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Phulkian dynasty

The Phulkian dynasty (or Phoolkian) of Maharajas or sardars were Sikh royals and aristocrats in the Punjab region of India. Members of the dynasty ruled the states of Badrukhan, Bhadaur, Faridkot, Jind, Malaudh, Nabha, and Patiala, allying themselves with the British Empire according to the terms of the Cis-Sutlej treaty of 1809.[1][2] The dynasty is named after Phul Sidhu-Brar, the 17th-century common ancestor of the Phulkian states and the founder of the Phulkian Misl.[3] Members of the Phulkian dynasty, who are the direct descendants of Rawal Jaisal Singh, the founder and ruler of the Kingdom of Jaisalmer, migrated to the present-day Malwa region in Punjab.[4][5][6]

Phulkian
Portrait of Chaudhary Phul Sidhu-Brar, ancestor of the Phulkian dynasty
CountryPatiala State
Nabha State
Jind State
Faridkot State
Kaithal State
Place of originPhulkian Misl, Punjab
Founded1627
FounderPhul Sidhu-Brar
TitlesMaharaja of Patiala
Maharaja of Nabha
Maharaja of Jind
Raja of Faridkot
Dissolution1971

After India's independence in 1947, the Phulkian states had all acceded to India by 1948.[7] Members of the various royal families of the Phulkian dynasty retained their titles until 1971, when the Government of India abolished their titles with the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India.

Lineage

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Genealogical familial tree of the Phulkian dynasty by John Cave-Browne, ca.1861

The rulers of the Phulkian states shared a common ancestor, the 17th-century Chaudhary Phul Sidhu-Brar, also known as Baba Phul (1627–1689).[3] Baba Phul was the founder of the Phulkian Misl, which was named after him.[8] He lived through the times of Guru Hargobind, the sixth Guru of the Sikh religion as well as Guru Har Rai, the seventh Guru.[2] According to historical accounts, Phul had received blessings from both Guru Hargobind and Guru Har Rai.[9][10] Through his eldest son, Tiloka, Phul is the ancestor of the rulers of Nabha, Jind and Badrukhan.[2] Through his second son, Rama, Phul is the ancestor of the rulers of Patiala, Malaudh and Bhadaur.[2]

 
Illustration of Guru Har Rai blessing a young Phul Sidhu-Brar, from 'The Sikh Religion' (1909)

The Phulkian dynasty had an extended ancient lineage. Members of the dynasty were direct descendants of Rawal Jaisal Singh, the founder and first ruler of the Kingdom of Jaisalmer from 1156 to 1168.[11][12] Members of the Phulkian dynasty traced their lineage further and were also direct descendants of Rao Bhati, a 3rd-century Hindu monarch.[13][14][15]

Mythological lineage

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Descendants of Rao Bhati, including members of the former and historical Phulkian dynasty, also claimed to be direct descendants of Yadu, a mythological Hindu monarch from whom Bhati claimed descent.[13][16][17] Yadu was the founder of the mythological Yadu dynasty, a branch of the legendary Lunar dynasty (IAST: Candravaṃśa), according to Hindu mythology.[13][14][17]

History

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Phulkian Misl

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The Phulkian Misl was a Sikh Misl founded by Choudhary Phul Sidhu-Brar, also known as Baba Phul or Phul Singh, and named after him.[18][19] A descendant of the Bhati Rajputs, Phul was a direct descendant of Rawal Jaisal Singh, the founder and first ruler of the Kingdom of Jaisalmer.[20] Phul's descendants became the royal families of the Phulkian dynasty states, which included the states of Patiala, Nabha, and Jind.[21][22] Historians have disputed whether the Phulkian Misl was ever a true Sikh Misl, as its practices and policies were more centralized and akin to a petty kingdom than those of a true Sikh Misl.[23]

Misl status dispute

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Some historians, such as Kirpal Singh, claim the Phulkians were never truly a "Misl" at all.[24] Historian Surjit Singh Gandhi also claimed that the Phulkian Misl was never a true Misl because they shared almost no common practices with the other Sikh Misls, and the administrative nature of the Phulkian Misl's political state varied considerably from that of the other Misls.[21]

Gandhi based his arguments on various facts and events. When the Sikh Misls divided themselves into the Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal of the Dal Khalsa in 1734, no Phulkian leader was represented, and there was no Phulkian presence in the Dal Khalsa in 1748.[21] Phulkian leaders did not attend Sarbat Khalsa meetings or distribute loot and territory among their followers, instead adopting Mughal practices of appropriating resources for themselves and rewarding their men with payments and Jagirs.[21] While other Misls fought relentlessly against the Mughal Empire and the Durrani Empire, the Phulkian chiefs maintained good relations with these imperial powers, obtained titles from them.[21] Unlike other Misls, they did not inscribe the names of the Sikh gurus on their coins but instead issued coins in the names of rulers of the Mughal Empire and Durrani Empire.[21] In the entire 18th century, none of the Phulkian leaders visited Sikhism's holy cities of Anandpur and Amritsar, but they frequently visited and were visited by the Mughal and Durrani rulers.[21]

