Buṛɣwaṭa

Amnni ur iṭṭifn taggayt
Amnni ad ur iṭṭif taggayt. Zayd as kra n taggayt nna rad d dis yack, ad ur tettut ad tkkst talɣa ad akud nna as tt tzuydt.
Ad ur tikṣuḍt! Tettusras tbrat ad bac ad tt tẓṛ trabbut n tnṭṭuft d uzzray n imnnitn. Ayad ur isnamk is tskrt kra n uzgal.

Buṛɣwaṭa nɣ Bulɣwaṭa (s tɛṛabt: برغواطة nɣ بلغواطة) gan yan umqqun n twsitin timaziɣin nna tt inn ikkan izdɣ g tmazirt n Tamsna, gin zɣ umqqun n Imẓmudn.^[1] Ḍart n ukccum nnsn llf d tgrawla n iẓufriyn inufuɣn ɣ Lmɣrib mgal n txalifat n Bnu Umayya, skrn yan uwank s tsnimant da umẓn (gr 744-1085 ḌT) ɣ tsga n Tmsna ɣ izɣarn iṭlanṭiyn gr Asfi d Sla ddaw n tnbaḍt n Ṭarif Lmṭɣri.

Amzruy

Drusn ifruritn da ttwassanin f tgldit n Burɣwaṭa. Amata n isugam imzrayn gan imaẓuẓn f uzmz ɣ tt inn tkka tnbaḍt nnsn, ar anɣ akkan ɣ kigan n tkkal yat umnaḍ amzray amglan irwin, isduwwaxn. Maccan illa yan ɣ ibayn is t naḥya. Yan uslid iga t ɣayda yara Abu Ṣaliḥ Zmmur, nna tt inn ikkan iga waggag mqqurn n Ibrɣwaṭn, ig amsqad nnsn s Quṛṭuba ɣ imisi n tasuta tis 10. Umla da anɣ ifka ad igan wida akkʷ fruririnin f Burɣwaṭa^[2]. Sslkmn anɣ tn id Lbakri, Ibn Ḥazm d Ibn xaldun mqqar immzri ufasr nnsn ɣ kra n tnqqaḍ.

Ssntan iburɣwaṭn, ɣ tsga n Iɣumarn d Imknasn, tagrawla tamaziɣt n 739/740. Ssrɣn as waggagn inufuɣn iẓufrann da igan yan taggayt tasgdant nna iflsn s yat tɣarast n usngiddi ɣ tnmgla i tarisṭuqraṣt n Quṛayc lli d imqqurn ddu txalifat n Banu Umayya. Stin iɣwwaɣn Maysara Lmṭɣri ad ig amɣar fad ad igli aɣwwɣ nnsn, mursn, amẓn ikalln n Lmɣrib atrar. Aya issimn tiɣwwɣin yaḍnin ɣ Lmɣrib d Wandalus. Ɣ Imnɣi n Baqdura, fnan iɣwwaɣn yan tsrdast nit idusn nna nn srsn yuzn uxalif n Banu Umayya zɣ Surya. Maccan tasrdast n iɣwwaɣn iṛẓa ɣd nttat ɣ imisi n Qayṛawan, Ifriqiyya ɣ 741. Ḍar n tṛẓi ad, tlluzza akkʷ tuṛfa nnsn. Dat akkʷ ad ijṛu maya, bdan yad ibrɣwaṭn, lli igan imsrsal n tɣwwaɣt, ar ttḍiqn acku iɣwwaɣn da iggʷran is kcmn, slawant akkʷ imɣarn n ijanatn, ran ad awin tanbaḍt s wawwas n ikumisirn iẓufṛann. Lliɣ yad mursn ɣ uwttas nnsn amzwaru nna igan asdrfi n mddn zɣ tnbaḍt n Banu Umayya, ur d iɣama kra tn ittajjan ad sul drrun s tsrdast.

Ɣ 742 nɣ 743, ffɣn iburɣwaṭn tuṛfa n iɣwwaɣ, urrin s tsga n Tamsna lli illan ɣ uzaɣar utrim n Lmɣrib, skrn gis tagldit nnsn, fln tanufuɣt taẓufṛant nnsn.

