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THE CUSHITE; OR, THE CHILDREN OE HAM, (the negro

race.) AS SEEN BY THE ANCIENT HISTORIANS AND POETS. A PAPER
READ BY REV. RUFUS L. PERRY (Editor of The National Monitor.)
before THE BROOKLYN LITERARY UNION, WITH AN INTRODUCTION
BY T. McCANTS STEWART, Esq., OF THE NEW TORE BAR. Formerly
Pro/, of MaO^mkut i»tke iouik £^ra$**££qir Agricultural CtHtgt.
PUBLISHED BY THE LITERARY UNION. 1887.
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lt\\tsk 0 Copyright, 1886, By RUFL'S L. PERRY,

 INTRODUCTION. THE great historian Rawlinson says : " For
the last three thousand years the world has been mainly indebted
for its advancement to the Semitic and Indo-European races ; but it
was otherwise in the first ages. Egyptand Babylon, Mizraim and
Nimrod — both descendants of Ham — led the way, and acted as
the pioneexs-o4U»a**ktrrci"in the~~various untrodden fields of art,
literature, and science. Alphabetic writing, astronony, history,
chronology, architecture, plastic art, sculpture, navigation,
agriculture, textile industry, seem all to have had their origin in one
or other of these two countries."* An able writer in the Princeton
Review (July, 1878), gives this testimony: "The Ethiopian race, from
whom the modern Negro or African stock are undoubtedly
descended, can claim as early a history * * * * as any living people
on the face of the earth. History, as well as the monumental
discoveries, gives them a place in ancient history as far back as
Egypt herself; if not further." Other authorities cojdd be cited to
show that the Negro's ancient ancestry lci£ .tht.*way,'.and acted as
the pioneers of mankind in the varices uutrodd&} fields of civilization
; but we have fixed a; reasonable',. limit for these .words of
introduction. • |; "-... ; •'. ="; «.■ We find no differente jof opinion
among scholars as to the leadership in civilization of the ancient
Ethiopians and * Five Great Monarchies, vol. i. p. 75.
 IV ItfTRODUCTlOK. Egyptians ; but it is not unanimously
conceded that they were " Negroes of the Negro type " — that they
were ethnologically of the same stock from which the modern
aborigines of the Nile, the Soudan, the Niger, and the Congo have 1
descended. There are many Africo- Americans even who do not
believe, that the ancient inhabitants of the Nilotic and Nigritian
regions of Africa were the direct ancestors of the slaves who for
centuries were exported from the West Coast of Africa. Millions of
Caucasians throughout the world hold the same opinion, and loudly
proclaim and vigorously defend it in private conversation, in public
speech, and in published writing. But, it seems to me, that these
people read history, philology, and ethnology with their prejudices.
vlt is indisputable, that some of the descendants ofJMoah were
known as black people, even in the earliest ages. Biblical scholars
tell us, that the etymological signification of the word Ham is,
swarthy ; and that Ethiopian, the name applied to a descendant of
the swarthy Ham by the Greeks, means black, burnt. So much for
the color of the ancient ancestry of the modern Negro. This question
has been ably argued by Dr. Delaney.* The hair of the African Negro
is different from that of the other races. It is usually described as "
woolly." He has inherited his hair. It has descended to him from the
ancient people whom Herodotus, " th$ father of history," saw and
described three thousand years ago as a people with " hair more
curly than that of any other people — they are black in complexion
and woolly haired." -*=The hair and [Link] distinguish ■*$$;
jdifferent species_of mankind. Now, in hair a^nd" color, £he ancient
inhabitants of the Nile and the Niger, .[Link] g&>e. civilization to both
Greece andLRomeL were exacts [Link].-pf; th^Tnodern Ethiopian.
The ancients differ only in tnisjithat^'thQy represented
ajggat_ciyilization. Their descendants, though not universally, yet *
Origin of Races and Color.
 Introduction. v largely, represent to-dav^arba_rjsm__and
heathenism. And, because of this fact, it is difficult for men to
believe in the nobility of his ancestry. They forget that pushing down
into Southern Africa, and undergoing an entirely different change of
environment — air, climate, food, etc., the Ethiopian necessarily
altered his habits of thought and life. -^^Those who see no
connection between the degraded modern African and the noble
ancient Cushite or Ethiopian, forget that for centuries the Negro has
suffered from the cupidity of the other races, from the " league with
death and the covenant with hell " into which his zvhitc brother
entered against him. It does seem to be clear that the present
condition of Negro Africa is the direct result of climate, and more
especially of slavery and the slave traded But my limit is reached. I
must, therefore, put my final period. I can not do so, however,
without saying for the Literary Union, and for my colleagues on the
Board of Managers, Rev. W. H. Dickerson. and Prof. C. A. Dorsey,
that we make this puj^lkation-.-tc^correct_error, to confirm truth,
and _to_ stimulate race pride. *^he Negro's present racial condition
is not exceptional in the history of the world. Other races have been
slaves and have been degraded. White slaves were common in
Greece and Rome ; and Cicero says of the ancestors of the British,
and the white Americans, that a certain Roman military expedition
found no plunder in Britain but slaves who were too dull to learn.*;*
— History repeats itself. Here we have a contemptuous reference to
an unfortunate and degraded people somewhat similar to sentiments
which are held and expressed towards Africans and Africo-Americans
to-day. Remembering this fact, and seeing how wonderfully the
people of Britain have risen from the deepest depths to the highest
heights, let Negroes with the audacity of faith look forward to the
ad* " Neque ullam spem praedae nisi ex mancipii, ex quibus nnllos
puto te litteris aut niusicis eniditos exspectare." — Cicero to Atticus,
Lib. iv. 16.
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vi Introduction. vancement of the colored people, who are

