Bûn-hoat

Bûn-hoat (文法^[1]^[2]), mā kiò gí-hoat (語法), sī lán lâng chhùi-kóng iah-sī su-siá 1 ê gí-giân ê sî sūn-thàn ê kui-chek. Chit thò kui-chek chhù-lí liáu chú-kù, phiàn-gí, kap tan-jī ê cho͘-ha̍p. Lēng-gōa, chi̍t jī mā thang chí tùi chia kui-chek ê gián-kiù ha̍k-būn.

Iōng-gí

"Bûn-hoat" iā "gí-hoat" che iōng-gí, ū khó-lêng piáu-sī ē-kha chia-ê bô-kâng ê ì-sù:

gí-giân ê gián-kiù: bó͘-chi̍t-chióng gí-giân ê ūn-chok, koan-hē i lóng-chóng ê te̍k-sèng. Chit-ê ì-sù sī teh kóng tùi gí-giân ê lāi-té só͘-ū ê tì-sek ê gián-kiù.
gí-kù kiat-kò͘ ê gián-kiù. Thàu-kòe kui-chek kap lē lâi khui-phòa gí-giân lāi-té ê gí-kù sī án-chóaⁿ khí-chō--ê. Tī chit-ê ì-sù--lí, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī chí it-poaⁿ teh kóng chèng-khak ê gí-hoat, iā tō sī tī kàu-kho-chu ia̍h gí-giân kàu-châi lāi-té ê kui-chek.
Lán lâng teh sêng-tióng ê kòe-têng-tiong chiam-tùi lán ê bô͘-gí lâi kiàn-li̍p ê gí-giân hē-thóng. Che sī hō-chò bó-gí-lâng ê gí-hoat (native-speaker's grammar).^[3]^p446^[4]^p453

Lán kìⁿ-nā kóng bó-gí ê sî-chūn, tō sī teh êng-ióng bó-gí-lâng ê gí-hoat, siōng-bô lán sim-lāi lóng ke-ke-kiám-kiám ū 1 ê piau-chún tī--leh. Lán hoân-nā siá siáⁿ, mā ē thàn chèng-khak ê gí-hoat. Chóng--sī, chhùi-kóng kap su-siá ê hóng-kheh hām piau-chún tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ bô lóng sio-siâng.

Khah khoah-bīn lâi kóng, gí-hoat ê gián-kiù, siōng-bô koh hun-chò kù-hoat, seng-ūn-ha̍k, hoat-im-ha̍k téng-téng.

Bô-kâng-khoán ê gí-giân

Ta̍k-khoán gí-giân lóng ū in ka-kī ê gí-hoat. Sio̍k tī kāng 1 ê gí-hē ê gí-giân, gí-hoat mā ē khah óa. Pí-lūn: Bô-kâng ê Hàn-gí ū chin chē sio-siâng ê só͘-chai, tō ná-chhin-chhiūⁿ Au-chiu ê gí-giân tiong-kan ū kài chē saⁿ-tâng ê ūi-á. Ah nā sī gí-giân hō͘-siong chi-kan koan-hē khah hn̄g--ê, tō cheng-chha khah chē, chhin-chhiūⁿ Ji̍t-gí kap Au-chiu ê gí-giân tō chha-tōa-bé--khì.

Hō-ló-ōe sio̍k tī Hàn-gí, i bô chhiūⁿ Ìn-au-gí-hē ū chin chē sû-tòe (affix). M̄-koh, che pēng bô tāi-piáu kóng Hō-ló-ōe (kap pa̍t-ê Hàn-gí) tō bô gí-hoat. It-poaⁿ lâi kóng, bô sû-tòe hām sû-tòe khah ha̍t ê gí-giân, i ê sû-sū (word order) tō ke khah iàu-kín.

