A Study of Presupposition Triggers Used in the

Editorials of the New York Times Newspaper

1
May Moe Kabyar Maung
II-ME-8
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Aim and Objectives
1.2. Research Questions
1.3. Scope of the Study
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Presupposition
2.1.1. Presupposition Triggers
2.1.2. Types of Presupposition
2.2. Editorial
2.2.1. Classification of Editorials
2.3. Previous Studies
2
Contents (Cont.)
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Source of Data
3.2. Criteria for Selecting Samples
3.3. Research Method and Procedures
4.Data Analysis
4.1. Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in Editorials of the New York
Times
4.2. Analysis of Presupposition Types in Editorials of the New York Times
5. Findings and Discussion
6. Conclusion
References
3
1. INTRODUCTION
Most of the studies on the newspaper focus on
• service information texts
• news texts

Newspaper Editorials
 are essential tools
 formulate explicit opinions
 have argumentative structures (Van Dijk, 1988)

"To make sense of an editorial text, it is necessary to understand the

background assumptions or beliefs shared by the newspaper editors."
(Bekalu, 2006)
4
1. INTRODUCTION

- presupposition in news discourse as a linguistic phenomenon

- the semantic and pragmatic presuppositions of the newspaper editorial

- students’ linguistic knowledge in the field of pragmatics

- media discourse (newspaper editorials) as a teaching device

5
1.1. Aim and Objectives
Aim
To analyze the editorials of the New York Times Newspaper in terms
of presupposition triggers proposed by Levinson (1983) and presupposition types
proposed by Yule (1996)

Objectives

1. To identify the kinds of presupposition triggers used in the editorials of the New
York Times

2. To observe the types of presupposition used in the editorials

3. To analyze how the most frequent use of presupposition trigger reflects the idea
of the editorial writer
6
1.2. Research Questions

1. What kinds of presupposition triggers are used in the editorials of the

New York Times?
2. What types of presupposition are used in the editorials?

3. How does the most frequently used presupposition trigger reflect the
idea of the editorial writer?

7
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Presupposition
Yule (1996) defined presupposition as

- something the speaker takes for granted before making an utterance

- a relationship between two propositions

Mg Mg’s dog is cute. (=p)

Mg Mg has a dog. (= q)
p>>q

8
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Presupposition

Pragmatic Presupposition
- non-linguistic in nature
- context in which the utterance or proposition has been used

Semantic Presupposition
- Linguistic
- Context-free
- Encoded and Decoded from the use of words and special structures

9
2. 1.1. Presupposition Triggers
1.Definite descriptions

2. Factive verbs

3. Implicative verbs

4. Change of state verbs

5. Iterative items

6. Verbs of judging

7. Temporal clauses

8. Cleft sentences

9. Implicit clefts with stressed constituents

10. Comparisons and Contrast

11. Non-restrictive relative clauses

12. Questions
Levinson (1983)
13. Counter-factual conditionals 10
2.1.1. Presupposition Triggers
Trigger Meaning Proposition Presupposition

Definite a singular noun phrase with the John saw/ didn’t saw the There exists a man with
description definite article 'the' man with two heads. two heads.

possessive nouns and pronouns

Proper descriptions

Factive verb presupposes the truth of its Bill regrets that Sheila is Sheila is no longer
complement sentence no longer young. young.

know, regret, forget, remember,

discover, find out, notice,
observe, acknowledge,
admit , confess, etc..,

11
2.1.1. Presupposition Triggers (Cont.)
Trigger Meaning Proposition Presupposition

Implicative verb conveys a presupposition that

ascertains whether the event John didn’t remember John didn’t lock his door.
expressed in the complement to lock his door
happened

manage, remember (to),

bother, get, care, dare, fail,
neglect, forget (to), venture,
etc. .,

Change of State Verb aspectual verb

John stopped/ didn’t John had been beating
begin, continue, finish, take, stop his wife.
leave, enter, come, go, and beating his wife.
arrive

12
2.1.1. Presupposition Triggers (Cont.)
Trigger Meaning Proposition Presupposition

Iterative item presupposes the existence of a The flying saucer came/ The flying saucer came
previous state of affair didn’t come again. before.

again, anymore, return,

another time, restore, repeat,
for the n-th time, etc.

