natural disasters as well as man-made mishaps. Today,
the structure is a fixture in Roman history, attracting thousands of visitors every day. It is Italy's
most visited site and one of the world's most popular buildings.

Influence:

When Rome gains political and cultural importance - that is, when neighboring Etruria is
subjugated and Carthage is successfully challenged - the spirit that dominates the arts is that of
the conqueror and the celebrator. Architecture, for example, is dominated not by temples, but by
the Forum or trading place, the basilica or public meeting-hall, the baths, sports arenas,
theaters, and circuses, many of which are colossal in size and lavishly ornamented. The
palaces, triumphal arches, and ceremonial gateways come later.

It appears incredible that Etruscan capabilities (in architecture and other arts), which
were so advanced at the time of Rome's rise, should have vanished so quickly after the Roman
conquest of Italy. However, the Greek influence, which came from Greek colonial cities in the
country's south and the Greek world of the eastern Mediterranean, quickly became dominant.

Roman Characteristics:

Rome, the Mighty! Conqueror of Gaul and Carthage, of Greece and Egypt, mistress of
the Western world for six centuries, capital of the mighty Caesars, unrivaled home of grandeur,
spectacle, and magnificence, splendid with art plundered from a hundred enslaved peoples,
giver of laws, morals, and military science to the entire West. Nonetheless, this "Eternal City"
was artistically insignificant. Except for monumental architecture and structural engineering,
Rome produced little distinctive creative art. The Romans bypassed the one significant
development on Italian soil, the Etruscan, and instead imported decadent Greek sculptors,
decorators, and painters to give their culture a Hellenistic surfacing. The contribution of mighty
Rome weighs less heavily on the aesthetic scales than that of tiny states like Sumeria and
Siena.

Grandeur was Rome's goal, grandeur her one achievement, and perhaps the secret of
her art's shallowness. The desire to impress through size resulted in magnificent works of
engineering and architecture. However, the desire to impress through profusion and boastful
display frequently resulted in the decoration of those same works with misappropriated scraps
and veneers of Greek architecture and weak imitations of Greek ornamental sculpture. Hellenic
moderation and reasonableness evolved into Roman practicality and swagger.

A glance around Rome's central forum (first century BCE–third century CE) would have
provided any observer with a bird's-eye view of the city's architecture: ancient temples,
increasingly complex, graceful, and ornamented, but with a persistence of Greek simplicity and
harmony, set among palaces, basilicas, memorial columns, and arcades; on every side,
magnificent arched construction, grand vistas, and banks of columns topped by rich Corinthian
capitals; A wonderful display of grandeur and exhibitionism, with new panels of Roman relief
sculpture interspersed with an abundance of vulgarized Greek ornament on every side.

Building Techniques: Arch, Vault, Dome:

However, before Greek influence was felt decisively in architecture, the Romans
absorbed some important Etruscan techniques. This included the arch and the vault, which
were destined to lead Roman engineering away from that of ancient Greece, which preferred
"post-and-lintel" construction methods to arches and domes. Thus was laid the groundwork for
the Italic peoples to surpass the Hellenes in structural engineering. The Romans used simple
geometric vaulting techniques such as the semicircular barrel vault, the groin vault, and the
segmental vault. Stucco or tiles were commonly used to cover the vault surfaces. The Basilica
of Constantine and Maxentius in Rome is an excellent example of Roman vaulting. The dome
was a natural progression of the vault, allowing the construction of vaulted ceilings and the
roofing of large public spaces such as public baths and basilicas. The Romans used domes
extensively in their architecture, such as Hadrian's Pantheon, Diocletian's Baths, and
Caracalla's Baths. The construction of complex forms of domes to suit multi lobed ground plans
was a feature of Roman architectural design.

The mastery of the arch, vault, and dome by Roman architects and engineers, enhanced by
their development of concrete, assisted them in solving the first problem of monumental
architecture, which is to bridge space. Roofing a large area necessitates carrying heavy
materials across spaces that the Greeks' simple post-and-lintel system could not span. The
Romans used the arch and the vault that grew out of it to thrust the massive Colosseum walls
story above story, cover a luxurious bathing hall that could accommodate three thousand
people, and create the majestic form of the Pantheon.

