相馬野馬追は、福島県相馬市と南相馬市を中心に毎年夏に行われる伝統的な祭礼である。本研究は、相馬野馬追がどのように変化を遂げ、何百年もの間絶えず続けられてきたのかを明らかにすることを目的としている。研究の結果、相馬野馬追は徐々に発展していき17世紀末で一種の完成を迎えたこと、何度か消滅の危機に瀕するものの、その度に形を大きく変えることで対応し、消滅を免れていたこと、特に明治時代に大きな形態変化を経たため現在の相馬野馬追は江戸時代のものとは内容が異なることが明らかになった。

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In the late 17^th century, feudal loads played a major role in spread Gongen-style buildings through provincially area. This paper considered it from the analysis of the buildings how feudal loads received Gongen-style. It became clear that Gongen-style building built by feudal lords did not conform to the constitution that the Shogunate including main shrine, stone-hall, and and votive offering hall formalized, although it was considered that there was an example of the Shogunate which made a model of it.

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精神看護は癲狂院という独自の環境の中で発展し，時代に翻弄され，社会的な背景が色濃く関連している。そして、精神障がい者における処遇は、歴史的に繰り返され，国としての施策の結果，明治期における医療体制の改革として西洋文化を取入れたことにより始まった。精神看護においてもその萌芽が目覚め始め，精神障がい者に対する看護が息吹をあげ始めた。また，「相馬事件」を契機に，全国的に統一した「精神病者監護法」が成立し，精神病者への治安維持的要素が強まるなか，精神看護教育が始まったことで，精神病者に対する人道的な関わりが始まったものと考えられる。

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This paper studies impact of Great Tempo Famine (1833-1839) and people's countermeasure in rural area of South Kantoh, Japan. We use records of a rural community, named Kaminaguri-kogumi, to analyze mortality, people's damage and several kinds of aids for "Starving People" during the famine. We find that mortality in Kaminaguri-kogumi was relatively low (35‰) even in the peak year 1837 comparing with data of other areas. The aid by "Rich People" of the community, including the community head Eijiro Machida, and the official aid by Tokugawa government, actually financed by "Rich People" of the community, were done in December 1836 and March 1837, respectively, shortly before and after the mortality peak in February 1837. The records also shows that some of "Rich People", including a "Starving" household, were not able to finance the official aid by Tokugawa government and they needed support of the community head Eijiro Machida to fullfil obligation. The results suggest that there were no epidemics during famine period, and aids by "Rich People" were done at appropriate moments. But some of "Rich People", who were expected to help "Starving People", might be under steress, that they could not satisfy expected role without Machidas' support because of the damage.

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大規模な犠牲者を出した東日本大震災は，地震，津波，原発災害の複合災害であった。それぞれの自治体は地震や津波に対しては事前に防災・減災対策を立てていたが，原発災害に伴う広域避難は予期されていなかった。しかし福島県内の関係市町村はそれぞれに最大限の対応力を示した。今回の震災の経験から，自治体政策にとって今後に活かすべき課題として，①独自の判断力，②自治体間の直接的連携，③バーチャル自治体の可能性，の3点を抽出して検討する。

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Government officials were sent to inspect and purchase horses in Edo-era. Morioka-Han and Sendai-Han were famous for breeding horses. Through the examination of historical materials, following results are ascertained ; (1) Officials sent by central government to Morioka-Han used Okari-ya of Morioka-Han as a lodging. (2) Officials sent by Morioka-Han to Tono used Okari-ya of Tono as a lodging. (3) We suppose that officials sent by central government to Sendai-Han used Gaijin-ya and Baken-sho of Sendai-Han. (4) Baken-sho of Sendai-Han was siutable for inspecting horses on front road.

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