Boolean Algebra

9/15/09 - L5 Boolean Algebra Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 1

Class 5 outline
 Boolean Algebra
 Basic Boolean Equations
 Multiple Level Logic Representation
 Basic Identities
 Algebraic Manipulation
 Complements and Duals

 Material from section 2-2 of text

9/15/09 - L5 Boolean Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 2

Algebra
History
 George Boole
 2 November 1815 Lincoln Lincolnshire, England
– 8 December 1864 Ballintemple, Ireland
 Professor at Queens College, Cork, Ireland
 “spring of 1847 that he put his ideas into the
pamphlet called Mathematical Analysis of
Logic.” from wikipedia.com

9/15/09 - L5 Boolean Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 3

Algebra
Basic Boolean Equations
 For the basic gates/functions
 AND
 Z=AB
 X=CDE 3 input gate
 Y=FGHK 4 input gate
 OR
 Z=A+B
 Y=F+G+H+K 4 input gate
 NOT
 Z=A
 Y = (F G H K) actually 2 level logic
9/15/09 - L5 Boolean Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 4
Algebra
2 Level Logic
 Consider the following logic equation
 Z(A,B,C,D) = A B + C D
 The Z(A,B,C,D) means that the output is a
function of the four variables within the ().
 The AB and CD are terms of the expression.
 This form of representing the function is an
algebraic expression.
 For this function to be True, either both A AND
B are True OR both C AND D are True.
9/15/09 - L5 Boolean Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 5
Algebra
Truth table expression
 Just like we had the
truth tables for the
basic functions, we can
also construct truth
tables for any function.

9/15/09 - L5 Boolean Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 6

Algebra
Examples of Boolean Equations
 Some examples
 F = AB + CD + BD’
 Y = CD + A’B’
 SUM = AB + A Cin + B Cin
 P = A0A1A2A3A4B0B1B2B3B4 + …

 Equations can be very complex

 Usually desire a minimal expression
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Algebra
Basic Identities of Boolean Algebra
 1. X + 0 = X  2. X · 1 = X

 3. X + 1 = 1  4. X · 0 = 0
 5. X + X = X  6. X · X = X

9/15/09 - L5 Boolean Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 8

Algebra
Basic Identities (2)
 7. X + X’ = 1  8. X · X’ = 0

 9. (X’)’ = X

9/15/09 - L5 Boolean Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 9

Algebra
Basic Properties (Laws)
 Commutative  Commutative
 10. X + Y = Y + X  11. X · Y = Y · X
 Associative  Associative
 12. X+(Y+Z)=(X+Y)+Z  13. X(YZ) = (XY)Z
 Distributive  Distributive
 14. X(Y+Z) =XY+XZ  15. X+YZ=(X+Y)(X+Z)
 AND distributes over  OR distributes over
OR AND

9/15/09 - L5 Boolean Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 10

Algebra
Basic Properties (2)
 DeMorgan’s Theorem
 Very important in simplifying equations
 16. (X + Y)’ = X’ · Y’
 17. (XY)’ = X’ + Y’

9/15/09 - L5 Boolean Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 11

Algebra
Simplify, simplify
 These properties (Laws and Theorems) can be used to
simplify equations to their simplest form.
 Simplify F=X’YZ+X’YZ’+XZ

9/15/09 - L5 Boolean Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 12

Algebra
Affect on implementation
 F = X’YZ + X’YZ’ + XZ

 Reduces to F = X’Y + XZ

9/15/09 - L5 Boolean Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 13

Algebra
Other examples
 Examples from the text
 1. X + XY = X·1 + XY = X(1+Y) = X·1 = X
 Use 2 14 3 2
 2. XY+XY’ = X(Y + Y’) = X·1 = X
 Use 14 7 2
 3. X+X’Y = (X+X’)(X+Y) = 1· (X+Y) = X+Y
 Use 15 7 2

9/15/09 - L5 Boolean Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 14

Algebra
Further Examples
 Examples from the text
 4. X· (X+Y)=X·X+X·Y=
X+XY=X(1+Y)=X·1=X
 Use 14 6 14 3 2
 5. (X+Y) ·(X+Y’)=XX+XY’+XY+YY’=
 X+XY’+XY+0=X(1+Y’+Y)=X·1=X
 by a slightly different reduction
 6. X(X’+Y) = XX’+XY = 0 + XY = XY
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Algebra
Consensus Theorem
 The Theorem gives us the relationship
 XY + X’Z + YZ = XY + X’Z

 Proof is on page 47.

 Note that in doing the reduction the first step is to
and in a 1 to the YZ term. That 1 is in the form,
(X+X’).

9/15/09 - L5 Boolean Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 16

Algebra
Application of Consensus Theorem
 Consider (page 47 of text)
 (A+B)(A’+C) = AA’ + AC + A’B + BC
 = AC + A’B + BC
 = AC + A’B

9/15/09 - L5 Boolean Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 17

Algebra
Complement of a function
 In real implementation sometimes the
complement of a function is needed.
 Have F=X’YZ’+X’Y’Z

9/15/09 - L5 Boolean Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 18

Algebra
Duals
 What is meant by the dual of a function?
 The dual of a function is obtained by
interchanging OR and AND operations and
replacing 1s and 0s with 0s and 1s.
 Shortcut to getting function complement
 Starting with the equation on the previous slide
 Generate the dual F=(X’+Y+Z’)(X’+Y’+Z)
 Complement each literal to get:
 F’=(X+Y’+Z)(X+Y+Z’)
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Algebra
Getting XILINX software
 Go to www.xilinx.com
 In the upper line you have
 Sign in Language Documentation Downloads
 Choose Downloads
 On the right side of the page you will see
 “Logic design tools”
 Choose ISE WebPackTM

9/15/09 - L5 Boolean Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 20

Algebra
Class 5 assignment
 Covered section 2-2
 Problems for hand in
 2-7
 Problems for practice
 2-2a,b,c 2-6b,c,d

 Reading for next class: section 2-3

9/15/09 - L5 Boolean Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 21
Algebra