Verb of judging is not attributed to the speaker,

so much as to the subject of the Agatha accused/ (Agatha thinks) plagiarism
verb of judging didn’t accuse is bad.
Ian of plagiarism.
blame, credit, praise, scold,
confess, apologize, forgive,
justify and excuse

13
2.1.1. Presupposition Triggers (Cont.)
Trigger Meaning Proposition Presupposition

Temporal Clause explains the situation that is Since Churchill died, Churchill died.
considered as backgrounded we've lacked/we haven’t
information lacked a leader.

before, when, while, since,

after, during, whenever, as

Cleft Construction It Cleft It was/ wasn’t Henry Someone kissed Rosie.

Wh- Cleft that kissed Rosie.

represents the most

important piece of
information.

14
2.1.1. Presupposition Triggers (Cont.)
Trigger Meaning Proposition Presupposition

can be triggered by Linguistics was/wasn’t Someone invented

Implicit Cleft with heavy stress on a invented by CHOMSKY! linguistics.
Stressed Constituent constituent

Comparison and presupposes the hidden

Contrast meaning Carol is/isn't a better
linguist than Barbara. Barbara is a linguist.
marked by stress, by
particles like too, back,
in return, or by
comparative
constructions

15
 2.1.1. Presupposition Triggers (Cont.)
Trigger Meaning Proposition Presupposition

Non-restrictive relative provide additional The Proto-Harrapans, The Proto-Harrapans

clause parenthetical information who flourished flourished 2800 -2650
2800-2650 B.C., B.C.
cannot be affected by the were/were not
negation of the main verb great temple builders.
outside the relative clause.

Question Yes/No questions Who is the professor of Someone is the

Alternative questions linguistics at MIT? professor of linguistics at
Wh- questions MIT.

16
 2.1.1. Presupposition Triggers (Cont.)

Trigger Meaning Proposition Presupposition

Counterfactual offers presupposition If Hannibal had only had Hannibal didn’t have
Conditional meaning which contrary twelve more elephants, twelve more elephants.
from the facts or the the Romance languages
opposite of what is true would/ would not
this day exist.

17
 2.1.2. Types of Presupposition
Type of Presupposition Example Presupposition

Existential The X >> X exists.

Factive I regret leaving. >> I left.

Non-factive He pretended to be happy. >> He wasn’t happy.

Lexical He managed to escape. >> He tried to escape.

Structural When did she die? >> She died.

Counter-factual If I weren’t ill,… >> I am ill.

(Yule, 1996)
18
 No Presupposition Triggers Types of Presupposition
(Levinson 1983) (Yule 1996)
1. Definite Descriptions Existential Presupposition

2. Factive Verbs Factive Presupposition

Implicative verbs
Change of State Verbs
3. Lexical Presupposition
Verbs of Judging
Iterative items

Cleft Constructions
Questions
Temporal Clauses
4. Structural Presupposition
Comparative Constructions
Non-restrictive relative clauses
Implicit Clefts with Stressed constituents

5. Non-factive verbs Non-factive Presupposition

6. Counterfactual Conditional Counterfactual Presupposition

Table 1 : The proposed model for the analysis of Presupposition in Selected Editorial Texts (Fitriani ,2016)
19
2.2. The Editorial
- presents facts and opinions in a concise, logical, and pleasing order

- plays a definitive role in the formation and altering of public opinion

- promotes social interaction among journalists, readers and the rest of participants

- influences social debate, deciding and other sorts of social and political action

- is the only place where the newspaper can state its own opinions and comments
on the current issues

20
2.2.1. Classification of Editorials

1. Criticism
2. Praise
3. Appeal
4. Entertainment
5. Interpretation
6. Endorsement

(Hall and Aimone, 2009)

21
2.2.1. Classification of Editorials
1. Criticism
- points out the weaknesses and errors of the situation
- makes suggestions for possible changes

2. Praise
- points out the merits of an idea or the superior qualities of a person
- includes endorsing someone else’s viewpoint

3. Appeal
- appeals the readers for support
- encourages the readers to take a specific, positive action
22
2.2.1. Classification of Editorials (Cont.)

4. Entertainment
- takes a serious subject
- develops it in a lighthearted way to avoid preachiness

5. Interpretation
- explains why something occurred
- contains fewer opinions than others

6. Endorsement
- endorses an idea, a concept, or a person

23
2.3. Previous Studies (1)
Title A Study of Presupposition Triggers in American and Chinese Newspaper Editorials

Researcher Song Zhi Min (2013)

Type of
Research Master’s thesis

Purpose To identify the linguistic features of presuppositions in newspaper editorials

Theory Thirteen presupposition triggers by Stephen C. Levinson (1983)

Materials 40 editorials of two American and two Chinese-English newspapers

Analyzing the presupposition triggers by using Levinson (1983) theory and AntConc Corpus
Method tool

24
2.3. Previous Studies (1) (Cont.)

