Kontent qismiga oʻtish

Gut microbiota

Vikipediya, ochiq ensiklopediya
Escherichia coli, inson ichaklarida mavjud bo'lgan ko'plab bakteriyalar turlaridan biri

Ichak mikrobiotasi — bu umurtqali hayvonlarning, shu jumladan, odamlarning va hasharotlarning ovqat hazm qilish traktida yashovchi mikroorganizmlar, shu jumladan, bakteriyalar va arxeylar[1][2] Muqobil atamalarga ichak florasi (texnik jihatdan oʻsimliklarni bildiruvchi eskirgan atama) va ichak mikrobiomasi kiradi. Oshqozon-ichak metagenomi (baʼzan mikrobioma deb taʼriflanadi) ichak mikrobiotasining barcha genomlarining yigʻindisidir[3][4] Insonda ichak inson mikrobiotasining asosiy joylashuvidir[5] Ichak mikrobiotasi keng koʻlamli taʼsirga ega, jumladan, kolonizatsiya, patogenlarga qarshilik, ichak epiteliyasini saqlash, parhez va farmatsevtik birikmalarni metabolizatsiya qilish, immun funktsiyasini nazorat qilish va hatto ichak-miya oʻqi orqali xatti-harakatlarga taʼsir qiladi.

Ichak mikrobiotasining mikrobial tarkibi ovqat hazm qilish traktining mintaqalarida farq qiladi. Yo'g'on ichakda 300 dan 1000 gacha turli xil turlarni ifodalovchi Yerdagi har qanday yashash muhitida qayd etilgan eng yuqori mikrob zichligi mavjud[6] Biroq, ichak bakteriyalarining 99% taxminan 30 yoki 40 turdan keladi[7] Bakteriyalar, shuningdek, najasning quruq massasining 60% ni tashkil qiladi[8] Ichakdagi bakteriyalarning 99% dan ortigʻi anaeroblardir, ammo koʻrichakda aerob bakteriyalar[9] Taxminlarga ko'ra, inson ichak mikrobiotasi inson genomidagidan yuz baravar koʻp genlarga ega.

Umumiy koʻrinish

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Odamlarda ichak mikrobiotasi tananing boshqa joylariga nisbatan eng koʻp bakteriyalar va turlarning eng koʻp soniga ega[10] Odamlarda ichak florasi tugʻilgandan keyin bir-ikki yil oʻtgach shakllanadi, bu vaqtda ichak epiteliysi va u chiqaradigan ichak shilliq qavati ichak florasiga bardoshli va hatto uni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi tarzda birgalikda rivojlanadi. va bu ham patogen organizmlar uchun toʻsiqni taʼminlaydi[11][12]

Baʼzi ichak florasi va odamlar oʻrtasidagi munosabatlar nafaqat kommensal (zararli bo'lmagan birga yashash), balki oʻzaro munosabatlardir :700Ba'zi inson ichak mikroorganizmlari xun tolasini qisqa zanjirli yogʻ kislotalariga (SCFAs), masalan, sirka kislotasi va butirik kislotaga fermentatsiyalash orqali uy egasiga foyda keltiradi, ular keyinchalik xost tomonidan soʻriladi[10][13] Ichak bakteriyalari, shuningdek, vitamin B va K vitaminini sintez qilish bilan bir qatorda safro kislotalari, sterollar va ksenobiyotiklarni metaboliz qilishda ham rol oʻynaydi[5][13] SCFA va ular ishlab chiqaradigan boshqa birikmalarning tizimli ahamiyati gormonlarga oʻxshaydi va ichak florasining o'zi endokrin organ kabi ishlaydi[13] va ichak florasining disregulyatsiyasi koʻplab yalligʻlanish va otoimun sharoitlar bilan bogʻliq[10] [14]

Inson ichak mikrobiotasining tarkibi vaqt oʻtishi bilan, diet oʻzgarganda va umumiy salomatlik oʻzgarganda oʻzgaradi [10][14] 2016- yildan boshlab tizimli koʻrib chiqish probiyotik bakteriyalarning tijoratda mavjud bo'lgan baʼzi shtammlari bilan oʻtkazilgan klinikadan oldingi va kichik insoniy sinovlarni o'rganib chiqdi va markaziy asab tizimining ayrim kasalliklari uchun foydali boʻlishi mumkin boʻlgan eng koʻp potentsialga ega boʻlganlarini aniqladi[15]

