হান ৰাজবংশ

হান ৰাজবংশ Han dynasty 漢朝
খ্ৰী:পূ: ২০৬–২২০ চন
২ চনৰ হান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পশ্চিম অংশ
Status	সাম্ৰাজ্য
ৰাজধানী	চাংগান (206 BC – 9 AD, 190–195 AD) লুঅ'য়াং (25–190 AD, 196 AD) জুচাং (196–220 AD)
সাধাৰণ ভাষা	প্ৰাচীন চীনা ভাষা
ধৰ্ম	তাও, কনফুচিয়াছ, চীনৰ থলুৱা ধৰ্ম
Government	ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ
সম্ৰাট
• খ্ৰী:পূ: ২০২–১৯৫	সম্ৰাট গাউজু
• ২৫-৫৭ চন	সম্ৰাট গুৱানগো
আচাৰ্য
• খ্ৰী:পূ: ২০৬-১৯৩	জিয়াও হি (Xiao He)
• খ্ৰী:পূ: ১৯৩-১৯০	কাও কান (Cao Can)
• ১৮৯-১৯২ চন	ডং ঝুঅ’ (Dong Zhuo)
• ২০৮-২২০ চন	কাও কাও (Cao Cao)
• ২২০ চন	কাও পাই (Cao Pi)
ইতিহাস
• প্ৰতিষ্ঠা	খ্ৰী:পূ: ২০৬
• গেইছিয়াৰ যুদ্ধ, চীনত হান ৰাজত্বৰ আৰম্ভণি	খ্ৰী:পূ: ২০২
• জিন ৰাজবংশৰ উত্থান	৯–২৩ চন
• কাও ৱেইলৈ সিংহাসন ত্যাগ	২২০ চন
মাটিকালি
খ্ৰী:পূ: ৫০	60,00,000 বৰ্গ কি.মি. (23,00,000 বৰ্গ মাইল)
জনসংখ্যা
• ২ চন	57,671,400

হান ৰাজবংশ (ইংৰাজী: Han dynasty) (চীনা: {{{c}}}) হৈছে কিন (Qin) ৰাজবংশৰ (খ্ৰী:পূ: ২২১-২০৭) পিছতে চীনৰ দ্বিতীয়টো ৰাজবংশ। এই ৰাজবংশৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাতা আছিল বিদ্ৰোহী নেতা লিউ বাং। মৃত্যুৰ পিছত তেওঁ হান সম্ৰাট গাউজু হিচাপে পৰিচয় লাভ কৰে। মাজতে কিছু বছৰ জিন (Xin) ৰাজবংশৰ (৯-২৩ চন) আধিপত্য চলিছিল যদিও হান ৰাজবংশই পুনৰ ক্ষমতা দখল কৰে। জিনসকলৰ উত্থানে হান সাম্ৰাজ্যক পূব হান বা পুৰণি হান (২০৬ খ্ৰী:পূ:-৯ চন) আৰু পশ্চিম হান বা পৰৱৰ্তী হান (২৫-২২০ চন) হিচাপে দুটা ভাগত বিভক্ত কৰে। চাৰিশ বছৰজোৰা হান শাসনকালক চীনা ইতিহাসৰ সোণালী যুগ বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান সময়ত চীনৰ অধিকাংশ থলুৱা লোকে নিজকে হান লোক বুলি পৰিচয় দিয়ে আৰু চীনা লিপিক হান আখৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়। হান সাম্ৰাজ্যক পোনপটীয়াকৈ কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰৰ (Commandery বা আদেশকৰ্তা) দ্বাৰা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত কিছুমান অঞ্চল আৰু কেইখনমান আংশিকভাৱে স্বায়ত্বশাসিত ৰাজ্যত ভগোৱা হৈছিল। সাতখন ৰাজ্যৰ বিদ্ৰোহৰ পিছত এই ৰাজ্যসমূহে নিজৰ স্বাধীনতা হেৰুৱায়। খ্ৰী:পূ: ২০০-ত জিয়ংনো মিত্ৰজোঁটৰ হাতত হানসকলৰ পৰাজয় ঘটে। কিন্তু হান সম্ৰাট ৱুৰ নেতৃত্বত চলা সামৰিক অভিযানৰ অন্তত জিয়ংহোসকল হানৰ কৰতলীয়া হ’ব লগাত পৰে। এই অভিযানৰ ফলস্বৰূপে হান সাম্ৰাজ্যই মধ্য এচিয়াৰ টেৰিম অৱবাহিকালৈকে বিস্তৃতি লাভ কৰে আৰু ই বিখ্যাত বাণিজ্য পথ ছিল্ক ৰোডৰ সূচনাত বৰঙণি যোগায়। সম্ৰাট ৱুয়ে হান-নান্যুৰ যুদ্ধ (খ্ৰী:পূ: ১১১) আৰু ডিয়ানসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে অভিযানৰ (খ্ৰী:পূ: ১০৯) যোগেদি দক্ষিণফালেও ৰাজ্য বিস্তাৰৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰে।

