The Constitution of Rwanda was adopted by referendum on May 26, 2003. It replaced the Constitution of 1991.
The Constitution provides for a presidential system of government, with separation of powers between the three branches. It condemns the Rwandan genocide in the preamble, expressing hope for reconciliation and prosperity.
History
editBetween 1994 and 2003 Rwanda was governed by a set of documents combining President Habyarimana's 1991 Constitution, the Arusha Accords, and some additional protocols introduced by the transitional government.[1] As required by the Accords, Paul Kagame set up a Constitutional Commission to draft a new permanent Constitution.[2] The Constitution was required to adhere to a set of fundamental principles including equitable power sharing and democracy.[3]
The Commission sought to ensure that the draft Constitution was "home-grown", relevant to Rwanda's specific needs and reflected the views of the entire population. They sent questionnaires to civil groups across the country and rejected offers of help from the international community, except for financial assistance.[4]
The draft constitution was released in 2003; it was approved by the Parliament, and was then put to a referendum in May of that year.[5] The government gave the referendum a high profile, which meant that ultimately 95% of eligible adults registered to vote and the turnout on voting day was 87%.[6] The constitution was overwhelmingly accepted, with 93% voting in favour.[6] This constitution, among other things, changed the country's official name from "Rwandese Republic" to "Republic of Rwanda".[7][8]
A referendum on the Rwandan constitution was held on 18 December 2015. The amendments would allow President Paul Kagame to run for a third term in office in 2017, as well as shortening presidential terms from seven to five years, although the latter change would not come into effect until 2024.[9] They were approved by around 98% of voters.[10]
Overview
editThe constitution provides for a two house parliament, an elected President serving seven year terms, and multi-party politics.[6] The constitution also sought to prevent Hutu or Tutsi hegemony over political power.[6] Article 54 states that "political organizations are prohibited from basing themselves on race, ethnic group, tribe, clan, region, sex, religion or any other division which may give rise to discrimination".[11]
In general it was men who had organised the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi and they were disproportionately the victims. The constitution reserved 24 of the 80 seats for women and this did not preclude other women from competing for the remaining seats in the lower house. This lower house has had nearly half of its members being female. Six places are also reserved for women in the upper house.[12]
According to Human Rights Watch, this clause along with later laws enacted by Parliament effectively make Rwanda a one-party state, as "under the guise of preventing another genocide, the government displays a marked intolerance of the most basic forms of dissent".[13]
Detail
editClause 179 of the constitution is concerned with the aftermath of the Rwandan genocide and it creates the National Commission for the Fight against Genocide in Kigali.[14]
Notes
edit- ^ Gasamagera 2007, pp. 1–2.
- ^ Gasamagera 2007, p. 3.
- ^ Gasamagera 2007, p. 4.
- ^ Gasamagera 2007, p. 5–6.
- ^ BBC News 2003.
- ^ a b c d Economist 2003.
- ^ Constitution. Rwanda 2010 constituteproject.org
- ^ Constitution. Rwanda 2015 constituteproject.org
- ^ Paul Kagame's third term: Rwanda referendum on 18 December BBC News, 9 December 2015
- ^ Rwanda vote 'allows Kagame to extend term in office' BBC News, 19 December 2015
- ^ CJCR 2003, article 54.
- ^ Aimable Twagilimana (1 October 2007). Historical Dictionary of Rwanda. Scarecrow Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-8108-6426-9.
- ^ Roth 2009.
- ^ Aimable Twagilimana (1 October 2007). Historical Dictionary of Rwanda. Scarecrow Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-8108-6426-9.
References
edit- BBC News (26 May 2003). "Rwanda votes on constitution". Retrieved 8 February 2013.
- Commission Juridique Et Constitutionnelle Du Rwanda (CJCR) (26 May 2003). "Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda". Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- Economist (29 May 2003). "Rwanda's new constitution: The fear of majority rule". Retrieved 8 February 2013.
- Gasamagera, Wellars (22 June 2007). "The Constitution Making Process in Rwanda: Lessons to be Learned" (PDF). 7th Global Forum for Reinventing Government, Vienna, Austria, 26–29 June 2007. United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
- Roth, Kenneth (11 April 2009). "The power of horror in Rwanda". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
External links
edit
- Constitution of Rwanda Archived from the original on 2009-03-25