Tasniflar

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Ichak mikrobiotasining mikrobial tarkibi ovqat hazm qilish traktida turlicha. Oshqozon va ingichka ichakda odatda nisbatan kam sonli bakteriyalar mavjud[6][16] Yo'g'on ichak, aksincha, Yerdagi har qanday yashash muhitida qayd etilgan eng yuqori mikrob zichligini o'z ichiga oladi[17] ichak tarkibining grammiga 10 12 hujayragacha [6] Bu bakteriyalar 300 dan 1000 gacha turli turlarni ifodalaydi[6] [16] Biroq, bakteriyalarning 99% taxminan 30 yoki 40 turdan keladi [7] Ichakda ularning ko'pligi natijasida bakteriyalar ham najasning quruq massasining 60% ni tashkil qiladi [8] Ichak florasida zamburug'lar, protistlar, arxeya va viruslar ham mavjud, ammo ularning faoliyati haqida kam ma'lum[18]

Ichakdagi bakteriyalarning 99% dan ortig'i anaeroblardir, ammo ko'richakda aerob bakteriyalar yuqori zichlikka erishadi [5] Taxminlarga ko'ra, bu ichak florasi inson genomidagidan taxminan yuz baravar ko'p genlarga ega [19]

Candida albicans, ichakda xamirturush sifatida o'sadigan dimorf qo'ziqorin

Ichakdagi ko'plab turlar uy egalaridan tashqarida o'rganilmagan, chunki ularning ko'pchiligini etishtirish mumkin emas[16][7][20] Ko'pchilik odamlar tomonidan baham ko'rilgan oz sonli mikroblarning asosiy turlari mavjud bo'lsa-da, mikroblar populyatsiyasi turli shaxslar orasida keng farq qilishi mumkin [21] Hayot tarzi, ovqatlanish va yosh o'zgarishi bilan ba'zi o'zgarishlar yuz berishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, inson ichida mikroblar populyatsiyasi vaqt o'tishi bilan o'zgarmas bo'lib qoladi [6][22] Inson mikrobiomi loyihasi inson ichak mikrobiotasini va tananing boshqa joylarini yaxshiroq tasvirlashga kirishdi.

Inson ichaklaridagi to'rtta dominant bakteriya filasi - Bacillota, Bacteroidota, Actinomycetota va Pseudomonadota[23] Aksariyat bakteriyalar Bacteroides, Clostridium, Faecalibacterium[6][7] Eubacterium, Ruminococcus, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus va Bifidobacterium avlodlariga tegishli[6] [7] Escherichia va Lactobacillus kabi boshqa avlodlar kamroq darajada mavjud[6] Bacteroides jinsiga mansub turlarning o'zi ichakdagi barcha bakteriyalarning taxminan 30% ni tashkil qiladi, bu esa bu jinsning xost faoliyatida ayniqsa muhim ekanligini ko'rsatadi [16]

Ichakda aniqlangan qo'ziqorin turlariga Candida, Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhodotorula, Trametes, Pleospora, Sclerotinia, Bullera va Galactomyces va boshqalar kiradi[24][25] Rodotorula ko'pincha yallig'lanishli ichak kasalligi bo'lgan odamlarda, Candida esa ko'pincha gepatit B sirrozi va surunkali gepatit B bilan kasallangan odamlarda topiladi[24]

Arxeylar ichak florasining yana bir katta sinfini tashkil qiladi, ular fermentatsiyaning bakterial mahsulotlari metabolizmida muhim ahamiyatga ega.

Industralizatsiya mikrobiotadagi o'zgarishlar bilan bog'liq va xilma-xillikning qisqarishi ma'lum turlarning yo'q bo'lib ketishiga olib kelishi mumkin; 2018 yilda tadqiqotchilar inson mikrobiotasining biobank omborini taklif qilishdi[26]

Enterotip

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Enterotip - bu tirik organizmlarning yoshi, jinsi, tana vazni yoki milliy bo'linishlari bilan bog'liq bo'lmagan, inson ichak mikrobiomasidagi bakteriologik ekotizimiga[27] Uzoq muddatli ovqatlanish enterotipga ta'sir qiladigan belgilar mavjud[28] Insonning uchta enterotipi taklif qilingan[27] [29], ammo ularning qiymati shubhali[30]