Phulkian States

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Painting depicting a meeting between Sahib Singh of Patiala State, Jodh Singh of Kalsia State, Lal Singh of Kaithal State, Mehak Singh, and Raja Jaswant Rao Holkar, ca.1850

In 1767, the city of Kaithal fell into the hands of the Phulkian chieftain, Desu Singh, who established Kaithal State.[25]

In the early 19th century, the Phulkian states, concerned about the rising power of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, sought protection from the East India Company.[26] Although Ranjit Singh was generally moderate towards the Phulkian rulers and willing to address their issues, his growing influence led to suspicions about his intentions. Consequently, the Cis-Sutlej states, including the Phulkian states, convened and decided to send a deputation to the British Resident in Delhi.[26] The delegation pledged their loyalty to the British and sought their protection, leading to a treaty on 25 April 1809, where Ranjit Singh agreed not to extend his military campaigns into the Cis-Sutlej territories.[26]

As the Phulkian states were freed from the threat of Ranjit Singh, internal conflicts among them surfaced, prompting further British intervention. By 22 August 1811, the British issued another proclamation to protect these states from each other, thereby enhancing their power of interference and control.[26] Over time, these states transitioned from being independent rulers in a treaty alliance with the British to becoming dependencies, or what the British described as princely states, significantly diminishing their autonomy and consolidating British dominance in the Punjab region.[26]

British Raj

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Map of the Phulkian States showing administrative divisions and railway lines from Lahore to Delhi through different cities, 1909

The Maharajas of the three largest Phulkian states (Patiala, Nabha and Jind) supported the East India Company during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, both with military forces and supplies, as well as by offering protection for European people in affected areas.[27] In return, the three Maharajas were given additional territories, honours and titles by the British Raj.[27]

 
Detail of Bikram Singh of Faridkot State, Hira Singh of Nabha State, Rajinder Singh of Patiala State, Charles Aitchison (British lieutenant governor of Punjab), and Raghubir Singh of Jind State, from a photograph of Punjab's senior British administrators with rulers of the erstwhile Punjabi princely-states, Rawalpindi, 1885

In 1858, the British Raj authorities rejected a petition to allow them to adopt heirs to ensure lines of succession.[28] They believed that such processes could be dealt with on an ad hoc basis if and when the situation arose, and that to accept the petition would be contrary to the Doctrine of Lapse.[28] The matter was eventually taken up by the government in Britain, who demanded that the Raj authorities should grant the petition in recognition of the considerable loyalty that had been demonstrated during the rebellion.[28] Later, on 19 January 1860 at a durbar in Ambala, Charles Canning, the Governor-General of India, acceded to the request.[28]

During the British Raj, the Phulkian states of Patiala, Nabha, and Jind were noted for their patronage of North Indian artists, musicians, and scholars at their court.[29]

Abolition

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By 1948, all of the Phulkian states had acceded to the India, which became independent in 1947.[7] The royal families of the Phulkian dynasty retained their royal titles in India until 1971, when they were abolished with the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India.

Inter-state dispute

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A dispute in the early 1920s between Bhupinder Singh, who had become Maharaja of Patiala in 1909, and his fellow Maharaja in Nabha, Ripudaman Singh, who became ruler in 1911, had significant ramifications both for relationships within the Sikh community and for British policy in the Punjab. According to historian Barbara Ramusack, the pair were "ambitious, arrogant, energetic, and jealous" and "shared the hypersensitivity on matters of izzat or honor and status common to most Indian princes".

What began initially as a war of words from around 1912 had become physical by the 1920s, with Bhupinder Singh complaining that the law courts of Ripudaman Singh had been falsely convicting Patiala police officers, as well as kidnapping girls from Patiala for the royal harem.[30] On top of this, were frequent boundary disputes, which had been a feature of strife between the states for many years because of the way in which the territories intertwined.[30]

There were numerous attempts, with varying degrees of formality, to resolve the dispute. These included high-level court meetings, independent mediators and Sikh community groups such as the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC).[30] The situation was eventually referred to the British authorities in 1923, who instituted a quasi-judicial inquiry the conclusions of which generally supported the grievances raised by Bhupinder Singh and were critical of how Ripudaman Singh was administering his state and attempting to undermine the position of Patiala. Ripudaman, who had gained support from some extremist Akalis, was told that the British would formally intervene unless he abdicated and that this would lead to him being officially deposed.[30]