a permanent part of the American population, and to the day when
regenerated Africa shall again take her place among the foremost
continents and people. Now, " The CUSHITE," so ably and learnedly
presented in the following pages by a Negro scholar, who has given
years to the study of the subject, will prove invaluable to those who
desire to know, " %vhat is truth ? " And more ; it will aid in the
development of a nobler manhood, because of the information which
it imparts, and because of the enthusiasm which it will arouse. T.
McCants Stewart, President of the Brooklyn Literary Unio?i. 8 1
Adelphi Street.
 THE CUSHITE. " The earth is the Lord's and the fulness
thereof ; the world, and they that dwell therein ; for he hath
founded it upon the seas and established it upon the floods," and
"hath made of one blood all nations of men." — Psa. xxiv. I, 2. Acts
xvii. 2, 6. This is a theological axiom whose truth cannot be disputed
without impious assumption. Yet, like Joseph's coat, the peoples of
the earth are of many colors, and various ethnological types.
Naturalists and ethnographers divide men into certain classes
improperly called " races." " Cuvier," says Webster, gives " three
races ; Pritchard, seven ; Agassiz, eight ; Pickering, eleven ; and
Blumenbach, .five," as given in our school books. This scientific
moonshine is made the basis of claims directly antagonistic to the
Christian doctrine of the oneness and brotherhood of the human
family. The most favored race, claiming a difference of origin from
that of the least favored, would fly off at a tangent from every truth
in the science of anthropology that points to man as a unit.
Forgetting the transient nature of the life, and the checkered history
of nations, who, while ruling, are overruled and made to reap just
what they sow, the most favored_race_of men preach ^about their
own superiorltyt--tilLjfinally they believe_ their own lie.. Then they
piously incorporate it in their religion, and put it in their schoolbooks
to be imbibed by their children ; and they tax their highest artistic
skill to make a pleasing pictorial illustration of themselves, and an
 8 The Cusiiite. abominable^ caricature^ of the people
whomJiLey ffiould roh and debase. Thus Nimrod* started out a
mighty hunter and hunted men as well as beasts. The Arabian
Hycsos drove men before them as the shepherd drives his sheep, till
routed and put to flight by the then invincible Ethiopians. Then
Sesostris came up out of Egypt with legions of black warriors and
marched through the most powerful kingdoms of Asia and Europe,
crushing every tiling before him wherever he marched. Then
Cambyses, taking up the sword of Cyrus the Great, went out among
the nations, and returning, laid them at the feet of Persia as national
trophies. Next came the Grecian empire and then the Roman
empire, the one made eminent in territorial acquisitions by the
sword of Alexander the Great, and the other by the sword of Caius
Julius Caesar, but not till Scipio had gotten Hannibal and Carthage
out of the way. In these latter days, European and Asiatic powers
are so nearly equal in arms, that they are held in check through fear
of national disaster ; while the defenceless Indian and Negro of
America are here and there driven to the wall and tauntingly told
that they are naturally inferior, and that subordination is their normal
condition. This provokes the thoughtful Negro to look back to his
remote progenitor and follow up the line of his lineage in the hope of
finding something of ancestral greatness with which to repel this
goading taunt and kindle in his breast a decent flame of pride of
race. Hence this paper on the Cushite. — -> The primary divisions of
men made by nature's color-line are three, — the white, the black
and the yellow, — having for their respective ancestral heads,
Japheth, Ham and Shem, the three sons of ancient Noah. It was
1656 years after the Creation recorded in the book * Nimrod " is
identical with the Orion of Greek mythology, the mighty hunter (and
also king), commemorated by the constellation of that name." —
Gmartt on Genesis x. 9.
 The Cushite. 9 of Genesis, and 2348 years before Christ,
according to commonly received chronolgy, that there was a great
flood which destroyed everybody but Noah and his wife and his
three sons and their wives, in all just eight persons. The world was
re-peopled by these as we find it to-day, having now about
1,450,000,000 souls, scattered like the fishes of the sea, and the
birds of the air, and the beasts of the forest over every quarter of
the globe. Now go back to Noah's ark and trace the Cushite up to
the Christian era, where the necessary limit of time *vi1! compel us
for the present to leave him, for another occasion, and perhaps an
abler pen. > Ham had four sans, as shown in the ethnic table of the
tenth chapter of Genesis. This chapter has 32 verses, 30 of which
constitute a genealogical record of Shem, Ham and Japheth. Japheth
is disposed of in just four verses, and Shem in eleven, while Ham,
the great head of the black or_ Cushite races, takes up fifteen
verses, or as many as _ Shem and Japheth put together. This is a
remarkable fact, and the Hamitic branches of the human family are
kept in conspicuous view throughout all the subsequent periods of
Bible history. ^ The four sons of Ham were CUSH, MlZRAIM", Phut
and Canaan. These and their immediate descendants were the
founders of ^reat \egro_or Cushite nations^Jtraces of whose names
and extraordinary- deeds, exist even unto this day, notwithstanding
the millions of this race who, we must confess, like millions of
whites, never rose above the condition of savages. 3 The term
"Cushite" comes directly from Cush (&0) whose sons were Nimrod,
Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, and Raamah^who begat Sheba, Dedan, and
Sabtecha. Nimrod founded the city of Babylon and the Babylonian
empire. ^ Cush and his son Seba are the ancestral heads of
theJTushites of .south-western Arabia,, Abyssinia and of Nubia,
whjck
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-'^ Co ce 10 The Cl shite. was originally called Seba by the