Tarkibi

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Bakteriya

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Oshqozon

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Oshqozonning yuqori kislotaliligi tufayli ko'pchilik mikroorganizmlar u yerda yashay olmaydi. Oshqozonning asosiy bakterial aholisiga quyidagilar kiradi: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, Peptostreptokokklar[5] :720Helicobacter pylori gram-manfiy spiral bakteriya bo'lib, oshqozon shilliq qavatida surunkali gastrit va oshqozon yarasi kasalliklarini keltirib chiqaradigan va oshqozon saratoni uchun kanserogen hisoblanadi<ref >

  1. ↑ Moszak, M; Szulińska, M; Bogdański, P (15 April 2020). "You Are What You Eat-The Relationship between Diet, Microbiota, and Metabolic Disorders-A Review.". Nutrients 12 (4): 1096. doi:10.3390/nu12041096. PMID 32326604. PMC 7230850. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7230850. 
  2. ↑ Engel, P.; Moran, N. (2013). "The gut microbiota of insects–diversity in structure and function". FEMS Microbiology Reviews 37 (5): 699–735. doi:10.1111/1574-6976.12025. PMID 23692388. 
  3. ↑ Segata, N; Boernigen, D; Tickle, TL; Morgan, XC; Garrett, WS; Huttenhower, C (14 May 2013). "Computational meta'omics for microbial community studies.". Molecular Systems Biology 9: 666. doi:10.1038/msb.2013.22. PMID 23670539. PMC 4039370. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4039370. 
  4. ↑ Saxena, R. „A Metagenomic Insight Into the Human Microbiome: Its Implications in Health and Disease“, . Medical and Health Genomics D. Kumar: . Elsevier Science, 2016 — 117-bet. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-420196-5.00009-5. ISBN 978-0-12-799922-7. 
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 Sherwood, Linda. Prescott's Microbiology, 9th, New York: McGraw Hill, 2013 — 713–21-bet. ISBN 9780073402406. OCLC 886600661.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Prescotts" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 6,6 6,7 Guarner, F; Malagelada, J (2003). "Gut flora in health and disease". The Lancet 361 (9356): 512–19. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12489-0. PMID 12583961. https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-02-08_361_9356/page/n78.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Guarner and Malagelada 2003b" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 Beaugerie, Laurent; Petit, Jean-Claude (2004). "Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea". Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology 18 (2): 337–52. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2003.10.002. PMID 15123074.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Beaugerie L and Petit JC" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Stephen, A. M.; Cummings, J. H. (1980). "The Microbial Contribution to Human Faecal Mass". Journal of Medical Microbiology 13 (1): 45–56. doi:10.1099/00222615-13-1-45. PMID 7359576.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Stephen and Cummings" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ Sherwood, Linda. Prescott's Microbiology, 9th, New York: McGraw Hill, 2013 — 713–21-bet. ISBN 9780073402406. OCLC 886600661. 
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 Quigley, E. M (2013). "Gut bacteria in health and disease". Gastroenterology & Hepatology 9 (9): 560–9. PMID 24729765. PMC 3983973. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3983973.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Quigley2013rev" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Sommer, Felix; Bäckhed, Fredrik (2013). "The gut microbiota — masters of host development and physiology". Nature Reviews Microbiology 11 (4): 227–38. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2974. PMID 23435359. 
  12. ↑ Faderl, Martin; Noti, Mario; Corazza, Nadia; Mueller, Christoph (2015). "Keeping bugs in check: The mucus layer as a critical component in maintaining intestinal homeostasis". IUBMB Life 67 (4): 275–85. doi:10.1002/iub.1374. PMID 25914114. 
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 Clarke, Gerard; Stilling, Roman M; Kennedy, Paul J; Stanton, Catherine; Cryan, John F; Dinan, Timothy G (2014). "Minireview: Gut Microbiota: The Neglected Endocrine Organ". Molecular Endocrinology 28 (8): 1221–38. doi:10.1210/me.2014-1108. PMID 24892638. PMC 5414803. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5414803. 
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Shen, Sj; Wong, Connie HY (2016). "Bugging inflammation: Role of the gut microbiota". Clinical & Translational Immunology 5 (4): e72. doi:10.1038/cti.2016.12. PMID 27195115. PMC 4855262. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4855262.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Shen2016rev" defined multiple times with different content
