Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa
Chapter 10
Protists
Zoologists recognize between 7-45 Phlya of Protists This group is Polyphyletictraced to separate ancestors Some are plant-like Some are animal-like
Figure 11.01
Protozoa:
Are complete organisms in which all life activities are carried on within a single plasma membrane. Unicellular Eukaryotic
Maintaining Homeostasis
Pellicle- arrangement of microtubules that underlies the plasma membrane Rigid to give shape Flexible See figure 8.3
Maintaining Homeostasis
Cytoplasm has 2 regions Ectoplasm- just beneath pellicle, clear and firm Endoplasm- granular and fluid, inner cytoplasm See figure 8.3
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Protozoan Protist Fig. 8.3
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W. D. Russell-Hunter, A Life of Invertebrates, 1979.
Maintaining Homeostasis
Freshwater protozoa must regulate water because of osmosis. Contractile vacuoles or water expulsion vacuoles- remove excess water
Maintaining Homeostasis
Cytopharynx- ingest food in a specialized region(analogous mouth) Food vacuoles-digest and transport food Cytopyge- specialized region to release waste
Maintaining Homeostasis
Large surface area to volume ratio Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Excretion of nitrogenous by products All happens by diffusion
Reproduction
Both asexual and sexual reproduction can occur. But most do mainly asexual.
Types of Asexual Reproduction
Binary fission Mitosis produces 2 new nuclei Cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis) Longitudinal or transverse. 2 new organisms that are identical.
One is the loneliest number. . . Unless you can do
Binary Fission
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Binary fission
Types of Asexual Reproduction Budding New individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones. Offspring may either detach from the parent or remain joined forming colonies.
Types of Asexual Reproduction
Multiple fission or schizogony Large number of daughter cells from the division of a single protozoan Many multiple mitotic nuclear divisions Cytoplasm divides, multiple new cells
Multiple fission or schizogony
Symbiotic Lifestyle
Many protozoa have symbiotic lifestyles. Symbiosis- intimate association between two organisms. Three types: parasitism, commensalism, mutualism
Symbiotic Lifestyle
Parasitism- one organism lives in or on a second organism, called a host
Parasitism
Definitive host-sexual stages of the parasite Intermediate host-when sexual stages produce offspring, enter this host, reproduce asexually. Many protozoa are parasites
Symbiotic Lifestyle
Commensalism- one organism benefits and second is neither benefited or harmed.
Symbiotic Lifestyle
Mutualism-both organisms benefit.
Taxonomy
Protozoologists: zoologists who specialize in the study of protozoa Found out that Protista Kingdom to diverse to put into one Kingdom Many protist phylum have been elevated to kingdom status
4 Major Categories of Protozoa
Flagellated Protozoa Amoeboid Protozoa The Coccidea The Ciliates
Flagellated Protozoa
Possess one to many flagella used for locomotion. Produce whip-like or helical movements Push or pulls protozoan through aquatic medium
Flagellated Protozoa
Both Flagella and Cilia ( both used for locomotion) share a common ultrastructure.
Flagellated Protozoa
9 doublets (pairs) of microtubules arranged in a ring In center of the ring 2 single microtubules. Anchored in the cell by a basal body (centriole)
Flagellated Protozoa The 9 + 2 arrangement
Flagellated Protozoa
Many phyla represented All possess pellicle for shape Two major groups:
Phytoflagellated Zooflagellated
Phytoflagellate
Possess chlorophyll Produce large portion of food in marine food webs Oxygen in aquatic habitats come from them
Phytoflagellate
Dinoflagellates (dino= whirling)
Marine and freshwater phytoplankton Transverse groove 1-2 flagellamakes them whirl or spin One trailing flagella pushes organism forward
Phytoflagellate
Dinoflagellates (dino= whirling)
Phytoflagellate
Dinoflagellates (dino= whirling)
Blooms (explosive population growth) can cause red tide Blooms appear brownish red or pinkish orange b/c of presence of carotenoids Toxins produced by some can cause massive kills of invertebrates and fish
This massive red tide of the dinoflagellate Noctiluca stretched for more than 20 miles along the southern California coast. Non-toxic blooms such as these can cause extensive mortalities of plants and animals in shallow waters when the bloom biomass decays, stripping oxygen from the water. (P. Franks)
Phytoflagellate
Dinoflagellates
Some can be bioluminescent Organisms feed on them, the light attracts fishes that eat those predators
On the island of Vieques off the coast of Puerto Rico, Mosquito Bay s dinoflagellates
Making angels wings by sweeping her arms, Mosquito Bay tour guide Sharon Grasso lights up the surface of the water
Kayaking on the bay on the bay
Phytoflagellate
Euglena
Freshwater protozoa Chloroplast If cultured in dark feed by absorption and lose green color
Phytoflagellate
Euglena
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Structure of Euglena Fig. 8.7
Subphylum Mastigophora (cl. Phytomastigophora)
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Zooflagellate
Lack chloroplast Heterotrophic Some are parasites of humans
Zooflagellate
Trypanosomes brucei Parasite that causes African sleeping sickness
Zooflagellate
Trypanosomes brucei Tsetse flies are the intermediate hosts
Trypanosomes brucei life cycle
Tsetse fly bites an infected human Trypanosomes multiply asexually in gut of fly Trypanosomes migrate to salivary glands transform thru number of body forms Tsetse fly bites human, parasite in blood and multiplies asexually and transform thru number of body forms again
Trypanosomes brucei life cycle
In human, parasite can live in blood, lymph, spleen, central nervous system, and cerebrospinal fluid If the parasite travels to the central nervous system this causes mental dullness, lack of coordination, sleepiness.