৯২ চনৰ পিছৰ পৰা সাম্ৰাজ্ঞী আৰু পূৰ্বৰ সাম্ৰাজ্ঞীসকলৰ  অঙহী-বঙহীৰ মাজত চলা ক্ষমতাৰ অঁৰিয়াঅৰিৰ কাৰণে হানসকলৰ পতন আৰম্ভ হয়। ধৰ্মীয় দাও গোটেও সম্ৰাটৰ ক্ষমতাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে প্ৰত্যাহ্বান হৈ থিয় দিয়ে আৰু য়েল্ল’ টাৰ্বান বিদ্ৰোহ তথা ফাইভ পেকছ অফ ৰাইচ বিদ্ৰোহৰ সূচনা কৰে। সম্ৰাট লিংৰ (১৬৮-১৮৯ চন) মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সামৰিক নেতাসকলে ব্যাপক হত্যালীলাৰ সূত্ৰপাত কৰে। ৰজা কাও পায়ে (Cao Pi) সম্ৰাট জিয়ানৰ পৰা ক্ষমতা হস্তগত কৰি ৰাজপাটত বহাৰ লগে লগে হান ৰাজত্বৰ অন্ত পৰে।

হান ৰাজত্বৰ কালছোৱাক অৰ্থনৈতিক উন্নয়নৰ  যুগ বুলি কোৱা হয়। সেই সময়ত ঝাও ৰাজবংশই (খ্ৰী:পূ: ১০৫০-২৫৬) প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰি থৈ যোৱা মুদ্ৰা অৰ্থনীতিৰো চকুত লগাকৈ উন্নতি ঘটে। হান শাসনকালত বিজ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰযুক্তিবিদ্যাৰো বিকাশ ঘটে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত কাগজ নিৰ্মাণ, নাবিকৰ ষ্টিয়েৰিং, গণিতত ঋণাত্মক সংখ্যাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ, চিছম’গ্ৰাফ ইত্যাদি উল্লেখযোগ্য।

তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ

সহায়কগ্ৰন্থ

• Adshead, Samuel Adrian Miles. (2000). China in World History. London: MacMillan Press Ltd. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-22565-2.
• Akira, Hirakawa. (1998). A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamani to Early Mahayana. Translated by Paul Groner. New Delhi: Jainendra Prakash Jain At Shri Jainendra Press. ISBN 81-208-0955-6.
• An, Jiayao. (2002). "When Glass Was Treasured in China," in Silk Road Studies VII: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road, 79–94. Edited by Annette L. Juliano and Judith A. Lerner. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. ISBN 2-503-52178-9.
• Bailey, H. W. (1985). Indo-Scythian Studies being Khotanese Texts Volume VII. H. W. Bailey. Cambridge University Press.
• Balchin, Jon. (2003). Science: 100 Scientists Who Changed the World. New York: Enchanted Lion Books. ISBN 1-59270-017-9.
• Barbieri-Low, Anthony J. (2007). Artisans in Early Imperial China. Seattle & London: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-98713-8.
