複雜性創傷後壓力症候群：修订间差异

 

===成人===

 

建議以以下六類症狀作為診斷C-PTSD的依據：<ref name="Roth_1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Roth S, Newman E, Pelcovitz D, van der Kolk B, Mandel FS | title = Complex PTSD in victims exposed to sexual and physical abuse: results from the DSM-IV Field Trial for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | journal = Journal of Traumatic Stress | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 539–55 | date = October 1997 | pmid = 9391940 | doi = 10.1002/jts.2490100403 }}</ref><ref name="Pelcovitz1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pelcovitz D, van der Kolk B, Roth S, Mandel F, Kaplan S, Resick P | title = Development of a criteria set and a structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES) | journal = Journal of Traumatic Stress | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–16 | date = January 1997 | pmid = 9018674 | doi = 10.1002/jts.2490100103 }}</ref>

* {{link-en|情緒調節|Emotional dysregulation}}的變化，包括：持續的[[煩躁|煩躁不安]]，長期的[[自殺]]念頭，[[自殘]]，爆炸性或極度壓抑的憤怒（可能交替出現）以及強迫性或極度壓抑的性行為（可能交替出現）等經歷。

* 意識變化，例如：[[失憶症]]或對創傷事件增強的回憶、一系列[[解離_(心理学)|解離]]症狀、[[人格解體]]／[[失實症]]，和暫時性的回到過往經歷（可能為侵入性的PTSD症狀或反芻性的意念）。

* 對[[犯罪]]者觀念的各種變化，例如：對犯罪者關係的關注（包括對報復的關注），對犯罪者總權力的不切實際的歸因（儘管個人的評估可能比臨床醫生的評估更為現實），{{link-en|理想化|Idealization and devaluation}}或反常的感激之情，對犯罪者有特殊或超自然關係的感覺，並接受犯罪者的信仰體系或[[合理化 (心理學)|合理化]]。

* 與他人的關係發生改變，例如：{{link-en|孤立|Isolation (psychology)}}和退縮，親密關係破裂，反覆尋找拯救者（可能會和孤立與退縮交替出現），持續的不信任感以及自我保護的反覆失敗。

創傷性喪慟<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Bonanno GA | title = Is Complicated Grief a Valid Construct? | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2006.00014.x | journal = Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 129–134 | year = 2006 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jacobs S, Mazure C, Prigerson H | title = Diagnostic criteria for traumatic grief | journal = Death Studies | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 185–99 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11010626 | pmc = | doi = 10.1080/074811800200531 }}</ref><ref name="Ambrose">{{cite web |url=http://www.restoringconnections.ca/assets/pdf/ambrose_traumatic_grief.pdf |title=Traumatic Grief: What We Need to Know as Trauma Responders | last = Ambrose | first = Jeannette | name-list-format = vanc }}</ref><ref name="Figley1997">{{cite book| first = Charles | last = Figley | name-list-format = vanc |title=Death And Trauma: The Traumatology Of Grieving|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxwdm5tA59EC|access-date=28 October 2012|date=1 April 1997|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-56032-525-3}}</ref>或複雜性哀悼<ref name="Rando1993">{{cite book| first = Therese A. | last = Rando | name-list-format = vanc |title=Treatment of complicated mourning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXBHAAAAMAAJ|access-date=28 October 2012|date=February 1993|publisher=Research Press|isbn=978-0-87822-329-9}}</ref>為[[創傷]]和[[喪慟]]同時發生的狀況。<ref name="Rando1994">{{Cite book|last=Rando|first=Therese A.| name-list-format = vanc |title=Dying, death, and bereavement: theoretical perspectives and other ways of knowing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q3XAAAAMAAJ|access-date=28 October 2012|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Jones and Bartlett|isbn=978-0-86720-631-9|pages=253–271|contribution=Complications in Mourning Traumatic Death. | editor-last = Corless | editor-first =Inge B. | editor2-last =Germino | editor2-first = Barbara B. |editor3-last= Pittman |editor3-first=Mary }}</ref> 創傷與喪親之間存在概念上的聯繫，因為失去親人本身就是創傷。<ref name="Green2000">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Green BL | doi = 10.1080/10811440008407845 | title = Traumatic Loss: Conceptual and Empirical Links Between Trauma and Bereavement | journal = Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss | volume = 5 | pages = 1–17| year = 2000 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> 如果創傷事件{{link-en|危及生命|lethality}}，但沒有導致[[死亡]]，倖存者更可能經歷[[創傷後壓力症候群|創傷後壓力症狀]]。若有人死亡，且倖存者與其關係親近，也可能同時形成[[喪慟]]的症狀。當親人突然死亡或因暴力而死亡，兩種症狀將同時出現。這可能發生在遭受社區暴力的兒童身上。<ref name="PynoosNader1988">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Pynoos RS, Nader K | doi = 10.1002/jts.2490010406 | title = Psychological first aid and treatment approach to children exposed to community violence: Research implications | journal = Journal of Traumatic Stress | volume = 1 | issue = 4 | pages = 445–473 | year = 1988 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref><ref name = "NCTSNFirstAid">{{cite web |url=http://nctsnet.org/nctsn_assets/pdfs/edu_materials/psychological_1st_aid.pdf |title=Psychological First Aid |publisher=National Child Traumatic Stress Network |work=Adapted from Pynoos RS, Nader K (1988) |access-date=2012-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033259/http://nctsnet.org/nctsn_assets/pdfs/edu_materials/psychological_1st_aid.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

 

 

====與邊緣性人格障礙的差異和相似之處====

{{main|依附理論|邊緣性人格障礙}}

 

==治療==