Hebrews, (Isa. xliii. 3,) and Memo by the Greeks and Romans.
MlZRAIM was the first to settle in Eg^pt, which land was called "
Mizraim " and " thejand of Ham," (Isa. xix. 1 ; Psa. cv. 23, 27; cvi.
21, 22.) Mizraim is the Hebrew dual, and may signify " the two
Egypts," upper and lower Egypt. -^ Mizraim had six sons, — Ludim,
Anamim, Lehabim or Lubim, Naphtuhim, Pathrusim - and
Casluhim+; out of whom came Phillistim and Caphtorim, inhabitants
of the island of Cyprus, These names appear in the Old Testament
and some of them in the literature of the Greeks and the Romans, as
the heads of Cushite nations or tribes. - - PlIUT went into north-
western Africa, after stupping awhile with his brother Mizraim, and
there founded the empire of the Mauritanians or the Moors.
CANAAN, the fourth son o{ Ham, begat the original inhabitants of
Palestine called Caj^aajnles, and was the progenitor of the
Sidonians, afterwards called Phoenicians, and of the Hittites, the
Jebusites, the Amorites, the Girgasites, the Hivites, the Arkites, the
Sinites, the Arvadites, the Zemarites, and the Hamathites. Now all
these, an account-Of whom is given in the Scriptures, belonged to
the Harnitic race, and the American_Qishite or Negro of to-day may i
daimJthemjLS^ The descendants of Shapi spread themselves over
Asia, those of^Ham_over_Africa, and of lapheth over Europe. From
these fountain heads we may trace three great and distinctly marked
streams of peoples, reaching to this time through ji period of 4.2 34
years : and presenting us, from the earliest ages of written history, a
white Europe, a black Africa, and a yellow Asia. — ~z> In the race
of life, the Cushite led the, van for nearly fjffeen- - centuries ; and
the great theatres in which he played the best, * The people of
Pathros in Upper Egypt. Jer. xl'iv. 1-15. f The Cushites of Egypt, from
whom it is thought the Cofctoios descended.
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The Cushite. ii the regions of his noblest deeds and highest

grandeur, were Egypt and Ethiopia. But the enemies of the_Negro
mairt^ tain that the distinguished Ethiopians and Egyptians of such
frequent and favorabJe_nriention in both sacred and profane historv,
\vexe_jaoJ— black-men. They ingeniously explain the black man
away and cunningly substitute some other race. They seemingly
forget that ancient language is a constructive tale-bearer ; that its
roots are etymological indices twinkling like the fixed stars to light up
the pathway of the scholar engaged in historic research. The word "
Ethiopian " is derived from two Greek words, nfativ and
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*2 The Cushite. Cushites, who were they ? None of the

white nations of their day claimed Jhem asjheir ancestral kindred ;
and from the name of their country Misraim and . " the land of .
Ham," (nn-p8o£s
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The Cushite. 13 eiai iia\ ovXnrpixss-)* and secondly,

because they, the Egy^tia^is_^n^_th^_Ethiopianvare the only-
penple who from time immemorial have practiced circumcision (ii.
104). Now if Herodotus tells us that he saw both the Colchians and
the Egyptians, and that both were black and curlyhaired, and
observed alike certain religious rites, indicating that they were
descendedfrom a common_stock, who can deny it ? Who will say
that the " father of history " tells a deliberate falsehood ?
Commenting on this passage in Herodotus, Volney says that " the_
ancient Egyptians were the_sam.e_species_\vith all t he_nations of
Africa. ' ' Speaking again of a priestess, as a black dove, said to have
been stolen from Thebes by Phoenicians and sold into Greece,
Herodotus says that in " saying that the dove was black, they show
that the woman was an Egyptian." f Then /Eschylus, treating on the
flight of the Daiiaides from EgyptJo__Argos, alludes to the
crew_of_an__EgYptian bark, as seen from an elevation on shore,
and says that "the sailors^ may be seen conspicuous with their
black_ limbs-_proJtnuding out of theirwhite garments.." % Then
Ammianus Marcellinus says (xxii. 16, 23) : " Homines Egypti
pLurnmque sitbfusculi stint ct atrati;" — that the Egyptians are
commor\\y_b rozun a.nd_b/ac£. Egypt, says classic story, was so-
called by the Greeks after "^gyptus, son of Belus and brother of
Danaus. He was given a portion of Arabia by Belus, who ruled on
both sides ot the Red Sea, while Danaus was given Libya. /Egyptus,
instead of crossing over into Arabia, conquered the land of * ''
uiAjriyxpooS '' is frequently translated "swarthy,' but in Schrevel's
lexicon, {Grsco-Latinum et Latino-Graecuni) it is defined as "qui nigri
coloris est," — that which is of a black color. t uckaivar 6i XiyoYrt.%
tivau ztjv asXeidSa, 6t(uaLvov6i on Myvnrirf 4 yvrif rpr. (ii. 57.) t
*pex»v6i 5y arSpeS vifot ti£\ayxtfJLOl
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14 The Cushite. die " black-footed race,"