• Beck, Mansvelt. (1986). "The Fall of Han," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 317–376. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0.
• Berggren, Lennart, Jonathan M. Borwein, and Peter B. Borwein. (2004). Pi: A Source Book. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-387-20571-3.
• Bielenstein, Hans. (1980). The Bureaucracy of Han Times. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22510-8.
• Bielenstein, Hans. (1986). "Wang Mang, the Restoration of the Han Dynasty, and Later Han," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 223–290. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0.
• Block, Leo. (2003). To Harness the Wind: A Short History of the Development of Sails. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-209-9.
• Bower, Virginia (2005). "Standing man and woman," in Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines', 242–245. Edited by Naomi Noble Richard. New Haven and London: Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum. ISBN 0-300-10797-8.
• Bowman, John S. (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11004-9.
• Buisseret, David. (1998). Envisioning the City: Six Studies in Urban Cartography. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-07993-7.
• Bulling, A. "A Landscape Representation of the Western Han Period," Artibus Asiae (Volume 25, Number 4, 1962): pp. 293–317.
• Chang, Chun-shu. (2007). The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Volume II; Frontier, Immigration, & Empire in Han China, 130 B.C. – A.D. 157. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11534-0.
• Ch'en, Ch'i-Yün. (1986). "Confucian, Legalist, and Taoist Thought in Later Han," in Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 766–806. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0.
• Ch'ü, T'ung-tsu. (1972). Han Dynasty China: Volume 1: Han Social Structure. Edited by Jack L. Dull. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-95068-4.
• Chung, Chee Kit. (2005). "Longyamen is Singapore: The Final Proof?," in Admiral Zheng He & Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 981-230-329-4.
• Cotterell, Maurice. (2004). The Terracotta Warriors: The Secret Codes of the Emperor's Army. Rochester: Bear and Company. ISBN 1-59143-033-X.
• Csikszentmihalyi, Mark. (2006). Readings in Han Chinese Thought. Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 0-87220-710-2.
• Cullen, Christoper. (2006). Astronomy and Mathematics in Ancient China: The Zhou Bi Suan Jing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-03537-6.
• Cutter, Robert Joe. (1989). The Brush and the Spur: Chinese Culture and the Cockfight. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong. ISBN 962-201-417-8.
• Dauben, Joseph W. (2007). "Chinese Mathematics" in The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook, 187–384. Edited by Victor J. Katz. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11485-4.
• Davis, Paul K. (2001). 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514366-3.
• Day, Lance and Ian McNeil. (1996). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-06042-7.
• de Crespigny, Rafe. (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 90-04-15605-4.
• Demiéville, Paul. (1986). "Philosophy and religion from Han to Sui," in Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 808–872. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0.
• Deng, Yingke. (2005). Ancient Chinese Inventions. Translated by Wang Pingxing. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press (五洲传播出版社). ISBN 7-5085-0837-8.
• Di Cosmo, Nicola. (2002). Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77064-5.
• Dorn'eich, Chris M. (2008). Chinese sources on the History of the Niusi-Wusi-Asi(oi)-Rishi(ka)-Arsi-Arshi-Ruzhi and their Kueishuang-Kushan Dynasty. Shiji 110/Hanshu 94A: The Xiongnu: Synopsis of Chinese original Text and several Western Translations with Extant Annotations. Berlin. To read or download go to: [1]
• Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. "Estate and Family Management in the Later Han as Seen in the Monthly Instructions for the Four Classes of People," Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 17, No. 2 (May 1974): pp. 173–205.
• Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. (1986). "The Economic and Social History of Later Han," in Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 608–648. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0.
• Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. (1999). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66991-X.
• Fairbank, John K. and Merle Goldman. (1998). China: A New History, Enlarged Edition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-11673-9.
• Greenberger, Robert. (2006). The Technology of Ancient China. New York: Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. ISBN 1-4042-0558-6.
• Guo, Qinghua. (2005). Chinese Architecture and Planning: Ideas, Methods, and Techniques. Stuttgart and London: Edition Axel Menges. ISBN 3-932565-54-1.
