複雜性創傷後壓力症候群
複雜性創傷後壓力症候群（英語：complex post-traumatic stress disorder，縮寫為C-PTSD，也稱為複雜性創傷症候群）[1]是一種心理疾病，可能在個人很少或沒有機會逃脫的情況下，因長期反复的人際創傷經歷而形成。[2]C-PTSD與精神障礙的創傷模型有關，也和長期持續的性、心理與自戀型（兒童）虐待和身體虐待或忽視、長期親密伴侶暴力、長期的職場或校園霸凌的受害者[3][4]、綁架和人質情況的受害者、契約奴隸、奴隸制和人口販運的受害者、血汗工廠工人、戰俘、集中營倖存者、住宿學校倖存者、以及邪教組織或類似邪教組織的脫離者有關聯。[5] 涉及被囚禁/誘騙的情況（缺乏為受害者提供可望成功的逃生路線或逃生感的一種情況）可能導致類似C-PTSD的症狀，其中包括長期的恐懼感，無價值感，無助感以及個人的自我認同和自我感受的變形。[6]
C-PTSD也被稱為DESNOS或其他未指定的極端壓力障礙。[7]
一些研究人員認為，C-PTSD與PTSD、身體化症、解離性身份疾患和邊緣性人格障礙不同但相似。[6] 其主要差異是個人核心自我認同的扭曲和嚴重的情緒失調。[8] 美國精神病學家和學者朱迪思·赫爾曼（Judith Herman）於1992年在她的《創傷與復原》一書以及隨附的文章中首次描述了這種疾病。[6][9][10] 在世界衛生組織（WHO）對疾病和相關健康問題的國際統計分類的第11版（ICD-11）中收錄了該疾病。將C-PTSD標準納入精神疾病診斷與統計手冊（DSM）之提案尚未通過美國精神病學協會（APA）的私人批准委員會批准。複雜性創傷後壓力症候群也獲得美國退伍軍人事務部（VA），澳大利亞衛生直轄區（HDA）和國家衛生局（NHS）認可。
症狀
兒童與青少年
成人
診斷
鑑別診斷
創傷後壓力症候群
創傷性悲傷
與邊緣性人格障礙的差異和相似之處
治療
兒童
成人
爭議
另請參閱
參考
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- ^ Cortman C, Walden J. Keep pain in the past : getting over trauma, grief and the worst that's ever happened to you. Coral Gables, FL. 2018-10-15. ISBN 978-1-63353-810-8. OCLC 1056250299.
- ^ Hyland P, Murphy J, Shevlin M, Vallières F, McElroy E, Elklit A, et al. Variation in post-traumatic response: the role of trauma type in predicting ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD symptoms (PDF). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. June 2017, 52 (6): 727–736. PMID 28194504. doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1350-8.
- ^ Ho GW, Karatzias T, Cloitre M, Chan AC, Bressington D, Chien WT, et al. Translation and validation of the Chinese ICD-11 International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) for the Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD). European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 2019-12-31, 10 (1): 1608718. PMC 6522970
. PMID 31143410. doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1608718.
- ^ Stein JY, Wilmot DV, Solomon Z. Does one size fit all? Nosological, clinical, and scientific implications of variations in PTSD Criterion A. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. October 2016, 43: 106–117. PMID 27449856. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.07.001.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Herman JL. Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence--From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror
. Basic Books. 30 May 1997 [29 October 2012]. ISBN 978-0-465-08730-3.
- ^ Luxenberg T, Spinazzola J, Van der Kolk B. Complex trauma and disorders of extreme stress (DESNOS) diagnosis, part one: Assessment (PDF). Directions in Psychiatry. November 2001, 21: 22.
- ^ Brewin CR, Cloitre M, Hyland P, Shevlin M, Maercker A, Bryant RA, et al. A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD (PDF). Clinical Psychology Review. December 2017, 58: 1–15. PMID 29029837. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.001.
- ^ Herman JL. Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma (PDF). Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1992, 5 (3): 377–391. doi:10.1007/BF00977235.[永久失效連結]
- ^ van der Hart O, Nijenhuis ER, Steele K. Dissociation: An insufficiently recognized major feature of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (PDF). Journal of Traumatic Stress. October 2005, 18 (5): 413–23. PMID 16281239. doi:10.1002/jts.20049.
延伸閱讀
- Anderson F, Schwartz R, Sweezy M. Internal Family Systems Skills Training Manual: Trauma-Informed Treatment for Anxiety, Depression, PTSD & Substance Abuse. PESI Publishing and Media. 2017. ISBN 978-1-68373-087-3.
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- Bannit SP. The Trauma Tool Kit: Healing PTSD from the Inside Out. Quest Books. 2012. ISBN 978-0-8356-0896-1.
- Briere J, Scott C. Principles of Trauma Therapy: A Guide to Symptoms, Evaluation, and Treatment. SAGE Publications. 30 August 2012 [29 October 2012]. ISBN 978-1-4129-8143-9.
- Courtois C. It's Not You, It's What Happened to You: Complex Trauma and Treatment. Elements Behavioral Health. October 12, 2014. ISBN 978-1-941536-55-1.
- Fisher, Janina. Healing the Fragmented Selves of Trauma Survivors: Overcoming Internal Self-Alienation. Routledge. 2017. ISBN 978-0-415-70823-4.
- Fisher S. Arousal and Identity: Thoughts on Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Developmental Trauma (PDF). Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 2010, 38 (1): 6–8.
- Fisher S. Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Developmental Trauma: Calming the Fear-Driven Brain. W.W. Norton and Company. 2014. ISBN 978-0-393-70786-1.
- Ford JD. Disorders of extreme stress following war-zone military trauma: associated features of posttraumatic stress disorder or comorbid but distinct syndromes?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. February 1999, 67 (1): 3–12. PMID 10028203. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.67.1.3.
- Frewen P, Lanius R. Healing the Traumatized Self: Consciousness, Neuroscience, Treatment. Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology. W.W. Norton and Company. 2015. ISBN 978-0-393-70849-3.
- International Society For The Study. Guidelines for treating dissociative identity disorder in adults, third revision (PDF). Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 2011, 12 (2): 115–87. PMID 21391103. doi:10.1080/15299732.2011.537247.
- Odgen P, Minton K, Pain C. Sensorimotor Psychotherapy: Interventions for Trauma and Attachment. W.W. Norton and Company. 2015. ISBN 978-0-393-70613-0.
- Teicher MH, Samson JA, Anderson CM, Ohashi K. The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. September 2016, 17 (10): 652–66. PMID 27640984. doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.111.
- van der Hart O, Mosquera D, Gonzales A. Borderline Personality Disorder, Developmental Trauma and Structural Dissociation of the Personality (PDF). Persona. 2008, 2: 44–73.
- van der Hart O, Nijenhuis ER, Steele K. The Haunted Self: Structural Dissociation and the Treatment of Chronic Traumatization. W.W. Norton. 2006. ISBN 978-0-393-70401-3.
- van der Hart O, Boon S, Steele K. Treating Trauma-Related Dissociation: A Practical, Integrative Approach. Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology. Norton Publishing. 2016. ISBN 978-0-393-70759-5.
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- van der Kolk B. Developmental trauma disorder (PDF). Psychiatric Annals. 2005: 401–408.
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- Walker P. Complex PTSD: From Surviving to Thriving: A Guide and Map for Recovering from Childhood Trauma. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. December 2013. ISBN 978-1-4928-7184-2.
外部連結