{litkaviTofttov^Melampodcs), and gave it his name " jEgyptus," that
is Egypt. * Then M. Lame Fleury, a French historian, speaking of the
primitive Egyptians, the gods, the shepherd kings or priests, and the
monuments of Egypt under so many distinct heads, says that the
first Jnhabitants, _the Mizraimites of course, were few and grossly
ignorant, but that a black— people ( peuple jioir) who claimed to_be
descended from Ham, came along down the Nile from Ethiopia and
founded the city of Meroe and spread with rapidity over_all the
extent of Egypt. That they taught_Jhe Egyptians agriculture and
hieroglyphic writing : that Menes, a royal descendant of the priests
of Ethiopia, was their first king, and taught them the worship of the
sun and the moon as god and goddess, under the names of Osiris
and Isis. That among the ruins of the Egyptian temples of Thebes
and Memphis, there have been found men {mummies) of the priest-
caste, represented as being red withblue eyes (a mixed race) and
the Ediiopians with their black figure and curly hair. — (Les
Ethiopians avec tear figure noire ct Icur ckevciix erepus.f) Then in
that scholarly " Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature," edited by Dr. Kitto,
we are told (vol. I. p. 668) that " the traditions of the Egyptian
priesthood agree,, that the Ethiopians laid^_the ..foundation _ of,
the most _ancient_states__Q_f Egypt ; " that " there is even- reason
to conclude that the separate colonies of the priest-caste spread
from Meroe into Egypt ; and that the primeval monuments in
Ethiopia strongly confirm the native traditions reported by Diodorus
Siculus, that the worship of Ammon and Osiris origjnated_irLMeroe,
and thus render highly probable the opinion that commerce— and-
civilization, science and art, descended into Egy^Jlfronx?
iuj3ia_and__d^^ of the Nile.":}: * Vide sE^vptuj et Danaus, Ant lion
s Ciass. Did. //>. 34 ft 41 1. t V ilistoirt: Ancuimr, pp. 2,. 4^7, 16,
22. ParLs, lS6c. - X Vi«lc Hctud, ii. 15, aiul Turners Notes thereon, p.
96. .-'••>
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The Cushite. t$ Writing on the " influence of Meroe on

Egyptian civilization," Dr. Charles Anthon, after giving ten distinct
and strong reasons for the opinion that the Egyptians were indebted
to the Cushites__oiLEthiopia for their civilization, quoting authorities
to support each argument, says : " From this body of evidence then,
we come to the conclusion that the same race which ruled in
Ethiopia and Meroe, spread themselves by colonies, in the first
instance, to Upper Egypt ; that these latter colonies, in consequence
of their great prosperity, became in turn the parents of others; and
as i'a all this they followed the course of the river, there gradually
became founded a succession of colonies in the valley of the Nile."*
" Everything," says this author, " seems to favor tiie supposition that
Meroe gave religion and the arts of civilized life to the valley 01 the
Nile." Now, if these Ethiopians who thus spread themselves over
l-.^ypt were black men. as doubtless the}- were, they certainly aid
not get "white by colonizing Egypt. God has so fixed it that " our
brother in black " cannot capriciously change hims« if into a brother
in white; and to tins ethnic fixedness oi;r very soul exclaims, "Amen
! " Speaking of an Egyptian youth Lucian says that besides
j>cing_^lblack,'' hejsj' also thick-lipped " and " very slender>
egged/' + Kenrick, author of " Ancient Egypt under the t'haraoks"
quotes this passage from Luciau (vol. I. p. 82, in- 1 *>ays : " This is
the nearest approach to the negro peculiarities that we find in any
description." But what nearer '.pproach is needed ? If the curly hair
be wanting that had •••en added by Herodotus and others centuries
before the time that Lucian resided in Egypt. Then Josephus says : "
The children of Ham possessed the •■tad from Syria to Amanus and
the mountains of Libanus, ■* :v-ing upon all that was on its sea
coasts, and aa far as the **.:.i«. I rift. pp. S3 1 -32. f-'if tfttXoit . -S,
15, ed. Bipcnit.
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1 6 The Cushite. ocean, and keeping it as their own ; " that

