複雜性創傷後壓力症候群：修订间差异

'''複雜性創傷後壓力症候群'''（英語：complex post-traumatic stress disorder，縮寫為C-PTSD，也稱為複雜性創傷症候群）<ref name="Cook2005">{{cite journal | author = Cook, A. |author2=Blaustein, M. |author3=Spinazzola, J. |author4=Van Der Kolk, B. | year = 2005 | title = Complex trauma in children and adolescents | journal = Psychiatric Annals | volume = 35 | issue = 5 | pages = 390–398 | url = http://doi.apa.org/?uid=2005-05449-004 | accessdate = 2008-03-29|doi=10.3928/00485713-20050501-05 }}</ref>是一種心理疾病，可能在個人很少或沒有機會逃脫的情況下，因長期反复的人際[[創傷]]經歷而形成。<ref>{{Cite book|title=Keep pain in the past : getting over trauma, grief and the worst that's ever happened to you|last1 = Cortman | first1 = Christopher| last2 = Walden | first2 = Joseph | name-list-format = vanc |isbn=978-1-63353-810-8|location=Coral Gables, FL|oclc=1056250299|date = 2018-10-15}}</ref>C-PTSD與[[精神障礙]]的{{link-en|創傷模型|trauma model of mental disorders}}有關，也和長期持續的[[性]]、[[心理]]與{{link-en|自戀型（兒童）虐待|narcissistic (child) abuse}}和[[身體虐待]]或{{link-en|忽視|neglect}}、長期{{link-en|[[親密伴侶暴力|intimate partner violence}}]]、長期的職場或校園[[霸凌]]的受害者<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hyland P, Murphy J, Shevlin M, Vallières F, McElroy E, Elklit A, Christoffersen M, Cloitre M | display-authors = 6 | title = Variation in post-traumatic response: the role of trauma type in predicting ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD symptoms | journal = Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology | volume = 52 | issue = 6 | pages = 727–736 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28194504 | doi = 10.1007/s00127-017-1350-8 | url = http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/11571/1/Hyland_Variation_2017.pdf | access-date = 2020-08-02 | archive-date = 2020-01-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200111101303/http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/11571/1/Hyland_Variation_2017.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ho GW, Karatzias T, Cloitre M, Chan AC, Bressington D, Chien WT, Hyland P, Shevlin M | display-authors = 6 | title = Translation and validation of the Chinese ICD-11 International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) for the Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD) | journal = European Journal of Psychotraumatology | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 1608718 | date = 2019-12-31 | pmid = 31143410 | pmc = 6522970 | doi = 10.1080/20008198.2019.1608718 }}</ref>、[[綁架]]和[[人質]]情況的受害者、{{link-en|契約奴隸|Indentured servitude}}、[[奴隸制]]和[[人口販運]]的受害者、[[血汗工廠]]工人、[[戰俘]]、[[集中營]]倖存者、[[寄宿學校|住宿學校]]倖存者、以及[[邪教]]組織或類似邪教組織的脫離者有關聯。<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stein JY, Wilmot DV, Solomon Z | title = Does one size fit all? Nosological, clinical, and scientific implications of variations in PTSD Criterion A | journal = Journal of Anxiety Disorders | volume = 43 | pages = 106–117 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27449856 | doi = 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.07.001 }}</ref> 涉及被囚禁/誘騙的情況（缺乏為受害者提供可望成功的逃生路線或逃生感的一種情況）可能導致類似C-PTSD的症狀，其中包括長期的恐懼感，無價值感，[[習得性失助|無助感]]以及個人的自我認同和自我感受的變形。<ref name="TAR" />