• Hansen, Valerie. (2000). The Open Empire: A History of China to 1600. New York & London: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-97374-3.
• Hardy, Grant. (1999). Worlds of Bronze and Bamboo: Sima Qian's Conquest of History. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11304-8.
• Hill, John E. (2009) Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries AD. John E. Hill. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
• Hinsch, Bret. (2002). Women in Imperial China. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-7425-1872-8.
• Hsu, Cho-Yun. "The Changing Relationship between Local Society and the Central Political Power in Former Han: 206 B.C. – 8 A.D.," Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 7, No. 4 (Jul., 1965): pp. 358–370.
• Hsu, Elisabeth. (2001). "Pulse diagnostics in the Western Han: how mai and qi determine bing," in Innovations in Chinese Medicine, 51–92. Edited by Elisabeth Hsu. Cambridge, New York, Oakleigh, Madrid, and Cape Town: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80068-4.
• Hsu, Mei-ling. "The Qin Maps: A Clue to Later Chinese Cartographic Development," Imago Mundi (Volume 45, 1993): pp. 90–100.
• Huang, Ray. (1988). China: A Macro History. Armonk & London: M.E. Sharpe Inc., an East Gate Book. ISBN 0-87332-452-8.
• Hulsewé, A.F.P. (1986). "Ch'in and Han law," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 520–544. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0.
• Jin, Guantao, Fan Hongye, and Liu Qingfeng. (1996). "Historical Changes in the Structure of Science and Technology (Part Two, a Commentary)" in Chinese Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, 165–184, edited by Fan Dainian and Robert S. Cohen, translated by Kathleen Dugan and Jiang Mingshan. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-3463-9.
• Kramers, Robert P. (1986). "The Development of the Confucian Schools," in Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 747–756. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0.
• Lewis, Mark Edward. (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-02477-X.
• Liu, Xujie (2002). "The Qin and Han Dynasties" in Chinese Architecture, 33–60. Edited by Nancy S. Steinhardt. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09559-7.
• Liu, Guilin, Feng Lisheng, Jiang Airong, and Zheng Xiaohui. (2003). "The Development of E-Mathematics Resources at Tsinghua University Library (THUL)" in Electronic Information and Communication in Mathematics, 1–13. Edited by Bai Fengshan and Bern Wegner. Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York: Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-540-40689-1.
• Lloyd, Geoffrey Ernest Richard. (1996). Adversaries and Authorities: Investigations into Ancient Greek and Chinese Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55695-3.
• Lo, Vivienne. (2001). "The influence of nurturing life culture on the development of Western Han acumoxa therapy," in Innovation in Chinese Medicine, 19–50. Edited by Elisabeth Hsu. Cambridge, New York, Oakleigh, Madrid, and Cape Town: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80068-4.
• Loewe, Michael. (1968). Everyday Life in Early Imperial China during the Han Period 202 BC–AD 220. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-87220-758-7.
• Loewe, Michael. (1986). "The Former Han Dynasty," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 103–222. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0.
• Loewe, Michael. (1994). Divination, Mythology and Monarchy in Han China. Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45466-2.
• Loewe, Michael. (2005). "Funerary Practice in Han Times," in Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines', 23–74. Edited by Naomi Noble Richard. New Haven and London: Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum. ISBN 0-300-10797-8.
• McClain, Ernest G. and Ming Shui Hung. "Chinese Cyclic Tunings in Late Antiquity," Ethnomusicology, Vol. 23, No. 2 (May 1979): pp. 205–224.
• Morton, William Scott and Charlton M. Lewis. (2005). China: Its History and Culture: Fourth Edition. New York City: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-141279-4.
• Needham, Joseph. (1972). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations. London: Syndics of the Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05799-X.
• Needham, Joseph. (1986a). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3; Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. ISBN 0-521-05801-5.
• Needham, Joseph. (1986b). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 1, Physics. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. ISBN 0-521-05802-3.
• Needham, Joseph. (1986c). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. ISBN 0-521-05803-1.
• Needham, Joseph. (1986d). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. ISBN 0-521-07060-0.