" of the four sons of Ham, time has not at all hurt the name of CUSH
; for the Ethiopians over whom he reigned, are even at this day,
both by themselves and by all men in Asia, called Cushitcs; " that
the memory also of the Mesraites is preserved in their own name;
for all we who inhabit the country (of Judea) call Egypt Mestre and
the Egyptians, Mestrcans"* Speaking of the Nile as "one of the
wonders of the globe," Rev. Dr. Michael Russell says : '■' This gift
has been the source of subsistence to several powerful nations, who
have established and overthrown mighty kingdoms, and have
originated the arts, the learning, and the refinement of the greater
part of the ancient world. Those nations — instructors and pupils—
have perished; but the remains of their stupendous labors, the
pyramids and the temples of Egypt, Nubia, Dongola, and Meroe," are
more than sufficient to excite respect for the people who founded
them."| Commenting on the " manners and customs of the
Egyptians," Rollin says: "As all descended from Cham, (Ham) their
common father, the memory of their still recent origin occurring to
the minds of all those first ages, established among them a kind of
equality, and stamped, in their opinion, a nobility on every person
derived from the common stock."* Mr. Samuel B. Schieffelin of New
York, author of " The Foundations of History, a Series of First
Things," says of the " descendants of Ham :" § "The Ethiopians, or
Cushites, were the descendants of Cush, the eldest son of Ham.
They first settled in a district called Cushistan, south of Babylon and
west of Persia ; afterwards they extended into Arabia, and thence
into Abyssinia south of Egypt. The wife of Moses was-an
Ethiopian_or_Cushite of Arabia. " Some think that Phut, another son
of Ham, removed to * Aiitiq. B. i. chap. 6, sec. 2. Ed. Winston, 1848.
t Nubia and Abyssinia, p. 38/ liarp.r, 1833. \ Anc. Hist., vol. i. part 2,
chap. 5, p. 56. Vide item, p. 56, sub. Kingi of Egypt. \ Third Edition,
p. 138.
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The Cushite. i; India, and became the father of the famous

sect of Buddha ; he himself being the divine Buddha. " The
descendants of Ham early took the lead in arms, in architecture, and
in the priesthood of the nations that forsook God. They not only
established their religious system in Assyria, India, and Africa, but
extended it jnjo Greece, antLi n t r_.[Link] th e_r e 1 i gi o n . .
and_the priesthao d -QJLthe Druids , which once prevailed over the
north of Europe and in the British Isles. As pries_ts_ajid__warriors,
the children of Ham thus became the early nobility or highest caste
in all those . countries. " Ham is still preserved by the inhabitants of
one of the largest continents on die earth.'* Another argument,
almost conclusive in itself of the priority of the Cushite in the
development of civilization, is deduced from the theogony of ancient
nations. "It appears," says Dr^^Anthon, {Class. Diet. p. 944) "not
improbable, that the worship, of Osiris was introduced inta__Eg,ypt.
in common with the arts and sciences from the Ethiopian ._Meroe.
We learn from Herodotus (ii. 29) that Ammon and Osiris were , the
national deities of Meroe, and we are toid by IliQ_do_rn^ (uT~J)
that Osiris led_a colony ofJE^ip^ians_into Egypt. " According to the
accounts of Diodorus and Plutarch, Osiris, after civilizing Egypt,
concluded, from philanthropise motives it seems, to visit other
nations. He placed Isis, his l^'sister and spouse, over the
government, appointed Hermes a fW.i.
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iS The Cushite. Zeus with the Ethiopian 'Ammbn, or

Haramon, worshipped at Meroc, Thebes, Egypt,* and by the
Ammonians occupying an oasis in the desert regions of Lybia.- ,
This, certainly, is testimony enough to prove to any unprejudiced
mind, that the ancient Egyptians were Cushites or Negroes, as that
term is now used, and that those Egyptians derived their first
civilization from the Cushites of Ethiopia. During the reign of the
shepherd kings, called HjcsoSy and during the enslavement of the
Hebrews, the Egyptians got. no doubt, a little amalgamated ; but the
major indigenous, could not be absorbed by the minor exotic. It
wns_ nojL_liIl Egypt jwas^ subjugated_by_Carnbyscs, 525 B. C, that
there was any very extensive admixture of Egyptian and Ethiopian
blood with that of_the_Shemitic and Japhetic races. Mcnes, the first
king of Egypt, began to reign, according to the more probable
reckoning, about 2ij$S_B. C. Herodotus, Manetho, Eusebius and,
indeed, all other historians, agree that Menes was the fjrstjdng. His
dynasty continued till 2048 B. C, when_ the .H^csos. invaded the
country and ruled iL-223_yearsv or till i825„B. C, when they were
driven out by the Ethiopian Cushites, who with the native Egyptians,
ruled till subjugated by Cambyses. Jacob and his family went into
Egypt in 1706 B. C, and remained there 2*5 years, the slaves of the
Cushites, being led away from "the tabernacles of Ham" (Ps. lxxviii.
51), by Moses in 1491 B. C. The Persians held
EgypJ:Jirom_5^jo_3jj_R_C., 194 years, when AJex^der_Jie__Great
subjugated the country to the Macedonians or the Grecian Empire.
On the death of Alexander, the Ptolemies became the masters of
Egypt beginning with Soteiyjone of his generals^325, andLending
with Cleopatra, 30 years before Christ, when Augustus Caesar made
it a Roman province, and it was thus held till subdued * Plutarch, de
is- et Os. p. 354; item Herod, ii. 50, 54; L46.
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The Cr shite. 19 bv Amrou, the general of Omar, the Calif of