Legacy
Roman architecture had a massive influence on Western building construction. If Greek
architects created the primary design templates, Roman architects created the fundamental
engineering prototypes. They set the standard for most types of monumental architecture due to
their mastery of the arch, vault, and dome. The Pantheon in Paris (1790) and the US Capitol
Building in Washington DC (1792-1827) are just two examples of world-famous structures
derived from Roman architecture. Furthermore, Roman bridges, aqueducts, and roads served
as models for later architects and engineers all over the world.

Roman Architecture Famous Structure:

Arch of Septimius Severus

This massive arch was built in 203 AD to commemorate the unprecedented Roman victories
over the Parthians in the dying years of the second century. During the reign of Septimius
Severus, Rome was able to successfully suppress a raging civil war among its neighboring
states. The icing on the cake came when he declared war on the Parthian Empire and brought
them to their knees. On his return to Rome, the Roman Senate erected one of the most ornately
decorated triumphal arches in honor of his achievements.

Temples of Baalbek

Baalbek, a major attraction and remarkable archaeological site in modern-day Lebanon, is

regarded as one of the ancient world's most spectacular wonders. It is also one of the largest,
most prestigious, and best-preserved Roman temples from the ancient Roman era. The first of
the Baalbek temples was built in the first century BC, and the Romans built three more over the
next 200 years, each dedicated to the gods Jupiter, Bacchus, and Venus.
Library of Celsus

The Library of Celsus, named after the famous former governor of Ephesus, was actually a
monumental tomb dedicated to Gaius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus. Celsus' son Galius Julius
Aquila directed the construction of this magnificent piece of Roman architecture. The Library of
Celsus was also a popular repository for important documents, and at its peak, it housed over
12,000 different scrolls.

Pont du Gard

The Pont du Gard, literally the Gard bridge, is one of the few surviving aqueducts constructed
during the Roman Empire. Located in present-day southern France, it was built somewhere in
the middle of the first century AD. This aqueduct was constructed without the use of any mortar;
Roman engineers built this three-story masterpiece by fitting together massive blocks of
precisely cut stones. These huge blocks of stone weighed up to six tonnes each, and the bridge
itself measured up to 1180 feet (360 meters) at its highest point.

Aqueduct of Segovia
The Aqueduct of Segovia, located on the Iberian Peninsula, has retained its structural integrity
to this day, making it one of the best-preserved pieces of ancient Roman architecture. It was
constructed around the year 50 AD to facilitate the flow of drinking water from the Frio River to
Segovia. It was an unprecedented 16km-long structure built with around 24,000 massive blocks
of granite when it was finished.

Maison Carrée

Maison Carrée is the only temple from ancient Rome that has been completely preserved to this
day. This Roman engineering marvel was built in the city of Nimes around 16 BC. Maison
Carrée is an architectural marvel that stands 49 feet (15 meters) tall and runs 85 feet long (26
meters). It was built in memory of Roman General Marcus Vipanius Agrippa's two sons who
died when they were young. With the impending fall of the Roman Empire, Maison Carrée was
given new life in the fourth century when it was converted into a Christian church.

Diocletian’s Palace

Diocletian, the famous Roman emperor, built this magnificent structure in preparation for his
retirement. Diocletian was the first Roman emperor to resign voluntarily, citing declining health
concerns. He retired on May 1, 305 AD and spent the rest of his life in this magnificent palace.

Amphitheater, Nimes
When this famous amphitheater was built in the city of Nimes, the city was known by the name
of Nemausus. From around 20 BC, Augustus started to populate the city and give it a structure
more akin to a typical Roman state. It had a number of splendid buildings, a surrounding wall,
more than 200 hectares of land, and a majestic theater at its heart. Better known as the Arena
of Nimes, this astoundingly large theater had a seating capacity of around 24,000, effectively
making it one of the biggest amphitheaters in Gaul.

Pantheon

The Pantheon is arguably the best-preserved ancient Roman architectural marvel. The
Pantheon was a temple for all the Roman gods, unlike many other contemporary Roman
temples, which were almost always dedicated to specific Roman deities. During Hadrian's reign,
the construction of this temple was completed in 125 AD.