Uggar n kraḍt tustin ad tkka tsga n tamsna ɣ ddu tnbaḍt n Ibrɣwaṭn (744-1058). Ddu tnbaḍt n Ṣaliḥ Bn Ṭarif, Ilyas Bn Ṣaliḥ (792-842); Yuns (842-888) d Bu Ɣufayl (888-913) tdus d tgldit, ar tssifiḍ imazann s tiwsatin taddjarin. Ɣ tuddma, kkant tt inn tzdayin ingrasn d Txalifat Tumayyat n Quṛṭuba fulkint, macc ɣ tgira n tasuta tis mrawt tṛẓa s tmntilt n sin wazzaɣn n Banu Umayya, d kra wazzaɣn sɣ dar ifaṭimiyn nna mi ɣnsn Ibrɣwaṭn, yili gr asn d Ayt Yfrn yan umnɣi icddan zɣ tasuta tis 11. Mqqar d lmḍn Ibrɣwaṭn g yan uzmz,^[3] iẓḍiṛn sul ad ɣnsn i wazzaɣn n Imrabḍn — Immut gisn umɣar asgdan n Imṛabḍn Ɛbdlalh Bn Yasin ɣ ubaraz n imnɣi g 7 Yulyu 1058. 1149 ka a ɣ rẓan ibrɣwaṭn, fnun tn imuwḥḥidn, nɣubun am tgrumma tasrtant tasgdant^[4].

Tiwsatin

Sin wagnarn d tẓat twsatin ad tt inn ikkan kcmnt ɣ umqqun n Burɣwaṭa, iḍfuṛnt 12 zgitsnt asgd n Burɣwaṭa, ɣamant tiyyaḍ f Lislam.

Tiwsatin ḍfarnin asgd aburɣwaṭ (irks d Lislam)

Igrawn (جراوة)
Izwaɣn (زواغة)
Brans (البرانس)
Ayt Bu Naṣr (بني أبي ناصر)
Imnjaẓn (منجصة)
Ayt Bu Nuḥ (بني أبي نوح)
Ayt Waɣmr (بني واغمر
Imṭɣrn (مطغرة)
Ayt Burɣ (بني بورغ)
Ayt Drr (بني درّ)
Imṭmaṭn (مطماطة)
Ayt Zksnt (بني زكسنت)

Tiqbilin Tinslmin Tinufuɣin

Ijanatn n udrar (زناتة الجبل)
Ayt Bllit (بنو بليت)
Inmlaln (نمالة)
Iwnsnt (أونسنت)
Ayt Yfrn (نو يفرن)
Ayt Naɣit (بنو ناغيت)
Ayt Nnɛman (بنو النعمان)
Ayt Fllusn (بنو فلوسة)
Ayt Kuna (وبنو كونة)
Ayt Skbbr (بنو سبكر)
Aẓẓadn (أصّادة)
Irgragn (رُكانة)
Imanadn (منادة)
iminn (أزمين)
Imasinn (ماسينة)
Irẓann (رصانة)
Itrarn (ترارته)

Kra zɣ twsatin ad ittyubdarn, zun d Brans, Imṭmaṭn, Yfrn d Itrarn gan ɣar ixsan zɣ twsatin mqqurnin, ɣar tida llanin ɣ tsga n Tmsna ad ikcmn s umqqun n Burɣwaṭa.

Tisuɣal

↑ Le Tourneau, R. (1986) [1960]. "Barg̲h̲awāṭa". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers. p. 1043. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1231. ISBN 9004081143.
↑ Ẓr amnni ad lli d iffɣn tikklt tamzwarut ɣ tsɣunt n Hesperis, ittwarcifa ɣ 18 brir, 2007.
↑ Is akkʷ ibdr Lbakri mas fnan ɣ 1029 maccan aya ur imsasa d aylli daɣ inna g idɣarn yaḍnin f imnɣan nnsn d imṛabḍn.
↑ Le Tourneau, R. (1986) [1960]. "Barg̲h̲awāṭa". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers. p. 1044. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1231. ISBN 9004081143.

[1] Le Tourneau, R. (1986) [1960]. "Barg̲h̲awāṭa". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers. p. 1043. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1231. ISBN 9004081143.

[2] Ẓr amnni ad lli d iffɣn tikklt tamzwarut ɣ tsɣunt n Hesperis, ittwarcifa ɣ 18 brir, 2007.

[3] Is akkʷ ibdr Lbakri mas fnan ɣ 1029 maccan aya ur imsasa d aylli daɣ inna g idɣarn yaḍnin f imnɣan nnsn d imṛabḍn.

[4] Le Tourneau, R. (1986) [1960]. "Barg̲h̲awāṭa". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers. p. 1044. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1231. ISBN 9004081143.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]