the Saracens, A. D76jp. Thus it appears that from the time of
Menes, 2188 B. C, to the Christian era, the Hycsos,* the Hebrews,
the Persians, the Greeks and the Romans, sons of Shem and
Japheth, spent about a thousand years (963) in Egypt There was a
continuous going and coming of Arabians, near and remote, for the
purposes of traffic. Those and these, byjnlermarA riage with the
Egyptian and_^thipm^aj^_Ois}ir^ gejiej^aleil a \ mixed
pej2pj£j^n^vvn_as-J^Goprrti-Li-o^-t Copts " in Egypt, and as "
Moors " where they were before called Libyans. """ ,-— -""Egyptian
archaeology_and_Jiiitoiy_liave been transmuted, ! completely
revolutionized, within the past century by authors I who wrote- m.
the, Jntere^tjjof_the_-C3ucas4a-n. Though compelled to admit that
the ancient Egyptian was sufficiently dark to be called a Cushite or
an Ethiopian, yet they still denied that he was a Negro. This is
mendacious subterfuge ; for when forced to tell what they mean by
thejterrn "negro^l they select thejowestand blackest type of the
lowest_tribe on the west coast of Africa, and ask you to behold the
amazing difference in physiognomy^ between him and the highly
cultured E gyptia n o T"~ant i quit}', whose color, hair, and features,
they say, were the same as that of the m* cegenated CopL The
time-serving minister proclaimed Negro slavery a divine institution.
That opened the way for the pro-slavery naturalist and ethnographer
to publish to the world the damnable social heresy of Negro
inferiority; and this paved the. •. way for that diabolical dictum of
our ante-bellum judiciary, that the " Negro has no rights that a white
man is boundjp .resgect" It has been shown that the Egyptians were
indebted totheir Cushite brethren of Ethiopia for their learning and
their religion. These two peoples are set forth in iustoryas * Sons
duuk thai the Hycsos, or Hjckaos, w«re of Hamjtic origin* .; ; — • ,
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20 The Cushite. superior in science, art and national

greatness to contemporaneous nations springing from Shem and
Japheth. Herodotus says (ii. 1 14) that Ethiopia " abounds with gold
and ebony and men that excel all others _in_ statu re, in beauty,
and in length of. lifeJThe merchandise of__th_e Ethiopians was also
great Isaiah alludes to it (xlv. 14) and Kitto's Cylopsedia says (voL i.
p. 374) that "Meroe, from its_geographical position, became one of
the richest countries upon_earth/' and that " the merchandise and
wealth of Ethiopia were the theme of the poets of both Palestine and
Greece." Then the prophets, Jeremiah, EgekieLand Nahum, all make
striking allusions to a Cushite city called " No," the "Thebes" and "
Diospolis" of the Greek and Latin classics (Jer. xlvi. 25 ; Ezek. xxx. 14
; Nah. iii. S, 9). Nahum calls it " prosperous No," whose " rampart
was the sea," and says " that Ethiopia and Egypt wcie her strength
and it was infinite." Then Homer, the father of poetry, as Herodotus
is of history, calls it "The world's £reat empress un :hc Egyptian
plain, That spreads her conquest- o"er a thousand state* And pours
her heroes through a hundred yates." —Pope. Jeremiah (xlvi. 9)
speaks of the Ethiopians, the Libyans and the Lydidtis, — all Cushites
or Negroes, living west of Egypt, — as " mighty men that handle the
shield and bend the bow; " and in_the time of Homer,
these_..C_ushiles wgre ". sidered __the— noble&t_an.cL_best of
men. They were of the highesj_c_elebrity, and are__rcp_rgsented as
entertaining_the gpjisu. When Acliilles calls upon Thetis, his goddess
mother, to have Agamemnon punished for the wrong he had done
him, Thetis tells him that "The sire of gods and all tb' etherial train,
On the limits of the farthest main, Now mix with mortals, nor disdain
to grace The feats of Ethiopia's blameless race." — fcpe.
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The Cushite. 2! The character of the Cushitcs is again