Roman Colosseum
The Colosseum, the famous amphitheater in ancient Rome, had an area of 620 by 523 feet
(189 by 159 meters) when it was built, making it the largest amphitheater of its time. The
Colosseum, the largest and most popular ancient Roman monument, began construction in 72
AD during the reign of Emperor Vespasian. By the time his son Titus finished it in 80 AD, a
never-before-seen amphitheater with seating for over 50,000 people was ready for use. It could
accommodate so many spectators that up to 80 different entrances were installed. It is said that
the grandest of all spectacles, the opening ceremony, lasted about 100 days. Around 5,000
animals and 2,000 gladiators died in an unprecedented extravaganza of gladiatorial and
bestiarius battles at the time.

Early Christian Architecture

By the end of the first century, Christian places of worship had developed a somewhat
standard architectural style. Churches from the first to third centuries were primarily influenced
by classical Greek and Roman architecture in its most flourished form. After thousands of years
of development, classical architecture had reached its pinnacle at this time.

The use of Greek and Roman architectural styles was done without regard for their
original symbolism. This allowed for greater freedom in architectural styles. There were,
however, one-of-a-kind designs created specifically for churches. The construction of a dome on
top of a polygon was one of the few architectural innovations made by early churches.

Early Christian Architecture Timeline:

- 29 A.D. The death of Isa (AS) and the beginning of Christian religion.

- 286 A.D. Emperor Diocletian divides the Roman Empire into two parts: The Eastern and
Western parts.

- 313 A.D. Emperor Constantine recognizes Christianity and makes it the state religion.

- 324 A.D. Emperor Constantine established a new capital to unite the Roman Empire.

- 364 A.D. Rome is finally divided into two empires: The Western and Eastern Empires.

Influences in Architecture
Geographical Influence
- Christianity was born in Judea (an eastern province of the Roman Empire), but it was
naturally carried to Rome, the center of the world empire, by saints and missionaries.

Geological Influence
- The quarrying of Roman ruins influenced the architectural style and treatment of their
structures.

Climatic Influence
- The climate of the Roman provinces where Christianity was established naturally
influenced the style.
- Places with hotter climates had smaller windows as a result.

Socio-political/ Religious Influence

- Constantine's Christian faith was closely linked to his rise to power.
- New states arose, providing a new impetus to the Christian church and laying the
groundwork for the power of the Bishops of Rome.
- The Edict of Milan had an impact on Christians who previously worshiped in catacombs
and were now able to hold their services in proper venues.
- Christianity spread quickly and was a significant factor; it inspired the construction of
some of the greatest architectural monuments.

Architectural Characteristics:

- With Christianity widely accepted as a state religion in Rome, architecture had to

respond to the religion's demands for worship space.
- The mode of worship was the most important determinant of the church's form.

The requirements include:

- A path for clergy procession entry and exit
- An altar area where priests celebrate mass
- A space for the clergy to be separated from the congregation during procession and
communion.
- Burial ground

Basilica Church Type

Originally, the term Basilica denoted anything kingly or lordly. A basilica is a place of worship
that has a rectangular ground plan divided longitudinally into three or five aisles by columns that
support the roof. The roof above the middle aisle (the nave) is raised above the adjacent aisles,
allowing air and light to enter through the supporting walls. A half dome protrudes from the
rectangular plan.

- The act of Christian worship was the focal point.

- The altar was frequently positioned against the East wall.
- The interiors were frequently embellished with mosaics, and the central figure of Christ
was set against a gold background.
- The most common early church design featured a rectangular hall with a timber trussed
roof.
 - It also had one or two isles on each side of a central nave, as well as an apse at one end
facing the main entrance at the other.

Parts of a Church:

AMBULATORY - Covered walk of an atrium.

ATRIUM - Forecourt of an early Christian church, usually surrounded by porticoes.
NARTHEX - Portico before the nave occupied by those not yet christened.
ALTAR - The table in a Christian church upon which the Eucharist is celebrated.
NAVE - Principal or central part of a church, extending from the narthex to the choir
AISLE - Any of the longitudinal divisions of a church separated from the nave by a row of
columns.
APSE - A semicircular or polygonal projection of a building usually vaulted and used at the east
end of a church.
BEMA - A transverse open space separating the nave and the apse.
Baldachin also known as Baldacchino or Ciborium - An ornamental canopy permanently
placed over the altar.
Cancelli - Low screen separating the clergy and/or the choir from the congregation.
Choir - Part of the church occupied by the singers.

BAPTISTERY

Separate structures for the sacrament of baptism. With the introduction of infant baptism, the
baptistery was replaced by the font.

Font - The basin was usually made of stone and was located near the church entrance.