American and Chinese-English newspaper editorials are similar in the frequency of

using presupposition triggers.
Findings
The most frequent uses of presupposition triggers are definite descriptions,
comparison and contrast.

Conclusion The presupposition triggers in newspaper editorials can make the text coherent and
concise, conceal the speaker or writer’s purpose and transfer sentential focus.

25
2.3. Previous Studies (2)
Title A Pragmatic Analysis of Presupposition in GENNDY TARTAKOVSKY’s HOTEL TRANSYLVANIA

Researcher Aditya (2014)

Type of Research Thesis for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in language and literature
To describe the types of presupposition used by the main characters in the movie

Purposes To interpret the implied meaning of the main characters’ utterances in the movie

Yule’s (1996) theory of presupposition

Theory Holmes’ (2000) theory of context

Materials Film record, Film script

Descriptive qualitative method

Method The triangulation method
Classifying and categorizing the data to find the inferences based on the theories

26
2.3. Previous Studies (2) (Cont.)
Existential Presupposition (12.5%)
Factive Presupposition (15%)
Non-factive Presupposition (5%)
Lexical Presupposition (20%)
Findings Structural Presupposition (20%)
Counter Factual Presupposition (27.5%).

The context
(1) the participants (2) the setting or social context of the interaction (3) the topic
of the conversation, and (4) the function of the conversation

Counterfactual presupposition
Conclusion
Context (an essential tool to figure out the implied meaning)

27
 2.3. Previous Studies (3)
Title Presupposition Triggers in Editorials of The Jakarta Post

Fitriani (2016)
Researcher

Type of Research Master’s thesis

To find out
Purposes - the realization of presupposition triggers in editorials of the Jakarta Post
- the reasons for using presupposition triggers in editorials of the Jakarta Post

Theory Levinson’s theory (1983)

Five editorial texts from The Jakarta Post weekly edition

Materials

Identifying, analyzing and categorizing the sentence or clause which triggered the
Method
presupposed meaning

28
 2.3. Previous Studies (3) (Cont.)

Findings Twelve presupposition triggers except ‘implicit clefts with stressed constituents’

The reasons for the use of presupposition triggers in editorials of the Jakarta Post

- to present the background which is assumed to be true

Conclusion
- to recall the readers towards the information of the event
- to interpret the editors' attitude on the fact of the event
- to awake the readers' curiosity to the questioning things

29
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Source of Data
- editorial texts (research materials)
- prominent issues – Covid-19, Election, Racism
- sentences containing presupposition triggers
- the New York Times online website
https://www.nytimes.com/section/opinion/editorials

30
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.2. Criteria for Selecting Samples

- non-random purposive sampling method

- editorials were read and classified to their types

(Hall and Aimone (2009) )

- 16 editorials of criticism out of 96 editorials (March 1, 2020, to

June 30, 2020)

31
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.3. Research Method and Procedure

- The selected editorials were read carefully to identify the data.

- The data were analyzed paragraph by paragraph in terms of triggers.

- The triggers were categorized into six types of presupposition .

- The analyzed data was calculated to find out the most frequent use of
trigger.

32
 4. DATA ANALYSIS

Sample editorial analysis (New York Times Editorial, June 13, 2020)
No. Sentences Presupposition Triggers Types of Presupposition
Presupposition

President Trump has accused the World Health (President Trump thinks)
the World Health
Organization, which is made up of 194 member countries Organization failed to
(including the United States), of failing to sound the alarm Verb of judging (accused) Lexical
sound the alarm, helped
about the coronavirus quickly enough, of helping the Presupposition
the Chinese government
Chinese government cover up the severity of the virus’s and was too deferential to
threat, and of being too deferential to China in general. China.
He froze federal funding for the organization in April. In Definite description
May, he gave the W.H.O.’s leaders 30 days to make Existential The World Health
(the World Health Presupposition Organization exists.
unspecified improvements, and then — before that time Organization)
1. was up, and as the American death toll from Covid-19
topped 100,000 — he decided to withdraw from the The World Health
Organization is made up of
group altogether. Non-restrictive relative Structural
194 member countries
clause (, which is …,) Presupposition
(including the United
States).