  15. ↑ Wang, Huiying; Lee, In-Seon; Braun, Christoph; Enck, Paul (2016). "Effect of Probiotics on Central Nervous System Functions in Animals and Humans: A Systematic Review". Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility 22 (4): 589–605. doi:10.5056/jnm16018. PMID 27413138. PMC 5056568. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5056568. 
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 Sears, Cynthia L. (2005). "A dynamic partnership: Celebrating our gut flora". Anaerobe 11 (5): 247–51. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.05.001. PMID 16701579.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Sears" defined multiple times with different content
  17. ↑ Shapira, Michael (2016-07-01). "Gut Microbiotas and Host Evolution: Scaling Up Symbiosis" (en). Trends in Ecology & Evolution 31 (7): 539–549. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2016.03.006. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 27039196. https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347(16)00085-9. 
  18. ↑ Lozupone, Catherine A.; Stombaugh, Jesse I.; Gordon, Jeffrey I.; Jansson, Janet K.; Knight, Rob (2012). "Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota". Nature 489 (7415): 220–30. doi:10.1038/nature11550. PMID 22972295. PMC 3577372. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3577372. 
  19. ↑ Qin, Junjie; Li, Ruiqiang; Raes, Jeroen; Arumugam, Manimozhiyan; Burgdorf, Kristoffer Solvsten; Manichanh, Chaysavanh; Nielsen, Trine; Pons, Nicolas et al. (2010). "A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing". Nature 464 (7285): 59–65. doi:10.1038/nature08821. PMID 20203603. PMC 3779803. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3779803. 
  20. ↑ Shanahan, Fergus (2002). "The host–microbe interface within the gut". Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology 16 (6): 915–31. doi:10.1053/bega.2002.0342. PMID 12473298. 
  21. ↑ Tap, Julien; Mondot, Stanislas; Levenez, Florence; Pelletier, Eric; Caron, Christophe; Furet, Jean-Pierre; Ugarte, Edgardo; Muñoz-Tamayo, Rafael et al. (2009). "Towards the human intestinal microbiota phylogenetic core". Environmental Microbiology 11 (10): 2574–84. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01982.x. PMID 19601958. 
  22. ↑ O'Hara, Ann M; Shanahan, Fergus (2006). "The gut flora as a forgotten organ". EMBO Reports 7 (7): 688–93. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400731. PMID 16819463. PMC 1500832. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1500832. 
  23. ↑ Khanna, Sahil; Tosh, Pritish K (2014). "A Clinician's Primer on the Role of the Microbiome in Human Health and Disease". Mayo Clinic Proceedings 89 (1): 107–14. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.10.011. PMID 24388028. 
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Cui, Lijia; Morris, Alison; Ghedin, Elodie (2013). "The human mycobiome in health and disease". Genome Medicine 5 (7): 63. doi:10.1186/gm467. PMID 23899327. PMC 3978422. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3978422. 
  25. ↑ Erdogan, Askin; Rao, Satish S. C (2015). "Small Intestinal Fungal Overgrowth". Current Gastroenterology Reports 17 (4): 16. doi:10.1007/s11894-015-0436-2. PMID 25786900. 
  26. ↑ Bello, Maria G. Dominguez; Knight, Rob; Gilbert, Jack A.; Blaser, Martin J. (4 October 2018). "Preserving microbial diversity". Science 362 (6410): 33–34. doi:10.1126/science.aau8816. PMID 30287652. 
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 Arumugam, Manimozhiyan; Raes, Jeroen; Pelletier, Eric; Le Paslier, Denis; Yamada, Takuji; Mende, Daniel R.; Fernandes, Gabriel R.; Tap, Julien et al. (2011). "Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome". Nature 473 (7346): 174–80. doi:10.1038/nature09944. PMID 21508958. PMC 3728647. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3728647. 
  28. ↑ Wu, G. D.; Chen, J.; Hoffmann, C.; Bittinger, K.; Chen, Y.-Y.; Keilbaugh, S. A.; Bewtra, M.; Knights, D. et al. (2011). "Linking Long-Term Dietary Patterns with Gut Microbial Enterotypes". Science 334 (6052): 105–08. doi:10.1126/science.1208344. PMID 21885731. PMC 3368382. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3368382. 
  29. ↑ Zimmer, Carl. „Bacteria Divide People Into 3 Types, Scientists Say“. The New York Times (2011-yil 20-aprel). Qaraldi: 2011-yil 21-aprel. „a group of scientists now report just three distinct ecosystems in the guts of people they have studied.“.
  30. ↑ Knights, Dan; Ward, Tonya; McKinlay, Christopher; Miller, Hannah; Gonzalez, Antonio; McDonald, Daniel; Knight, Rob (8 October 2014). "Rethinking "Enterotypes"". Cell Host & Microbe 16 (4): 433–37. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2014.09.013. PMID 25299329. PMC 5558460. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5558460.  
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