Tombs
The Christian objection to cremation and insistence on interment in consecrated ground resulted
in the construction of monumental tombs (usually domed and often enriched with mosaics).

Early Christian Architecture Famous Structures:

St. Peter’s Basilica. Vatican City.

St. Peter's Basilica, the world's largest church, is also the most popular Christian church today.
It is well-known as a pilgrimage site, particularly among Catholics, and is regarded as one of the
holiest Catholic sites. In terms of architecture, this church is also regarded as the greatest of its
time.

Basilica Ulpia. Rome, Italy.

The Basilica Ulpia is an ancient Roman civic building that is considered one of Rome's most
important ancient basilicas. Unlike most Christian basilicas, it was dedicated to the
administration of commerce and justice during ancient times rather than religious purposes. It
has a large central nave with four side aisles, clerestory windows, and rows of columns and
semicircular apses.

Basilica of Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo. Ravenna, Italy.

This basilica was built in the 5th century by Ostrogoth King Theodoric the Great and dedicated
to 'Christ the Redeemer.' Its apse and atrium have been modernized, but the mosaics on its
lateral walls and 24 columns have been well preserved.

Basilica of Sant’ Apollinare en Classe. Ravenna, Italy.

The Basilica of Sant' Apollinare en Classe, widely regarded as one of the most outstanding
examples of the earliest Christian basilicas, is famous for the simplicity and purity of its design.
It has a nave and only two aisles.

Basilica of San Lorenzo, Milan. Milan, Italy.

The Basilica of San Lorenzo in Milan, the largest rotunda church of its time, is one of the city's
most important places of worship. It's on an artificial hill near the Basilicas Park, along the Via
Ticinensis. It has a square hall with four apses and is surrounded by waterways.
 Byzantine Architecture
Byzantine architecture was popular during the reign of Roman Emperor Justinian from
527 CE to 565 CE. The elevated dome, the result of the most advanced sixth-century technical
methods, is its distinguishing feature, along with extensive use of interior mosaics. Byzantine
church architecture was the dominant style of the eastern Roman Empire during Justinian the
Great's reign, but the effects lasted centuries, and Byzantine architecture characteristics can still
be seen in contemporary church designs.

Byzantine Architecture Timeline:

Beginning of the Byzantine era: The Byzantine era began in 330 AD, when Roman Emperor
Constantine relocated the Roman Empire's capital to Byzantium. The Eastern Roman Empire
was renamed the Byzantine Empire after that. Soon after, the Byzantine capital's name was
changed to Constantinople (in honor of Constantine). Byzantine art and architecture spread
from east to west across the European continent.

Association with Eastern Orthodoxy: Following the Great Schism of the Roman Catholic
Church in 1054, Byzantine architecture became more characteristic of the Eastern Orthodox
Church than of more Catholic areas of western Europe. Nonetheless, early Byzantine
architecture heavily influenced all church architecture throughout Europe, including Gothic and
Romanesque structures. Though these ornate churches are still popular for their religious art
and ornamentation, they were occasionally altered due to the rise of iconoclasm (the prohibition
of icons) during the middle Byzantine period.

Fall of the Byzantine Empire: Byzantine architecture spread across the continent for as long
as the empire existed, even during the Crusades. The late Byzantine architectural movement
and empire did not die with the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453.
Constantinople was renamed Istanbul, and many Byzantine churches were converted into
mosques.

Influences in Architecture

Geographical Influence
- All roads lead to Rome, and Christianity became universal as a result of Rome's position
as the center of a global empire.

Geological Influence
- The quarrying of Roman ruins influenced the style's architectural treatment, both in
terms of construction and decoration.

Religion
- There is no more striking phenomenon in history than the rise of Christianity, which
spread so quickly that it was spread throughout the entire civilized world in a very short
period of time.
- The use of the oriental dome as a religious symbol became its distinguishing feature.

Climatic
 - They used flat roofs with small openings in hot weather areas and shelter arcades
surrounded by open courtyards.

Characteristics of Byzantine Architecture

Domes: Most Byzantine churches and buildings have vaults, pendentives, and columns to
support large domes in the center of their structure. To keep the domes sturdy and stable, these
structures would interlock in an octagon shape. Apses, or half-domes, would frequently sit just
above the altar of churches, while the central dome of the structure would rise far above.