Structural
Temporal Clause (before) That time was up.
Presupposition

33
4.1. Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in Editorials of the New York Times

1. Definite Descriptions

Examples
But progress on any such package will be slow. The Republican-led Senate is
resistant to additional relief spending, and the majority leader, Mitch
McConnell has voiced distaste for providing unrestricted aid to states and
municipalities. He has said his chamber will not even consider another round
of relief until late June.
(June 7, 2020)

34
4.1. Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in Editorials of the New York Times

2. Factive Verbs

Examples

In China, when officials realized that some 80 percent of Covid-19 cases

involved infected people passing the virus to their family members, the
government built large-scale isolation units where those people could be
cared for a safe distance from their loved ones. (March 19, 2020)

35
4.1. Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in Editorials of the New York Times

3. Implicative Verbs

Examples

It’s not the first time a technology company has bent to Mr. Trump’s will.
Apple’s chief executive, Tim Cook, failed to correct Mr. Trump when he took
credit in November for opening a Texas computer manufacturing plant that had
been in operation since 2013. (March 21, 2020)

36
4.1. Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in Editorials of the New York Times

4. Change of State Verbs

Examples

A few days after the publication of Mr. Pence’s op-ed, President Trump noted
at a rally in Tulsa, Okla., that the nation’s case counts would not rise quite so
egregiously if the U.S. stopped testing so many people for the virus. (June 23,
2020)

37
4.1. Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in Editorials of the New York Times

5. Iterative Items

Examples

After three weeks in session, the United States Senate emptied

out again on Friday, as lawmakers fled Washington for the Memorial Day
recess. (May 22, 2020)

38
4.1. Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in Editorials of the New York Times

6. Verbs of judging

Examples

A spokeswoman for Smithfield blamed the South Dakota plant’s “large

immigrant population” for the outbreak. (May 15, 2020)

39
4.1. Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in Editorials of the New York Times

7. Temporal Clauses

Examples

According to reporting by Al Jazeera, there have been nearly 80 attacks in

Afghanistan since the agreement was signed. (March 10,2020)

40
4.1. Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in Editorials of the New York Times

8. Cleft Constructions

Examples
What the public needs is sober, forthcoming leadership, whether from
Silicon Valley or from Washington. It needs a president who speaks
accurately about the growing global crisis and works with industry
transparently and decisively. (March 21, 2020)

41
4.1. Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in Editorials of the New York Times

9. Implicit Cleft with Stressed Constituent

Example

It was a necessary response to “the attack from the Invisible Enemy”

and “to protect the jobs of our GREAT American citizens.” (April 22,
2020)

42
4.1. Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in Editorials of the New York Times

10. Comparative Constructions

Examples

The federal government’s mind-boggling failure has bred an apathy

that’s as virulent as any microbe. (March 19, 2020)

43
4.1. Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in Editorials of the New York Times

11. Non-restrictive relative clauses

Examples

In 2017, Paul Ryan, who was the House speaker, trotted out this line while
pushing to repeal the exemption for state and local taxes as part of the tax
package. (April 27, 2020)

44
4.1. Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in Editorials of the New York Times

12. Questions

Examples

So, where are those guidelines? (May 15, 2020)

45
4.2. Analysis of Presupposition Types in Editorials of the New York Times

1. Existential Presupposition
Examples
The governor of New York, Andrew Cuomo, also has shied away from
the problem, insisting on Thursday that the police were not bludgeoning
peaceful citizens “for no reason.” (June 4, 2020)
>> the existence of the person named Andrew Cuomo and his unique
role as the governor of New York.

46
4.2. Analysis of Presupposition Types in Editorials of the New York Times

2. Factive Presupposition

Examples

But it would still be better if the nation’s leaders worked to prevent

as many people as possible from contracting the virus in the first
place — and to do that, they’ll have to start by acknowledging that
the threat is real. (June 23, 2020)
>> the threat is real.

47
4.2. Analysis of Presupposition Types in Editorials of the New York Times

3. Non-factive Presupposition

Examples

Mr. Trump and his lieutenants have instead preferred to pretend the
challenges do not exist. (April 21, 2020)
>> The challenges exist.

48
4.2. Analysis of Presupposition Types in Editorials of the New York Times

4. Lexical Presupposition

Examples
But even after it became clear that the Trump administration had failed to
prepare for the pandemic, policymakers still could have chosen to prioritize
employment by paying companies to keep workers on the job during the
period of lockdown. (March 26, 2020)
>> The Trump administration hadn’t prepared for the pandemic.

49
4.2. Analysis of Presupposition Types in Editorials of the New York Times

5. Structural Presupposition

Examples

Why is the Trump administration keeping parts of its deal with the
Taliban secret from the public? (March 10, 2020)
>> The Trump administration is keeping parts of its deal with
the Taliban secret from the public.