Trypanosomes brucei life cycle
Zooflagellate
Trypanosomes cruzi Parasite that causes Chagas disease
Carlos Chagas
Zooflagellate
Trypanosomes cruzi Kissing bugs are the intermediate hosts
Zooflagellate
Trypanosomes cruzi are shed in the feces of the bug and are inoculated into the human host by scratching infected feces into skin abrasions usually caused by the bug in the process of feeding (blood-sucking).
The feeding Kissing Bug
Amoeboid Protozoa
Move by Pseudopodia- temporary cell extensions usually of the ectoplasm and endoplasm for feeding and moving
Pseudopodia
Types: 1. Lobopodia: broad extensions used for locomotion and engulfing food 2. Filopodia: provide constant two-way streaming that delivers food in a conveyor belt fashion 3. Reticulopodia: similar to filopodia, except they extend out and form net-like series of extensions 4. Axopodia: thin, filamentous and supported by a central axis of microtubules
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Variations in Pseudopodia Fig. 8.10
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Pseudopodia
Amoeboid Protozoa
Most familiar amoebozoans are Rhizopodans Naked- no test (shell) Live in shallow freshwater
The AMOEBA
Amoeboid Protozoa
Feed on other protists and bacteria by Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
Amoeboid Protozoa
Binary fission occurs
Amoeboid Protozoa
Entamoeba histolytica Causes dysentery in humans Inflammation of lower intestinal tract Debilitating diarrhea Needs no intermediate host
The Coccidea
Phylum Apicomplexa All parasites No cilia or flagella (except in reproductive stages) Apical Complex for penetrating host cells
The Coccidea
Phylum Apicomplexa Life cycles typically asexual (schizogony, sporogony) some sexual (gametogony) phases
APICOMPLEXA
The Coccidea
Plasmodium Causes malaria (4 different species) Has devastated mores armies than has actual combat Over 100 million humans annually contract the disease, 2 million die each year
Plasmodium Life cycle
Involves vertebrate (us) and mosquito host
Life cycle of malaria
Plasmodium has two hosts: mosquitoes and humans. Sexual reproduction takes place in the mosquito and the parasite is transmitted to humans when the mosquito takes a blood meal
Life cycle of malaria: humans
The mosquito injects Plasmodium into a human in the form of sporozoites. The sporozoites first invade liver cells and asexually reproduce to produce huge numbers of merozoites which spread to red blood cells where more merozoites are produced through more asexual reproduction.
Life cycle of malaria: humans
Some parasites transform into sexually reproducing gametocytes and these if ingested by a mosquito continue the cycle.
Life cycle of malaria: mosquitoes
Gametocytes ingested by a mosquito combine in the mosquitos stomach to produce zygotes. These zygotes develop into motile elongated ookinites.
Life cycle of malaria: mosquitoes
The ookinites invade the mosquitos midgut wall where they ultimately produce sporozoites, which make their way to the salivary glands where they can be injected into a new human host.
Malaria Life cycle
Malaria caused by Plasmodium
The Coccidea
Cryptosporidium Causes chronic diarrhea and the only known protozoan to resist chlorination Transmitted through water, food, animal-to-human and human-tohuman contact
The Coccidea
Cryptosporidium
The Coccidea
Toxoplasma Cat only host with sexual stage sheds from intestinal tract Mode of transmission : fecal oral from cat or oral (raw meat)
Toxoplasma
Once infection occurs most develop an effective immunity If a woman is infected near time of pregnancy or during, congenital toxoplasmosis may develop in the fetus Major cause of stillbirths and spontaneous abortions
The Ciliates
Complex protozoan Fresh and marine environments All have 9 +2 cilia for locomotion and generation of feeding currents
Locomotion: cilia
Cilia are generally similar to flagella but are much shorter, more numerous and widely distributed over the surface of the organism Trichocysts: used for protection, rodlike or oval structures that can be discharged and stuck to predators
Trichocysts
Phylum Ciliophora:
Other Characteristics: 1. Relatively rigid pellicle and more or less fixed shape 2. Distinct cytostome (mouth) structure 3. Dimorphic nuclei, typically larger macronuclei and one more smaller micronuclei
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Ciliate (Paramecium) Fig. 8.17b
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Ciliophora
Nutrition:
some ciliates possess an oral groove cilia sweep food particles down this groove toward the cytopharynx where a food vacuole forms some ciliates even possess a cytopyge which is used to remove waste from the organism
Genetic Control and Reproduction
One Macronucleus- regulates daily metabolic activites One or more Micronuclei- genetic reserve of the cell
Genetic Control and Reproduction
Can reproduce asexually by transverse binary fission or budding Or some can reproduce sexually by conjugation
Conjugation:
1. Random contact brings individuals of opposite mating types together (called conjugants) 2. Meiosis results in four haploid pronuclei 3. Three pronuclei and the macronucleus degenerate. Mitosis and mutual exchange of pronuclei is followed by fusion of the pronuclei. 4. Conjugants separate. Nuclear divisions that restore nuclear characteristics of species follow. Cytoplasmic divisions may accompany these events
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Conjugation in Paramecium Fig. 8.21
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Symbiotic Ciliates
Some are mutualistic by inhabiting the rumen of many hoofed animals Balantidium coli is a parasitic ciliate that lives in the large intestine of humans, pigs, and other mammals.
EOC Figure
The End
