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====創傷後壓力症候群====
{{main|創傷後壓力症候群}}
創傷後壓力症候群（PTSD）被收錄於[[DSM-III]]（1980）中，這主要是由於[[越南戰爭]]中相對多數的美國前線退伍軍人當時正在尋求對戰鬥壓力的持久影響的療法。在1980年代，各種研究人員和臨床醫生提出，創傷後壓力症候群也可能準確地描述兒童[[性虐待]]和家庭[[虐待]]等創傷的{{link-en|[[後遺症|sequela}}]]。<ref name="Courtois2004">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Courtois DA | title = Complex Trauma, Complex Reactions: Assessment and Treatment | doi = 10.1037/0033-3204.41.4.412 | journal = Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 412–425 | year = 2004 | pmid = | pmc = | url = http://www.dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/DSAMH/files/si10_1396_article1.pdf | citeseerx = 10.1.1.600.157 | access-date = 2020-08-21 | archive-date = 2020-08-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200801033827/https://www.dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/DSAMH/files/si10_1396_article1.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref> 然而，創傷後壓力症候群無法解釋長期虐待情況下經常觀察到的症狀，尤其是{{link-en|照顧者|caregivers}}對[[兒童]]在多個[[童年|童年]]和[[青少年]]發育階段所施行的虐待。這類患者通常極難以當時已知的方法治療。<ref name="Courtois2004">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Courtois DA | title = Complex Trauma, Complex Reactions: Assessment and Treatment | doi = 10.1037/0033-3204.41.4.412 | journal = Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 412–425| year = 2004 | pmid = | pmc = | url = http://www.dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/DSAMH/files/si10_1396_article1.pdf| citeseerx = 10.1.1.600.157 }}</ref>
對PTSD的描寫無法描繪C-PTSD的某些核心特徵。包括囚禁感、心理上的破碎狀態、喪失安全感、信任感和自我價值感，以及重覆{{link-en|再次受害|revictimized}}的傾向。最明顯地區別C-PTSD與PTSD的最重要特徵是失去連貫的自我意識以及隨之而來的症狀。<ref name="TAR" />{{rp|199–122}}
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