Sû-sū sī gí-hoat lāi-té 1 ê tiōng-iàu ê gī-tê, Hàn-gí ê oa̍h-jī (tōng-sû) sù-siông sī tī chò pin-gí ê si̍t-jī (bêng-sû) thâu-chêng, m̄-koh Ji̍t-gí tú tian-tò-péng. Pêⁿ-pêⁿ lóng sī Au-chiu ê gí-giân, Lo͘-bàn-suh-gí-hē(Romance languages) ê hêng-iông-jī (hêng-iông-sû) sī tòe tòa si̍t-jī ê āu-piah, ah Jī-mé-nī-khuh-gí-hē (Germanic languages) tō tùi-hoán--ah.

Lán khòaⁿ sû-tòe kap sû-sū tiong-kan ê khan-liân, sû-tòe chin phong-phài ê Gô-lô-gí kap Tek-gí sû-sū chin chū-iû, sû-tòe khah chiò ê Eng-gí sû-sū tō khah bô hiah chū-iû. Chha-put-to lóng bô sû-tòe ê Hàn-gí, sû-sū tō chin kín-iàu--ah.

Gí-giân ê piàn-hòa

Su-siá ê gí-hoat phēng chhùi-kóng ê gí-hoat khah bô hiah khoài piàn. Chóng--sī, gí-hoat tek-khak teh piàn, cheng-chha kín-choa̍h-bāⁿ niā-tiāⁿ. Taⁿ lán kám-kak bô būn-tê ê sû-kù, tī 100 tang chêng, hoān-sè lâng thiaⁿ-tio̍h chin ngāi-gio̍h. Gí-giân kap gí-hoat ē kái-piàn, ū-sî-á sī sú-iōng-chiá in pún-sin lāi-té ê piàn-hòa, ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á thòaⁿ--khui; lēng-gōa mā chin chia̍p sī in-ūi gí-giân chiap-chhiok. Tek-pia̍t sī tī chèng-tī hām keng-chè chiàm iâⁿ-bīn ê gí-giân, tùi siong-tùi-tek khah su-sè ê gí-giân, tō ē chō-sêng kài tōa ê éng-hióng. Ba̍k-kim tī Tiong-kok kap Tâi-oân, tō in-ūi Hôa-gí siū-tio̍h chèng-hú, kàu-io̍k, chham mûi-thé kā saⁿ-thāⁿ, ke chiâⁿ kiông-sè, ah Hō-ló-ōe ê su-siá koh bô phó͘-phiàn, chū-án-ne Hō-ló-ōe ê gí-hoat kōe piàn.

Kāng-chi̍t-ê gí-giân lāi-té, mā ē ū gí-hoat ê chha-īⁿ, pêⁿ-pêⁿ sī Hō-ló-ōe, Ē-mn̂g, Choân-chiu, Chiang-chiu tō ū koh-iūⁿ ê só͘-chai, kah 1 ê thêng-tō͘, bô-kāng chng-thâu, ia̍h-chiá-sī kò-jîn chham kò-jîn tiong-kan, to ē ū cheng-chha. Chit-khoán chha-īⁿ, hō-chò hong-giân-chha.

Chham-khó

↑ Ogawa Naoyosi, pian. (1931–1932). "文法". 臺日大辭典 Tai-Nichi Dai Jiten [Tâi-Ji̍t Tōa Sû-tián]. OCLC 25747241.
↑ John Macgowan (1883). "Grammar". English and Chinese dictionary of the Amoy dialect.
↑ McArthur, Tom (ed) 1992. The Oxford companion to the English language. Oxford University Press.
↑ Crystal, David 1995. The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language. Cambridge University Press.

[1] Ogawa Naoyosi, pian. (1931–1932). "文法". 臺日大辭典 Tai-Nichi Dai Jiten [Tâi-Ji̍t Tōa Sû-tián]. OCLC 25747241.

[2] John Macgowan (1883). "Grammar". English and Chinese dictionary of the Amoy dialect.

[McA-3] McArthur, Tom (ed) 1992. The Oxford companion to the English language. Oxford University Press.

[Crystal-4] Crystal, David 1995. The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language. Cambridge University Press.

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