• Needham, Joseph and Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin. (1986). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. ISBN 0-521-08690-6.
• Neinhauser, William H., Charles Hartman, Y.W. Ma, and Stephen H. West. (1986). The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature: Volume 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32983-3.
• Nelson, Howard. "Chinese Maps: An Exhibition at the British Library", The China Quarterly (Number 58, 1974): pp. 357–362.
• Nishijima, Sadao. (1986). "The Economic and Social History of Former Han," in Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 545–607. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0.
• Norman, Jerry. (1988). Chinese. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29653-6.
• Omura, Yoshiaki. (2003). Acupuncture Medicine: Its Historical and Clinical Background. Mineola: Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-486-42850-8.
• Paludan, Ann. (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: the Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 0-500-05090-2.
• Pigott, Vincent C. (1999). The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN 0-924171-34-0.
• Ronan, Colin A. (1994). The Shorter Science and Civilization in China: 4 (an abridgement of Joseph Needham's work). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32995-7.
• Schaefer, Richard T. (2008). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society: Volume 3. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Inc. ISBN 1-4129-2694-7.
• Shen, Kangshen, John N. Crossley and Anthony W.C. Lun. (1999). The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art: Companion and Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-853936-3.
• Steinhardt, Nancy N. (2005). "Pleasure tower model," in Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines', 275–281. Edited by Naomi Noble Richard. New Haven and London: Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum. ISBN 0-300-10797-8.
• Steinhardt, Nancy N. (2005). "Tower model," in Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines', 283–285. Edited by Naomi Noble Richard. New Haven and London: Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum. ISBN 0-300-10797-8.
• Straffin, Philip D., Jr. "Liu Hui and the First Golden Age of Chinese Mathematics," Mathematics Magazine, Vol. 71, No. 3 (Jun., 1998): pp. 163–181.
• Sun, Xiaochun and Jacob Kistemaker. (1997). The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society. Leiden, New York, Köln: Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 90-04-10737-1.
• Temple, Robert. (1986). The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention. With a forward by Joseph Needham. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0-671-62028-2.
• Teresi, Dick. (2002). Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science–from the Babylonians to the Mayas. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-684-83718-8.
• Thorp, Robert L. "Architectural Principles in Early Imperial China: Structural Problems and Their Solution," The Art Bulletin, Vol. 68, No. 3 (Sep., 1986): pp. 360–378.
• Tom, K.S. (1989). Echoes from Old China: Life, Legends, and Lore of the Middle Kingdom. Honolulu: The Hawaii Chinese History Center of the University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1285-9.
• Torday, Laszlo. (1997). Mounted Archers: The Beginnings of Central Asian History. Durham: The Durham Academic Press. ISBN 1-900838-03-6.
• Turnbull, Stephen R. (2002). Fighting Ships of the Far East: China and Southeast Asia 202 BC–AD 1419. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 1-84176-386-1.
• Wagner, Donald B. (2001). The State and the Iron Industry in Han China. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Publishing. ISBN 87-87062-83-6.
• Wang, Yu-ch'uan. "An Outline of The Central Government of The Former Han Dynasty," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1/2 (Jun., 1949): pp. 134–187.
• Wang, Zhongshu. (1982). Han Civilization. Translated by K.C. Chang and Collaborators. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-02723-0.
• Xue, Shiqi. (2003). "Chinese lexicography past and present" in Lexicography: Critical Concepts, 158–173. Edited by R.R.K. Hartmann. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-25365-9.
• Yü, Ying-shih. (1967). Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-Barbarian Economic Relations. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Yü, Ying-shih. (1986). "Han Foreign Relations," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 377–462. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0.
• Watson, William. (2000). The Arts of China to AD 900. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08284-3.
• Zhang, Guangda. (2002). "The Role of the Sogdians as Translators of Buddhist Texts," in Silk Road Studies VII: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road, 75–78. Edited by Annette L. Juliano and Judith A. Lerner. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. ISBN 2-503-52178-9.
• Zhou, Jinghao (2003). Remaking China's Public Philosophy for the Twenty-First Century. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. ISBN 0-275-97882-6.