The abdication on 8 July 1923, which was effectively forced upon him, saw the British take over the administration of Nabha and caused uproar in Punjab. People in Punjab protested in what they considered to be unwarranted political interference, and lauded Ripudaman Singh both as a Sikh leader and a nationalist. Newspapers in the region, with the support of the SGPC, pointed to his past favouring of the views of nationalists such as Gopal Krishna Gokhale, noted that he had spurned some rituals at his coronation, and alleged he sympathised with the Akalis. They also erroneously claimed that Bhupinder Singh opposed the abdication, which he was quick to deny.[30]

Bhupinder Singh's decision to side with the British and instigate a counterpropaganda campaign at their request drove a wedge between Punjabi Sikhs.[30] Patiala was considered to be the most important of the Sikh states and his prime minister, Daya Kishan Kaul, attempted to mobilise its supporters among the SGPC as well as those citizens of Nabha who had been ill-treated by Ripudaman. He also attempted to feed the press with stories in support of both his state and the British.[30]

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Bengal, Asiatic Society of (1867). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Soc. Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d Singh, Ganda, ed. (1986). The Punjab Past and Present. Part 2. Vol. 20. Patiala: Punjabi University, Patiala. pp. 396–398.
  3. ^ a b Singh, Harbans (1992–1998). The encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Vol. 3. Patiala: Punjabi University. pp. 336–337. ISBN 0-8364-2883-8. OCLC 29703420. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  4. ^ Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian. Cambridgre University Press. pp. 18, 55–56. ISBN 9781107080317.
  5. ^ Bengal, Asiatic Society of (1867). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Soc. Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  6. ^ Barbara N. Ramusack (2007). The Indian Princes and their States. Oxford University Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 9780521039895. The Phulkian clan traced their ancestry remotely to Jaisal, the Jadon Bhati Rajput founder of Jaisalmer State
  7. ^ a b "Nabha". Britannica. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  8. ^ Gordon, Sir John James Hood (1904). The Sikhs. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons. pp. 93–94.
  9. ^ Punjab Government (1904). Punjab State Gazetteers Vol Xvii A: Phulkian States, Patiala Jind And Nabha With Maps. Punjab Government Press. p. ii.
  10. ^ Bhagat Singh. History Of The Sikh Misals. p. 168-170.
  11. ^ Bond, J. W.; Wright, Arnold (2006). Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 232–242. ISBN 978-81-206-1965-4. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  12. ^ Singha, H. S. (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). New Delhi: Hemkunt Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  13. ^ a b c Singh, Kirpal (2005). Baba Ala Singh: Founder of Patiala Kingdom (2nd ed.). Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University. pp. 113–120.
  14. ^ a b Bond, J. W.; Wright, Arnold (2006). Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 325. ISBN 978-81-206-1965-4. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  15. ^ Punjab District Gazetteers: Bathinda. Chandigarh: Revenue Department, Punjab. 1992. p. 37.
  16. ^ The New India. Times Publishing Company. 1937.
  17. ^ a b Srivastava, Sanjeev Prasad (1991). Art and Cultural Heritage of Patiala. New Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan. p. 4. ISBN 978-81-85067-66-7.
  18. ^ Joshi, Vishal (27 June 2021). "Neglected for years, ₹7-cr facelift to revive historic Phul Fort's glory". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  19. ^ Gordon, Sir John James Hood (1904). The Sikhs. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons. pp. 93–94.
  20. ^ Singha, H. S. (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). New Delhi: Hemkunt Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g Singh, Ganda, ed. (1986). The Punjab Past and Present. Part 2. Vol. 20. Patiala: Punjabi University, Patiala. pp. 396–398.
  22. ^ Bond, J. W.; Wright, Arnold (2006). Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 232–242. ISBN 978-81-206-1965-4. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  23. ^ Gandhi, Surjit Singh (1999). Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century. Amritsar: Singh Brothers. p. 491.
  24. ^ Walia, Varinder (4 July 2007). "SGPC book doesn't recognise Baba Ala Singh as Sikh misl". The Tribune.
  25. ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1964). Fall of the Mughal Empire. Vol. 3: 1771–1788 (3rd ed.). Orient Longman. p. 106.
  26. ^ a b c d e Sharma, B.R. (1984). Gazzeteer Of Punjab Sangrur. Chandigarh: Revenue Department, Punjab. pp. 30–32.
  27. ^ a b Bengal: Past and Present. Vol. 92. Calcutta: P.C. Ray. 1973. pp. 89–92.
  28. ^ a b c d Qanungo, Bhupen (February 1967). "A Study of British Relations with the Native States of India, 1858–62". The Journal of Asian Studies. 26 (2): 251–265. doi:10.2307/2051929. JSTOR 2051929. S2CID 159681388.
  29. ^ Srivastava, R. P. (1983). Punjab Painting. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. pp. 2–5. ISBN 978-81-7017-174-4.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g Ramusack, Barbara N. (May 1969). "Incident at Nabha: Interaction between Indian States and British Indian Politics". The Journal of Asian Studies. 28 (3): 563–577. doi:10.2307/2943179. JSTOR 2943179. S2CID 154242842.
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