複雜性創傷後壓力症候群

複雜性創傷後壓力症候群（英語：complex post-traumatic stress disorder，縮寫為C-PTSD，也稱為複雜性創傷症候群）^[1]是一種心理疾病，可以在個人很少或沒有機會逃脫的情況下，因長期反复的人際創傷經歷而形成。^[2]C-PTSD與精神障礙的創傷模型（英语：trauma model of mental disorders）有關，也和長期持續的性、心理與自戀型（兒童）虐待（英语：narcissistic (child) abuse）和身體虐待或忽視（英语：neglect）、長期親密伴侶暴力（英语：intimate partner violence）、長期持續的職場或校園霸凌的受害者^[3]^[4]、綁架和人質情況的受害者、契約奴隸（英语：Indentured servitude）、奴隸制和人口販運的受害者、血汗工廠工人、戰俘、集中營倖存者、住宿學校倖存者、以及邪教組織或類似邪教組織的脫離者有關聯。^[5] 涉及被囚禁/誘騙的情況（缺乏為受害者提供可望成功的逃生路線或逃生感的一種情況）可能導致類似C-PTSD的症狀，其中包括長期的恐懼感，無價值感，無助感以及個人的自我認同和自我感受的變形。^[6]

C-PTSD也被稱為DESNOS或其他未指定的極端壓力障礙。^[7]

一些研究人員認為，C-PTSD與PTSD、身體化症（英语：somatization disorder）、解離性身份疾患和邊緣性人格障礙不同但相似。^[6] 其主要差異是個人核心自我認同的扭曲和嚴重的情緒失調（英语：emotional dysregulation）。^[8]

症狀

兒童與青少年

成人

診斷

鑑別診斷

創傷後壓力症候群

創傷性悲傷

和邊緣性人格障礙的相似之處和差異

治療

兒童

成人

爭議

另請參閱

成人依戀（英语：Attachment in adults）
兒童依戀（英语：Attachment in children）
依戀心理治療（英语：Attachment-based psychotherapy）
人質
人與人之間的連結（英语：Human bonding）
創傷後壓力症候群（PTSD）
心身醫學（英语：Psychosomatic medicine）
精神疾患的創傷模型（英语：Trauma model of mental disorders）
治療創傷倖存者的道德準則（英语：Ethical guidelines for treating trauma survivors）

參考

^ Cook, A.; Blaustein, M.; Spinazzola, J.; Van Der Kolk, B. Complex trauma in children and adolescents. Psychiatric Annals. 2005, 35 (5): 390–398 [2008-03-29]. doi:10.3928/00485713-20050501-05.
^ Cortman C, Walden J. Keep pain in the past : getting over trauma, grief and the worst that's ever happened to you. Coral Gables, FL. 2018-10-15. ISBN 978-1-63353-810-8. OCLC 1056250299.
^ Hyland P, Murphy J, Shevlin M, Vallières F, McElroy E, Elklit A, et al. Variation in post-traumatic response: the role of trauma type in predicting ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD symptoms (PDF). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. June 2017, 52 (6): 727–736. PMID 28194504. doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1350-8.
^ Ho GW, Karatzias T, Cloitre M, Chan AC, Bressington D, Chien WT, et al. Translation and validation of the Chinese ICD-11 International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) for the Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD). European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 2019-12-31, 10 (1): 1608718. PMC 6522970  . PMID 31143410. doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1608718.
^ Stein JY, Wilmot DV, Solomon Z. Does one size fit all? Nosological, clinical, and scientific implications of variations in PTSD Criterion A. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. October 2016, 43: 106–117. PMID 27449856. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.07.001.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Herman JL. Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence--From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror . Basic Books. 30 May 1997 [29 October 2012]. ISBN 978-0-465-08730-3.
^ Luxenberg T, Spinazzola J, Van der Kolk B. Complex trauma and disorders of extreme stress (DESNOS) diagnosis, part one: Assessment (PDF). Directions in Psychiatry. November 2001, 21: 22.
^ Brewin CR, Cloitre M, Hyland P, Shevlin M, Maercker A, Bryant RA, et al. A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD (PDF). Clinical Psychology Review. December 2017, 58: 1–15. PMID 29029837. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.001.