shown by a message sent by an Ethiopian king t<> Cambyses, who
had sent spies to him with presents. The spies delivered the
presents and told the king that Cambyses wished to become his
friend and ally. Aware that they were spies, says Herodotus, (iii. ij —
22), the Ethiopian king replied: " Hie king of Persia has not sent you
with these presents from any desire of obtaining my alliance : you
do not speak the truth. To promote die unjust schemes of you
master, you have come to examine the state of my dominions,
Cambyses is not a just man, else he would not wish for another's
territory, nor reduce to servitude people who have done him no
harm. However, give him this bow and tell him that the king of the
Ethiopians sends this counsel to the king of the Persians : " ' When
the Persians can bend a bow of this size as easily as I do, then with
greater numbers to make war on the macrobian Ethiopians ; but
until then, let him thank the gods that the sons of the Ethiopians
have not been inspired with an ambition to add another land to their
own.' " No other power on the face of the earth at that time could
thus defy the king of Persia. Enraged by this message, Cambyses
collected his forces and inarched for Ethiopia; but his expedition was
a miserable failure, and lie returned with a remnant of his army, a
wiser, not a better man. Now, in the time of Solomon, or Rehoboam,
his son and successor, 970 B. C, we find Egypt under an Ethiopian
dynasty with Shishak on the throne, and able to march with 1,200
chariots and 70,000 horsemen against Rehoboam, and in the
interest of Jeroboam who had divided Israel. Shishak is the
Scsonchis of profane history. "The people were without number,"
says the the inspired record, " that came with him out of Egypt, the
Lubims, the Sukkiims, and the Ethiopians." (1 Kings xxv. 26; 2
Chron. xii. 29) These "Lubims,'' "Sukkiims" and "Ethiopians" were
three distinct states, all being Cushites or African Negroes. Thirty
years later, (941 B. C), Zerah, another Ethiopian king \
 n The Cushite. of Egypt, invaded Judea with a thousand
thousand black soldiers and three hundred chariots. (2 Chron. xiv.
9.) Certainly it was a strong nation that could send out at one time
such an army as this. Two hundred and fourteen years later (727 B.
C), when Hezekiah was king of Judah and Hosea of Israel, we meet
with two more Ethiopian kings, one being of remarkable prowess.
They are So and tirhakah. So was king of Egypt, and Hosea, who
was the last king of Israel, secured his help against the Assyrians
under their king Shalmaneser. (2 Kings xvii. 4.) Then Tirhakah, an
Ethiopian king of Egypt, was a general in no way inferior to
Alexander, or Washington, or Napoleon, or Ulysses S. Grant. He was
a second Sesostris. He came out in the days of Hezekiah against
Sennacherib, who was making war upon Judah. That Tirhakah " was
a very potent monarch," says Kitto {Cyclo. vol. ii. p. 870), " is
evident from his defeat of Sennaccherib, as well as from the
monuments he has left in Egypt and Ethiopia, and his maintenance
of the Egyptian possessions in Asia; and although Strabo may have
exaggerated his power when he affirms that he extended his
conquests like Sesostris into Europe, yet his authority is of use, as it
leads to the conclusion that Tirhakah ruled in Lower as well as Upper
Egypt" In the days ^>f Zedekiah, the last king of Judah, we find
Ebed-melech, an Ethiopian eunuch, having so much influence with
the king, that he could defend the good old prophet Jeremiah and
save him from a horrible death by starvation in a miserable dungeon.
(Jer. xxxviii. 7, et seq.) From the days of the Hycsos to Terhakah,
with whose death the last Ethiopian dynasty of Egypt came to an
end, and during which period Egypt and Ethiopia reached
thehhighest grandeur, there are found Ethiopian or Cushite cities and
kings and queens and generals equal to any others foundin the
history of nations.
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The Cu shite. 23 Besides the great generals Sesostris,

Shishak,* Zerah, and Terhakah, there is Memnon, the Ethiopian
general who distkv'uishted himself and his race in the Trojan war.
Hear ■Ioiner sing his praise : •• Thy cheeks, [Link] up, the tears
bedew, ■. While pictur'd on thy mind appeared in view Thy martial
brother: oif the Phrygian plain Extended pale, by swarthy Memnon
slain!" Again: " Time would mil should I in order tell \Vh;it foes were
vanqui>h'd. and what numbers fell : How, lost thro' [Link]
was slain, And round him bled his bold Cetoean train. To Troy no
hero came of nobler line, Or if nobler, Memnon, it was thine.'' t Now
hear Virgil (s£u. i. 488) : " Se quoque prineipibus permixtum rignovtt
Achivis, Eousquc acics,J el nigri Mcmnonis anna." •' Himself he saw
ainklsf the Grecian train, . Mix'd in the bloody battle on the plain :
And swarthy Memnon in his arms he knew, His pompous ensigns,
and his Indian crew." Again {Ain. i. 749) : " Nee lion et vario noc-
tem sermone [Link] Infelix Dido, longumque bibebat amorem,
Multa super I'riamo mgitans. super Hectare multa ; Nunc, quihus
Aurora; venisset filius armis." $ " TV unhappy queen with talk
prolonged the night, And drank large draughts oi love with vast
delight; Of 1'iiani much inquired, of Hector more: Then ask'd what
arms swarthy Memnon -wore. What troops he landed on the Trojan
shoie." — DryJat. Though slain by Achilles, Memnon is so embalmed
in * Some think that Sesostris and Shishak are one and the same. f
Od. iv. 253, ,t ,\i. 633. --Pop?, London; New ed- 1801. • •" foaique
acies " means Ethiopians, sometimes called Indians; " usque colwnis
amnis (the Nile) devexus ab Indis," Geog. iv. 293. % Aurora: filius,
son of Aurora. Memnon was said to be the son of Aurora *«d
Tithonus, which of course, is poetic fable.
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-24 The Cushite. verse and prose by Homer, Hesiod, Virgil

