CHAPTER III:

RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH 2
Emmanuel Paciano M. Mabulay
CHAPTER III:
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
– This chapter covers the methods of the research, the
variety of procedures made, and the entire preparation
of the study.
Research methodology is written with 2 purposes in
mind:
1. Replicate
2. Evaluate
CHAPTER III:
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this section, the researcher writes each sub-section
concisely yet completely to provide enough detail for a
competent reader to replicate the study and reproduce
the results.
This section also ensures that the study has undergone
scientific process and that the tools utilized in the study
are valid and reliable.
CHAPTER III should include
the following:
 Research Design
 Research Setting
 Research Subjects
 Research Ethics
 Research Instruments
 Validation of Instruments
 Data Gathering Procedure
 Statistical Treatment
RESEARCH DESIGN

– Discusses the approach (qualitative/quantitative) and

design (phenomenology, experimental, descriptive,
etc.) use in the study.
– In this part, the reason(s) why the design was chosen
must be justified.
– Identification of the independent and dependent
variables are also included on this chapter.
RESEARCH SETTING

– Description of the geographical characteristic of the

place of study
– State the reasons why the specific locale was chosen
– In special cases, anonymity must always be observed
RESEARCH SUBJECTS

– Description of the demographic characteristics of the

participants in the study

– Explanation of the population and sampling procedures

should also be discussed:
• Number of respondents
• Profile of the respondents
• Sampling technique used
SAMPLING

Sampling – process of selecting the sample or a portion

of the population
Population – consists of all the members of the group
about which the researchers want to draw a conclusion.
Sample – a portion or part of the population of interest
selected for analysis; subset of the population elements
 REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE – one whose characteristics
closely approximate those of the population
SAMPLING

Determining The Optimal Number Of Sample:

Slovin’s Formula – used to calculate the sample size

given the population size
SLOVIN’S FORMULA:

where: n = sample size

N = population size
e = margin of error

Margin of error - an amount (usually small) that is

allowed for in case of miscalculation or change of
circumstances
SAMPLING

– The bigger the sample, the better and this is because of

the sampling error.
– Sampling error occurs if the selection of the sample
does not take place in the way that it was planned.
– Sampling error can result in the over-representation or
under-representation of some segment of the
population.
– Sampling error depends on the size of the sample.
 SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
NON-PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY or
or
RANDOM
NON-RANDOM

SIMPLE
CONVENIENCE
RANDOM
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SYSTEMATIC
PURPOSIVE
RANDOM
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
STRATIFIED
QUOTA
RANDOM
SAMPLING
SAMPLING

SNOWBALL CLUSTER
SAMPLING SAMPLING
NON-PROBABILITY or NON- PROBABILITY or RANDOM
RANDOM SAMPLING SAMPLING

There is a form of bias in the There is random selection of

selection of sample. sample.

There is no assurance that each Each element in the population

element in the population has has the same equal chance of
the same equal chance of being being selected as a sample.
selected as a sample.
There is no assurance that each There is greater representation in
unit in the population is properly each unit in the population.
represented.
The findings are limited to the The findings can be generalized to
sample. the population.
Types of Non-Probability
Sampling
1. Convenience sampling – selection of the samples
based on the convenience of the researcher.
- also called as the accidental sampling
EX: Stopping people in the street to conduct an
interview or to administer a survey questionnaire.
2. Purposive sampling – the selection of the sample is
based on the selective judgment of the researcher.
- also called as judgmental sampling
 - there is a criteria set by the researchers that is
relevant to the topic under study
- Disadvantage: researcher’s judgment may be in
error.
EX: The HR director interviews only those qualified
candidates (based on the initial interviewer’s judgment)
for the final interview.
Types of Non-Probability
Sampling
3. Quota sampling – the researcher identifies population
sections or strata and decides how many participants are
required from each section.
- usually, the stratification is based on variables
relevant to the study.
- allows better representation of the population
EX: A researcher conducts a study about the
academic performance of SHS students. He uses quota
sampling technique to make sure there is equal number
of students coming from all academic strands.
Types of Non-Probability
Sampling
4. Snowball sampling – a technique wherein initial sample
members are asked to refer other people who meet the
criteria required by the researcher.
- based on the assumption that people who share
the same traits or experiences know each other.
- useful for subjects who are hard to find
EX: A researcher asks his first participant to refer
other businessman who also earns at least 3 million per
year.
Types of Probability
Sampling

1. Simple random sampling – most basic probability

sampling technique.
- selection of sample is purely based on chance and
each member of the population has equal chance of being
selected as a sample.
EX: Fishbowl technique
Types of Probability
Sampling

2. Systematic sampling - a process of selecting the kth

element in the population until the desired number of
samples is attained.
- the researchers set the sample size (n); the size of
the population is known (N); then through dividing N by
n, the sampling interval width (k) is determined.
SAMPLING INTERVAL – standard distance between
element chosen for the sample.
 EX: The researcher sets 100 as the sample size from
a population of 2,000 students found on the student
directory:
K = 2,000 ÷ 100
K = 20
In other words, every 20th student from the list
would be sampled.
Types of Probability
Sampling
3. Stratified sampling – the population is divided into
subgroups or strata. After the stratification, an
appropriate number of elements are selected from each
stratum randomly.