延伸閱讀

Anderson F, Schwartz R, Sweezy M. Internal Family Systems Skills Training Manual: Trauma-Informed Treatment for Anxiety, Depression, PTSD & Substance Abuse. PESI Publishing and Media. 2017. ISBN 978-1-68373-087-3.
Appleyard K, Osofsky JD. Parenting after trauma: Supporting parents and caregivers in the treatment of children impacted by violence. Infant Mental Health Journal. 2003, 24 (2): 111–125. doi:10.1002/imhj.10050.
Bannit SP. The Trauma Tool Kit: Healing PTSD from the Inside Out. Quest Books. 2012. ISBN 978-0-8356-0896-1.
Briere J, Scott C. Principles of Trauma Therapy: A Guide to Symptoms, Evaluation, and Treatment. SAGE Publications. 30 August 2012 [29 October 2012]. ISBN 978-1-4129-8143-9.
Courtois C. It's Not You, It's What Happened to You: Complex Trauma and Treatment. Elements Behavioral Health. October 12, 2014. ISBN 978-1-941536-55-1.
Fisher, Janina. Healing the Fragmented Selves of Trauma Survivors: Overcoming Internal Self-Alienation. Routledge. 2017. ISBN 978-0-415-70823-4.
Fisher S. Arousal and Identity: Thoughts on Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Developmental Trauma (PDF). Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 2010, 38 (1): 6–8.
Fisher S. Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Developmental Trauma: Calming the Fear-Driven Brain. W.W. Norton and Company. 2014. ISBN 978-0-393-70786-1.
Ford JD. Disorders of extreme stress following war-zone military trauma: associated features of posttraumatic stress disorder or comorbid but distinct syndromes?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. February 1999, 67 (1): 3–12. PMID 10028203. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.67.1.3.
Frewen P, Lanius R. Healing the Traumatized Self: Consciousness, Neuroscience, Treatment. Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology. W.W. Norton and Company. 2015. ISBN 978-0-393-70849-3.
International Society For The Study. Guidelines for treating dissociative identity disorder in adults, third revision (PDF). Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 2011, 12 (2): 115–87. PMID 21391103. doi:10.1080/15299732.2011.537247.
Odgen P, Minton K, Pain C. Sensorimotor Psychotherapy: Interventions for Trauma and Attachment. W.W. Norton and Company. 2015. ISBN 978-0-393-70613-0.
Teicher MH, Samson JA, Anderson CM, Ohashi K. The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. September 2016, 17 (10): 652–66. PMID 27640984. doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.111.
van der Hart O, Mosquera D, Gonzales A. Borderline Personality Disorder, Developmental Trauma and Structural Dissociation of the Personality (PDF). Persona. 2008, 2: 44–73.
van der Hart O, Nijenhuis ER, Steele K. The Haunted Self: Structural Dissociation and the Treatment of Chronic Traumatization. W.W. Norton. 2006. ISBN 978-0-393-70401-3.
van der Hart O, Boon S, Steele K. Treating Trauma-Related Dissociation: A Practical, Integrative Approach. Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology. Norton Publishing. 2016. ISBN 978-0-393-70759-5.
van der Kolk B. The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. Penguin. 2015. ISBN 978-0-14-312774-1.
van der Kolk BA. Clinical implications of neuroscience research in PTSD. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. July 2006, 1071 (1): 277–93. Bibcode:2006NYASA1071..277V. PMID 16891578. S2CID 28935850. doi:10.1196/annals.1364.022.
van der Kolk B. Developmental trauma disorder (PDF). Psychiatric Annals. 2005: 401–408.
van der Kolk BA, Stone L, West J, Rhodes A, Emerson D, Suvak M, Spinazzola J. Yoga as an adjunctive treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial (PDF). The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. June 2014, 75 (6): e559–65. PMID 25004196. doi:10.4088/JCP.13m08561.
Walker P. Complex PTSD: From Surviving to Thriving: A Guide and Map for Recovering from Childhood Trauma. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. December 2013. ISBN 978-1-4928-7184-2.

外部連結

开放目录项目中的“創傷後症候群”
- APA practice parameters for assessment and treatment for PTSD (Updated 2017)

[Cook2005-1] Cook, A.; Blaustein, M.; Spinazzola, J.; Van Der Kolk, B. Complex trauma in children and adolescents. Psychiatric Annals. 2005, 35 (5): 390–398 [2008-03-29]. doi:10.3928/00485713-20050501-05.

[2] Cortman C, Walden J. Keep pain in the past : getting over trauma, grief and the worst that's ever happened to you. Coral Gables, FL. 2018-10-15. ISBN 978-1-63353-810-8. OCLC 1056250299.

[3] Hyland P, Murphy J, Shevlin M, Vallières F, McElroy E, Elklit A, et al. Variation in post-traumatic response: the role of trauma type in predicting ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD symptoms (PDF). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. June 2017, 52 (6): 727–736. PMID 28194504. doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1350-8.

[4] Ho GW, Karatzias T, Cloitre M, Chan AC, Bressington D, Chien WT, et al. Translation and validation of the Chinese ICD-11 International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) for the Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD). European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 2019-12-31, 10 (1): 1608718. PMC 6522970  . PMID 31143410. doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1608718.

[5] Stein JY, Wilmot DV, Solomon Z. Does one size fit all? Nosological, clinical, and scientific implications of variations in PTSD Criterion A. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. October 2016, 43: 106–117. PMID 27449856. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.07.001.

[TAR-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Herman JL. Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence--From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror . Basic Books. 30 May 1997 [29 October 2012]. ISBN 978-0-465-08730-3.

[7] Luxenberg T, Spinazzola J, Van der Kolk B. Complex trauma and disorders of extreme stress (DESNOS) diagnosis, part one: Assessment (PDF). Directions in Psychiatry. November 2001, 21: 22.

[Brewin_2017-8] Brewin CR, Cloitre M, Hyland P, Shevlin M, Maercker A, Bryant RA, et al. A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD (PDF). Clinical Psychology Review. December 2017, 58: 1–15. PMID 29029837. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.001.

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