and others, that his name will be familiar in classical circles for
centuries yet to come.* All that part of Africa embracing and
bordering on the territory of Carthage called Libya, was at this time
full of distinguished Negroes, or aboriginal Cushites who freely
intermingled with the Tyrian colonists. In connection with this same
story of Virgil of the royal entertainment which Dido, the founder of
Carthage, gave to iEneas, mention is made of African lords in
general, and of Iarbas and Iopas in particular ; both of whom were
African kings and suitors of .^ido. Iarbas was king of the " extremi"
mentioned in Virgil's Ecloga (viii. 44), the " Garamantes" then
supposed to be the most southern nation in Africa. Dido did not
return the love of Iarbas as she had vowed never again to marry ;
but she irresistibly fell in love with iEneas, and asked her sister Anna
what she should do about it She receives this reply (.-En. iv. 36) : '*
Est a : acgram nulli quondam Jlex^re mar it i ; Nan Libycr, non ante
Tiro ; Jespcctus la'rjba»t Duetarrsqtte alii, quos Africa terra triwnphis
Dives alii : placitone ttiiim [Link] awori ? ' ' Dryden thus translates
: " I grant that while your sorrows yet were green, It well became a
woman and a queen The vows of Tyrian princes to neglect, To scorn
Iarbas, and his love reject, With all the Libyan lords of mighty name
: Bat will you tight against a pleasing flame ? " Then at the feast
given by Dido in honor of /Ene.^s and his comrades, Iopas appeared
with his golden ha» j and showed not only his knowledge of vocal
and instrumental music, but also his great knowledge of astronomy
and of natural science in general. Hear Virgil again (.'En^ h 740) : *
lies. The«g. 986.
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The Cushite. 25 " Post, alii proceres. Cithara criniras Iopas

Personat aurata, docuit quae maximus Atlas. Hie canit errantem
lunam, solisque labores; Unde hominum genus, et pecudes; unde
imber, et ignes; Arcturum, pluviasque Hyadas, geminosque Triones;
Quid tantum oceano properent se tingere soles Hiberni, vel quce
tardis mora uoctibus obstet. Ingeminant plausu Tyrii, Troesque
sequuntur." " The goblet goes around : Iopas brought His golden
lyre, and sung what ancient Atlas taught — The various labors of the
vvajid'ring moon, And whence proceed tli' eclipses ot" the sun ; TV
original of men and leasts ; and whence The rains arise, and fires
their warmth dispense, And fix'd and erring stars dispose their
influence ; • What shakes the solid earth ; what cause delays The
summer nights, and shortens winter days. With peals of shouts the
Tyrians praise the song : Tho>e peals are echo'd by the Trojan
throng. " —Drvden. Herodotus tells us that the priests of Egypt read
to him from a book the names of 330 kings of Egypt, and one
queen; and that among them were eighteen Ethiopians. The name
of the queen was Nitocris.* By the term " Ethiopians " in this
passage, Herodotus does not mean that the other kings were not of
the Hamitic race, but simply Cushites of Ethiopia in contradistinction
to Cushites of Egypt ; for though this Nitocris is called a native (yvvrj
eyriXcjpbj,) she was of the blood royal of Ethiopia,+ and was a
queen no v .ys inferior to Victoria except in Christian character. By f
careful study of ancient 'literature and archaeology. the^Jor^al
conclusion reached__is that die ancient Cushites were th • world's
magnates_and_the world's schoolmasters. £? Those of Ethjopja
Jtaught art, science, and theology to the Egyptians, and the
Egyptians taught the Eastern nations and the Greeks and the,
Romans^ Even Moses, in writing the * Herod, ii. ioo. t HeereH,
Idsen, Vol. iL pt. I, p. 412. Vide Anthon's Class. Diet p. goo.
 26 The Cushite. Pentateuch, employed the knowledge of
sacred things and human rights which he had gained among the
Cushites of Africa, and perhaps from Tharbis, his Ethiopian wife.
Inspiration did not educate Moses, any more that it educates God's
ministers of to-day ; it merely illuminated and sanctified what he had
learned in the land of Ham ; for he was learned in all the wisdom of
the Mestreans or Egyptians* under an Ethiopian dynasty.* The
intellectual sun of the Ethiopians had nearly reached its zenith,
before that of Greece and Rome had risen above the horizon. This is
witnessed by Heercn, who says that the Ethiopians were " one of die
most celebrated and mysterious of nations ; " that " when the
Greeks scarcely knew Italy and Sicily by name, the Ethiopians were
celebrated in the verses of their poets," as " the remotest nation, the
most just of men," to whom the lofty " inhabitants of Olympus
journey * * and partake of their feasts." f Pliny says {Hist. Nat., vi.
35) that Ethiopia " was powerful and illustrious as far back as the
Trojan war, when Meranon reigned." Yes, and Pliny might have gone
far back behind the Trojan war, which was in the days of Jephthah,
the ninth Judge of Israel, about 1 188 years before Christ, and about
436 years before the building of Rome. Heeren sa)-s 1% " In
proportion as we ascend into die primeval ages, the closer seems
the connection between Egypt and Ethiopia. The Hebrew poets
seldom mention the former without the latter: the inhabitants of
both are drawn as commercial nations. When Isaiah celebrates the
victories of Cyrus, their submission is spoken of as his most
magnificent reward (Isa. xlv. 14). When Jeremiah extols the great
victory of Nebuchadnezzar over Pharaoh-nechoh, near Carchemish,
the Ethiopians are allied to the Egyptians (Jer. xlvi. 9). When * Acts
vii. 22. f Historical Researches, Lihr. i. v. 22. X Amcuvtt Nations of
Africa, toI. i. p. 289, et ua.