50
4.2. Analysis of Presupposition Types in Editorials of the New York Times

 No counterfactual presupposition is found.

 NYT editors do not give the presupposed meaning which contrary

from the facts or the opposite of what is true.

51
5. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
No Presupposition Triggers Frequency Percentage
1. Definite descriptions 85 49.71 %
2. Factive verbs 4 2.34 %
3. Implicative verbs 8 4.68 %
4. Change of state verbs 3 1.75 %
5. Verbs of judging 7 4.09 %
6. Iterative items 4 2.34 %
7. Cleft constructions 12 7.02 %
8. Questions 8 4.68 %
9. Temporal clauses 22 12.87 %
10. Comparisons and contrast 3 1.75 %
11. Non-restrictive relative clauses 12 7.02 %
12. Implicit cleft with stressed constituent 1 0.58 %
13. Counter-factual verb 0 0%
14 Non-factive verbs 2 1.17 %
Total 171 100 %

Table 2: A Frequency Distribution of Presupposition Triggers used in the editorials of the New York
Times
52
5. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

The Percentage of Presupposition Triggers

60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
n s b s b s b s
n g m
s n s n s e s
ast . .. ... rb b s
r r r s a o ve r
p tio v e v e v e
d gi i te ctio stio l au n tr
e
cl d
c l ve
ir e e t e ju e ru e c o v se a e
sc
c tiv tiv t a o f tiv st Q u
ra l
d
c
l ati e s c tu ctiv
e a s a n r a
e
d Fa lic o f
rb s
ter co po s an re st r-f -fa
it p e e I ft m n v e th te o n
n I m g V l e T e o ti i n N
e fi
h an C a ris t ric ft
w o u
D C p es le C
m - r c
Co o n i cit
N pl
Im
Figure 1: The Percentage of Presupposition Triggers
53
5. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
No. Types of Presupposition Frequency Percentage
1. Existential Presupposition 85 49.71 %
2. Factive Presupposition 4 2.34 %
3. Lexical Presupposition 22 12.86 %
4. Non-Factive Presupposition 2 1.17 %
5. Structural Presupposition 58 33.92 %
6. Counter-factual Presupposition 0 0%
Total 171 100 %

Table 3: A Frequency Distribution of Presupposition Types used in the editorials of the New York Times

54
5. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

The Percentage of Presupposition Types

60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
0.00%

Figure 2: The Percentage of Presupposition Types 55

5. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

 Different occurrences of presupposition triggers

 The most dominant trigger – Definite descriptions

 How definite descriptions reflect the idea of the writer is discussed

with some significant examples from Editorial 4.

56
5. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Editorial 4 ( Google Gives Cover to Trump’s Lies)

Definite Descriptions

-the existence of the people or things mentioned in the text

- the name and position of the people who are accountable for covering Mr. Trump’s
falsehoods

“The Verily site was being developed in coordination with Jared Kushner, the president’s
son-in-law and senior advisor, who was taken with the idea after speaking with Verily’s
chief executive, Andy Conrad, The New York Times reported.

57
5. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
- proves that the people mentioned in the text have the power to cooperate with the
president to hide his falsehoods

“It’s not the first time a technology company has bent to Mr. Trump’s will. Apple’s chief
executive, Tim Cook, failed to correct Mr. Trump when he took credit in November for
opening a Texas computer manufacturing plant that had been in operation since
2013.”

- supports the editorial to clearly reflect the writer’s stance in making a clear argument
on how Google gives cover to Trump’s lies

Of course, Google and Apple are loath to cross a president whose administration is
overseeing antitrust investigations of them. And his vendetta against Amazon’s chief
executive, Jeff Bezos, who owns The Washington Post, most likely cost Amazon a
roughly $10 billion government contract. 58
5. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Overall, definite descriptions

-reflect the writer’s action of presupposing the existence and uniqueness of

the person or thing mentioned in the text

- create more persuasive and argumentative editorial of criticism

- support what the editorial writer commented on or argued on are reliable

and logical

- can help the readers understand the background assumptions of the

writers based on facts 59
6.CONCLUSION
Presupposition
- establishes common ground between the writer’s and readers’ situational
knowledge.
- are attached to presupposition triggers

Presupposition Triggers
- represent an excellent way to achieve the writer’s action of presupposing
- make the informative presupposition of the editorials of criticism clear to
the audience
- The writer’s action of achieving persuasive goals can be met with the
60
readers’ effort in understanding the text
62
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Thank you