Brahmin

A checked version of this page, approved on 8 gusht 2024, was based on this revision.

Brahmin ( sanskritisht: ब्राह्मण , transliterimi: brāhmaṇa ) është një varna si dhe një kastë brenda shoqërisë hindu . Në nënkontinentin Indian Vedik dhe pas-Vedik, Brahminët u caktuan si klasa priftërore, duke shërbyer si priftërinj ( purohit, pandit ose puxhari ) dhe mësues shpirtëror ( guru ose açarja ). Tre varnat e tjera janë Kshatrija, Vaishja dhe Shudra . ^[1] ^[2] ^[3] ^[4] ^[5]

Puna tradicionale e brahminëve është ajo e priftit në tempujt hindu ose në ceremonitë socio-fetare, dhe kryerja e ritualeve të riteve të kalimit, si solemnizimi i një martese me himne dhe lutje. ^[6] Tradicionalisht, brahminëve u jepet statusi më i lartë ritual i katër klasave shoqërore. ^[7] Në praktikë, tekstet indiane sugjerojnë se disa brahminë historikisht u bënë edhe bujq, luftëtarë, tregtarë dhe kishin mbajtur gjithashtu profesione të tjera në nënkontinentin Indian. ^[7]

^ Benjamin Lee Wren (2004). Teaching World Civilization with Joy and Enthusiasm. University Press of America. fq. 77–. ISBN 978-0-7618-2747-4. At the top were the Brahmins(priests), then the Kshatriyas(warriors), then the vaishya(the merchant class which only in India had a place of honor in Asia), next were the sudras(farmers), and finally the pariah(untouchables), or those who did the dirty defiling work {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ Kenneth R. Valpey (2 nëntor 2019). Cow Care in Hindu Animal Ethics. Springer Nature. fq. 169–. ISBN 978-3-03-028408-4. The four varnas are the brahmins (brahmanas—priests, teachers); kshatriyas (ksatriyas—administrators, rulers); vaishyas (vaisyas—farmers, bankers, business people); and shudras(laborers, artisans) {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ Richard Bulliet; Pamela Crossley; Daniel Headrick; Steven Hirsch; Lyman Johnson (11 tetor 2018). The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Volume I. Cengage Learning. fq. 172–. ISBN 978-0-357-15937-8. Varna are the four major social divisions: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/ administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ Akira Iriye (1979). The World of Asia. Forum Press. fq. 106. ISBN 978-0-88273-500-9. The four varna groupings in descending order of their importance came to be Brahmin (priests), Kshatriya (warriors and administrators), Vaishya (cultivators and merchants), and Sudra (peasants and menial laborers) {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ Ludo Rocher (2014). "9.Caste and occupation in classical India: The normative texts". përmbledhur nga Donald R. Davis, Jr (red.). Studies in Hindu Law and Dharmaśāstra. Anthem Press. fq. 205–206. ISBN 9781783083152. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ Gabim referencash: Etiketë <ref> e pavlefshme; asnjë tekst nuk u dha për refs e quajtura ghurye15
^ ^a ^b Doniger, Wendy (1999). Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions. Springfield, MA, US: Merriam-Webster. fq. 141–142, 186. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[Wren2004-1] Benjamin Lee Wren (2004). Teaching World Civilization with Joy and Enthusiasm. University Press of America. fq. 77–. ISBN 978-0-7618-2747-4. At the top were the Brahmins(priests), then the Kshatriyas(warriors), then the vaishya(the merchant class which only in India had a place of honor in Asia), next were the sudras(farmers), and finally the pariah(untouchables), or those who did the dirty defiling work {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[Valpey2019-2] Kenneth R. Valpey (2 nëntor 2019). Cow Care in Hindu Animal Ethics. Springer Nature. fq. 169–. ISBN 978-3-03-028408-4. The four varnas are the brahmins (brahmanas—priests, teachers); kshatriyas (ksatriyas—administrators, rulers); vaishyas (vaisyas—farmers, bankers, business people); and shudras(laborers, artisans) {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[BullietCrossleyHeadrick2018-3] Richard Bulliet; Pamela Crossley; Daniel Headrick; Steven Hirsch; Lyman Johnson (11 tetor 2018). The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Volume I. Cengage Learning. fq. 172–. ISBN 978-0-357-15937-8. Varna are the four major social divisions: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/ administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[Iriye1979-4] Akira Iriye (1979). The World of Asia. Forum Press. fq. 106. ISBN 978-0-88273-500-9. The four varna groupings in descending order of their importance came to be Brahmin (priests), Kshatriya (warriors and administrators), Vaishya (cultivators and merchants), and Sudra (peasants and menial laborers) {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[ludo14-5] Ludo Rocher (2014). "9.Caste and occupation in classical India: The normative texts". përmbledhur nga Donald R. Davis, Jr (red.). Studies in Hindu Law and Dharmaśāstra. Anthem Press. fq. 205–206. ISBN 9781783083152. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[ghurye15-6] Gabim referencash: Etiketë <ref> e pavlefshme; asnjë tekst nuk u dha për refs e quajtura ghurye15

[doniger141-7] Doniger, Wendy (1999). Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions. Springfield, MA, US: Merriam-Webster. fq. 141–142, 186. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]