Embedded Processor
Design
This presentation explores the selection and design of processors for
embedded systems. We'll cover processor types, architectures, IC
construction, and power management. The goal is to understand how
different processors are chosen and optimized for specific embedded
applications.
by [Link] Rahman Chowdhury
Key Questions in Processor Selection
Processing Power Trade-offs Hardware-Software Co-
design
How much processing power is needed What are the trade-offs between
for the embedded system? Consider the flexibility, performance, and cost? Processor design involves optimizing
computational requirements, from Flexible processors may sacrifice software to work efficiently with the
simple sensors to complex IoT devices. performance or increase cost, and vice hardware, a critical aspect of embedded
versa. systems.
Processor Design Choices
General Purpose Application-Specific
Processors (GPPs) Instruction Set
Processors (ASIPs)
Standard processors (e.g., Intel
CPUs) used in varied Processors with custom
applications. Good for instruction sets for specific
prototyping or multi-purpose tasks (e.g., signal processing).
devices but may not be optimal Balances flexibility and
for speed. performance for niche
applications.
Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs)
Fully custom hardware for one task (e.g., a video decoder chip). Offers
top performance but lacks adaptability.
Processor Architecture - Datapath
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
Performs arithmetic (addition, subtraction) and logic operations (AND, OR).
Multiplexers (Muxes)
Selects between multiple inputs (e.g., choosing data sources).
Registers
Temporary storage for data during processing.
Processor Architecture -
Controller
Microprogram Hardwired
Controlled Controlled
Uses a small program Uses fixed circuits—faster
(microcode) to define but less adaptable.
instructions—flexible but
slower.
The controller executes the fetch-decode-execute cycle (fetching
instructions, interpreting them, and running them). It acts as the “brain”
coordinating the datapath, ensuring instructions are processed correctly.
Integrated Circuits (ICs) - Custom vs. Semi-
Custom
Full Custom ICs Semi-Custom ICs
All layers optimized, designed from scratch for peak Partially built lower layers, pre-made bases reduce design time
performance. Expensive due to design and manufacturing (e.g., gate arrays, standard cells).
effort (High NRE cost).
ICs are built in layers—transistors form gates, gates connect into circuits. Feature Size is the Smallest line width (e.g., submicron),
affecting speed and power.
Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)
PLAs FPGAs
1
Arrays of programmable AND/OR Flexible blocks of logic (e.g., Xilinx) for
gates for simple logic. 2 complex designs.
PLDs are pre-built circuits that can be programmed post-manufacture. Advantages include fast prototyping and ability to update
designs without new hardware.
Design Trends in Embedded Systems
Design and simulate on GPPs
1 Test ideas on flexible platforms.
Implement on semi-custom ICs
2 Speed up market entry.
Refine based on experience
3 Improve based on real-world use.
Start with older tech (e.g., 0.2 micron) for proven and stable performance. Move to newer tech (e.g., 0.08 micron) to shrink size and
boost speed over time. Refine based on experience and transition to custom design to optimize fully for production.
Power and Energy in
Processor Design
P
Power
Affects hardware (e.g., power supply size, cooling needs).
E
Energy
Determines battery life in portable devices.
E=∫P dt (Energy is the integral of power over time). Efficient code and memory use
reduce both P and E. Power considerations are critical for embedded systems.
Dynamic Power Management
Processor
1 Adapts its power state.
Power Supply
2 Provides variable voltage/current.
Adjust power dynamically based on workload (e.g., sleep modes). Goal is to minimize waste while maintaining performance. Gated
clocks (turning off unused sections) save power. Clocks drive timing and consume significant power.