Greek cross plans: Architects designed the floor plans for Byzantine churches in the shape of
a cross to reflect their Orthodox Christian heritage. The church's narthex (or entrance) began
with a long walkway forward over the cross-in-square plan, gradually giving way to a sideways-
stretching area near the pulpit. Many Latin churches adopted a similar strategy.

Iconography: Much of the Byzantine church architecture is decorated with early Christian art.
The interiors of these churches are adorned with frescoes, ivory carvings, and Byzantine
mosaics. Due to the fluctuating rise of iconoclastic officials in the ranks of the Eastern Orthodox
Church, Byzantine artists were forced to remove their work on occasion. Even today, people
value and venerate their depictions of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and other Christian symbols.

Structural details

Plan
- Byzantine churches are all distinguished by a large central square space covered with a
dome and supported by pendentives, as shown in figures J and K above. Short arms
extend from each side, forming a Greek cross, which, together with the narthex and side
galleries, makes the plan nearly square (Nos. 80, 84). The narthex was built inside the
main walls.

Walls
- These were frequently made of brick. Internally, all of the oriental love of magnificence
was developed, with marble casing and mosaic applied to the walls, resulting in a flat
treatment and lack of mouldings. Externally, the buildings were left relatively plain,
though the facade was occasionally broken up by alternate rows of stone and brick in a
variety of colors.

Openings
- Doors and windows are semicircular in shape (as mentioned above), but segmental and
horseshoe arched openings are occasionally seen.

Roofs
- The method of roofing these buildings was by a series of domes formed in brick, stone,
or concrete, with frequently no further external covering.

Columns
- These were taken from ancient structures in earlier buildings. which, because they were
not as plentiful in the East as they were in the vicinity of Rome, were quickly depleted;
thus, there was an incentive to design new ones.
Byzantine Architecture Famous Structures:

Hagia Sophia – Istanbul, Marmara, Turkey

The Hagia Sophia was built during the reign of Emperor Justinian the Great, one of the most
notable Byzantine rulers. This period is frequently regarded as the pinnacle of Byzantine history.
The most impressive aspect of this structure is that it was built in only 5 years and 10 months!
This is incredible, especially considering that 1000 years later, much smaller cathedrals in
Europe took 100s of years to build. Not only was the church built in record time, but it was also
the world's largest structure at the time of its completion.

Basilica of San Vitale – Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

The Basilica of San Vitale, like The Basilica of Saint'Apollinare Nuovo, is a Byzantine church in
Ravenna. The Byzantine Empire was at its peak in the middle of the sixth century, having
conquered parts of Italy, North Africa, and Spain under the rule of Justinian the Great. The
wealth and prosperity generated by these conquests aided in funding large-scale construction
projects throughout the Byzantine Empire. The Basilica of San Vitale is an excellent example of
a centrally planned church, which was a popular building type in Byzantine architecture.
Basilica Cistern – Istanbul, Turkey

This cistern, known as the Basilica Cistern because it is so close to an older basilica, is a
fantastic example of Byzantine infrastructure and urban planning. The enclosed space is truly
massive, holding 2,800,000 cubic feet of water, or the equivalent of 32 Olympic-sized swimming
pools. The cistern supplied water to a large portion of the city, including the emperor's royal
residence. There are 336 marble columns within the cistern, some of which are richly decorated
with column capitals, medusa heads, and ornate carvings. The Basilica Cistern is now open to
the public, and visitors can walk on elevated pathways that connect the vast network of
columns.
Ankara Castle – Ankara, Central Anatolia, Turkey

Ankara Castle is a large hilltop fortification in Ankara, Turkey's modern capital. Although the
exact date of construction is unknown, many historians believe it was during the reign of
Emperor Constans II. Ankara Castle is located in the heart of the old city, on a high point with
views of the entire city. The castle is a typical example of military construction from the period,
and it was built by the Byzantines to help secure their empire's eastern borders. Ankara Castle
is now a popular tourist attraction in the otherwise modern city of Ankara.
Monastery of Saint John the Theologian – Chora, Patmos, Greece

In the late 11th century, the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos granted the island of
Patmos to a group of monks. Those monks set about constructing a massive fortified
monastery. It is named after Saint John of Patmos, who is credited with writing several books in
the Bible. The building's living spaces are completely surrounded by defensive walls that tower
over the town below. The Monastery of Saint John the Theologian is still in operation today, and
it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999.
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