EX: Supposed that you are studying about the self-

confidence of Grade 11 students from all of the academic
strands in OLFU-QC and you want to obtain a total
number of 300 as samples.
ACADEMIC POPULATION PERCENTAGE SAMPLE SIZE
STRAND (N) (n):
Percentage × target
sample
STEM 1,000 50% 150

ABM 600 30% 90

HUMSS 300 15% 45

GAS 100 5% 15

TOTAL: N = 2,000 100% n = 300

Types of Probability
Sampling

4. Cluster sampling – is a method of selecting cluster from

a population that is large and widely dispersed over a
wide geographical area.
- also known as multi-stage sampling
- the resulting design is described in terms of the
number of sampling stages (three-stage cluster sampling)
 EX: If we want to conduct a survey about the
opinion of Manila regarding the war on drugs campaign,
we may use the cluster sampling by:
1. Subdividing Manila into districts then select at random
the number of district to be included;
2. From the chosen districts, choose particular barangays
to be part of the samples.
LET’S TEST YOUR
KNOWLEDGE!

DIRECTION:
Identify which sampling technique was used on
the given situations.
LET’S TEST YOUR
KNOWLEDGE!

The population of the government is divided

according to their departments and then several
are selected from each department to answer
the survey forms.
LET’S TEST YOUR
KNOWLEDGE!

ANSWER: STRATIFIED SAMPLING

LET’S TEST YOUR
KNOWLEDGE!

The professor conducted a graded recitation in

her class. She instructed her students to write
their names on a piece of paper and collects it.
She then put it into a box wherein she picks a
paper one at a time and asks the person (whose
name is written on that paper) a question.
LET’S TEST YOUR
KNOWLEDGE!

ANSWER: SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

LET’S TEST YOUR
KNOWLEDGE!

The researcher only included her close friends to

be included in the study since they are available
anytime given that they are classmates.
LET’S TEST YOUR
KNOWLEDGE!

ANSWER: CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

LET’S TEST YOUR
KNOWLEDGE!

A group of students is studying about teenage

pregnancy. They started conducting interview to
a subject they know and after that, they asked
the initial subject if she knows other people who
are also a product of teenage pregnancy.
LET’S TEST YOUR
KNOWLEDGE!

ANSWER: SNOWBALL SAMPLING

LET’S TEST YOUR
KNOWLEDGE!

A professor wants to choose a particular number

of her students to be representatives for the
speech choir and role-play contest. She decided
to include every 5th student from her class
master list to be the first group(speech choir)
while every 10th student to make up the second
group (role-play).
LET’S TEST YOUR
KNOWLEDGE!

ANSWER: SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

RESEARCH ETHICS

– This is the section where the researcher can attest that

the study was conducted with consideration to the
rights of the human subjects they will involve in the
study.
– Ethical principles observed in the study and how it was
maintained (ex: ethical board reviews, permissions on
animal usage, etc.)should be enumerated.
Research Ethical
Considerations:
1. Intellectual property – a work or invention that is the
result of creativity to which one has rights and for which
one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc.
2. Informed-consent – ensures that the individuals involved
are voluntarily participating.
3. Respect for confidentiality and privacy – security measures
used to protect information divulged by the respondents.
– Maintaining Anonymity means that the researchers do
not collect identifying information such as name, address,
email address, etc.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

– Each questionnaire used in the study must be described in

detail here:
• Number and types of questionnaires used;
• Number of items;
• Whether the instruments is borrowed or self-made (for
borrowed instruments, permission must be obtained);
– If equipment/tools were used, clear description of the
materials should be given. Modification and/or construction
of equipment specific for the study must be carefully
described in detail.
VALIDATION OF
INSTRUMENTS
– Reliability and validity of the instruments used should
also be explained.
 RELIABILITY – consistency of the test/instruments
 VALIDITY – accuracy of the test/instruments; states if the
tests measures what it intends to measure
– For borrowed test instruments, reliability and validity
testing of the questionnaire should be included.
– For self-made test instruments, explain how did it
undergo validity checking.
DATA GATHERING
PROCEDURE

– The step-by-step process must be explained

comprehensively by the researchers.
– For studies where subjects are exposed to a certain
intervention (usually in experiments), the intervention
must be described in detail.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT

– This pertains to the statistical formula used in the study

in order to analyzed the data being gathered.

– Statistical treatment used for particular variables and

the purpose of this statistical measures should also be
discussed.
Standard Statistical
Treatment
 Percentage formula:
𝐟
𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐏 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐧

Where: f = frequency
n = sample size
Standard Statistical
Treatment
 Mean formula:
σX
ഥ =
Mean X
n

Where: 𝑋ത = sample mean (read as “X bar”)

X = the value of any particular observations
σ 𝑋 = sum of all Xs
n = total number of values in the sample
Different Statistical
Treatments:
z-test
t-test (Paired sample and Independent sample)
Spearman rank correlation (Spearman’s rho)
Pearson product-moment correlation (Pearson’s r)
Chi-square test
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
PEARSON’S R

 Pearson product-moment correlation (Pearson’ r)

-statistical treatment to measure the degree of
relationship between variables.
Pearson’s r:
𝑵 σ 𝑿𝒀 − (σ 𝑿)(σ 𝒀)
𝒓=
[𝑵(σ 𝑿𝟐 ) − (σ 𝑿)𝟐 ][𝑵(σ 𝒀𝟐 ) − (σ 𝒀)𝟐 ]

Where: r = Pearson r,
X and Y = paired raw scores, and
N = number of pairs of X and Y scores
𝒓 𝑵−𝟐
𝒕=
𝟏 − 𝒓𝟐
Where: t = t test for correlation coefficient
r = correlation coefficient
N = number of paired samples