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Gustave Gilbert

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Gustave Gilbert
Gilbert c. 1950
Born
Gustave Mark Gilbert

(1911-09-30)September 30, 1911
New York City, US
DiedFebruary 6, 1977(1977-02-06) (aged 65)
Manhasset, New York, US
SpouseMatilda Gilbert
Academic background
Alma materColumbia University
ThesisDynamic Psychophysics and the Phi Phenomenon[1] (1939)
Academic work
DisciplinePsychology
Institutions
Notable works
Military career
Service / branchUnited States Army
RankCaptain

Gustave Mark Gilbert (September 30, 1911 – February 6, 1977) was an American psychologist best known for his writings containing observations of high-ranking Nazi leaders during the Nuremberg trials. His 1950 book The Psychology of Dictatorship was an attempt to profile the Nazi German dictator Adolf Hitler using as reference the testimonials of Hitler's closest generals and commanders. Gilbert's published work is still a subject of study in many universities and colleges, especially in the field of psychology.

Early life and education

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Gilbert was born in the state of New York in 1911, the son of Jewish-Austrian immigrants. He won a scholarship from the School for Ethical Culture at the College Town Center in New York. He attended the City College of New York where he majored in German before switching to psychology. In 1939, Gilbert obtained his PhD degree in psychology from Columbia University. Gilbert also held a diploma from the American Board of Examiners in professional psychology.

During World War II, Gilbert was commissioned with the rank of First Lieutenant.[2] Because of his knowledge of German, he was sent overseas as a translator.[2]

Nuremberg trials

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In 1945, after the end of the war, Gilbert was sent to Nuremberg, Germany, as a translator for the International Military Tribunal for the trials of the World War II German prisoners. Gilbert was appointed the prison psychologist of the German prisoners. During the process of the trials Gilbert became, after Douglas Kelley,[3] the confidant of Hermann Göring, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Wilhelm Keitel, Hans Frank, Oswald Pohl, Otto Ohlendorf, Rudolf Höss, and Ernst Kaltenbrunner, among others. Gilbert and Kelley administered the Rorschach inkblot test to the 22 defendants in the Nazi leadership group prior to the first set of trials.[4] Gilbert also participated in the Nuremberg trials as the American Military Chief Psychologist and provided testimony attesting to the sanity of Rudolf Hess.

Gilbert also administered IQ tests to the Nazi leadership. Hjalmar Schacht scored highest with 143 points, followed by Arthur Seyss-Inquart and Göring. Julius Streicher scored lowest with 106 points.[5][6]

In 1946, after the trials, Gilbert returned to the US. Gilbert stayed busy teaching, researching, and writing. In 1947 he published part of his diary, consisting of observations taken during interviews, interrogations, "eavesdropping" and conversations with German prisoners, under the title Nuremberg Diary. (This diary was reprinted in full in 1961 just before the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem.)

The following is a famous exchange Gilbert had with Göring from this book:

Göring: Why, of course, the people don't want war. Why would some poor slob on a farm want to risk his life in a war when the best that he can get out of it is to come back to his farm in one piece? Naturally, the common people don't want war; neither in Russia, nor in England, nor in America, nor for that matter in Germany. That is understood. But, after all, it is the leaders of the country who determine the policy and it is always a simple matter to drag the people along, whether it is a democracy, or a fascist dictatorship, or a parliament, or a communist dictatorship.

Gilbert: There is one difference. In a democracy the people have some say in the matter through their elected representatives, and in the United States only Congress can declare wars.

Göring: Oh, that is all well and good, but, voice or no voice, the people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked, and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger. It works the same way in any country.

Later life

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In 1948, as Head Psychologist at the Veterans Hospital at Lyons, NJ, Gilbert treated veterans of World Wars I and II who had suffered nervous breakdowns.

In 1950, Gilbert published The Psychology of Dictatorship: Based on an Examination of the Leaders of Nazi Germany. In this book, Gilbert made an attempt to portray a profile of the psychological behavior of Adolf Hitler, based on deductive work from eyewitness reports from Hitler's commanders in prison in Nuremberg.

In September 1954, while he was an Associate Professor of Psychology at Michigan State College, Gilbert attended the 62nd Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association in New York. Gilbert was part of a four-person panel discussing "Psychological Approaches to the Problem of Anti-Intellectualism."

In 1961, when he was the chairman of the psychology department of Long Island University in Brooklyn, Gilbert was summoned to testify in the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem. Gilbert testified on May 29, 1961, describing how both Ernst Kaltenbrunner and Rudolf Höss tried in their conversations with him to put the responsibility for the extermination of the Jews on each other's doorstep. Nevertheless, Eichmann appeared in the accounts of both men. Then he presented a document, handwritten by Höss, that surveys the process of extermination at Auschwitz and different sums of people gassed there – under Höss as commandant and according to an oral report by Eichmann. The court decided not to accept Gilbert's psychological analyses of the prisoners at Nuremberg as part of his testimony.[7]

In 1967, Gilbert convinced Leon Pomeroy, then a recent graduate from University of Texas at Austin, to build a clinical doctoral program in the field of psychology at Long Island University. At the time, Gilbert was serving as chairman of the psychology department of Long Island University in Brooklyn, New York.

Gilbert died on 6 February 1977.[8]

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Gustave Gilbert has been portrayed by the following actors in film, television and theater productions;[9]

Also, the character "Abe Fields" in Michael Koehlmeier's 2008 book Abendland ("Occident") who is based on Gustave Gilbert (see the interview with the author [10] in the Austrian paper Der Falter of 15. 8. 2007). In the book, Abe Fields sits in on the trials as psychologist and speaks to the defendants.

Selected works

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  • (1947). Nuremberg Diary. Farrar, Straus and Company: New York.
  • (1948). "Hermann Göring: Amiable Psychopath". Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43, 211–229.
  • (1950). The Psychology of Dictatorship: Based on an Examination of the Leaders of Nazi Germany. New York: The Ronald Press Company.
  • (1951). "Stereotype persistence and change among college students". Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46, 245–254.

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Gilbert 1939.
  2. ^ a b Nicholson 2016.
  3. ^ El-Hai 2013.
  4. ^ Main 2015.
  5. ^ Heydecker, Joe Julius (1975). The Nuremberg trial : a history of Nazi Germany as revealed through the testimony at Nuremberg. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-8371-8131-8.
  6. ^ Gilbert, Gustave (16 August 1995). Nuremberg Diary. DaCapo Press. p. 34. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
  7. ^ Transcript of the trial of Adolf Eichmann, vol. III (Sessions 55, 56 and 57 contains the testimony of Gilbert) from the Nizkor Project
  8. ^ Williams 1977.
  9. ^ "Gustave Gilbert (Character)". IMDb. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
  10. ^ Nüchtern, Klaus (30 September 2011). "Ich bin ziemlich schamlos" [I'm pretty shameless]. Falter (in German). falter.at. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

Sources

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Further reading

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  • Gilbert, G. M. (1950). The Psychology of Dictatorship: Based on an Examination of the Leaders of Nazi Germany. New York: Ronald Press.
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