Count Kuroki Tamemoto GCMG (黒木 為楨, 3 May 1844 – 3 February 1923) was a Japanese general in the Imperial Japanese Army. He was the head of the Japanese First Army during the Russo-Japanese War; and his forces enjoyed a series of successes during the Manchurian fighting at the Battle of Yalu River, the Battle of Liaoyang, the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of Mukden.
Count Kuroki Tamemoto | |
|---|---|
 General Count Kuroki Tamemoto | |
| Born | 3 May 1844 Satsuma Domain (now Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan) |
| Died | 3 February 1923 (aged 78) Tokyo, Japan |
| Allegiance |  Empire of Japan |
| Service |  Imperial Japanese Army |
| Years of service | 1864–1869 1871–1909 |
| Rank |  General |
| Commands | IJA 6th Division IJA 1st Army |
| Battles / wars | Boshin War First Sino-Japanese War Russo-Japanese War |
Early life
editBorn as the son of a samurai in the Satsuma domain in southern Kyūshū in what is now Kagoshima Prefecture, Kuroki fought for the Shimazu clan against the Tokugawa shogunate forces in the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration. He led a platoon of infantry of the 1st Battalion at the Battle of Toba–Fushimi and later at the Battle of Utsunomiya Castle and was appointed a lieutenant in February 1869.
Imperial Japanese Army
editIn July 1871, Kuroki was commissioned a captain in the 1st Battalion, now part of the newly established Imperial Japanese Army. Advancements followed in rapid succession. He was appointed to the 1st Grenadier Battalion in August 1872 and promoted to major. In February 1875, aged only 31, he was appointed commander of the 12th Hiroshima Infantry Regiment and promoted to lieutenant-colonel.
During the Satsuma Rebellion of 1877, Kuroki commanded a regiment against his own clan. He was promoted to colonel in November 1878 and appointed commander of the 2nd Grenadiers. He was promoted to major-general in May 1885 and to lieutenant-general in November 1893. He commanded the IJA 6th Division in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), during which time he took part in the Battle of Weihaiwei.
Russo-Japanese War
edit
Promoted to the rank of general in November 1903, Kuroki was appointed commander of the Japanese First Army upon the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War the following year. After landing his forces at Chemulpo near Seoul in mid-February, Kuroki advanced north routing a smaller Russian force at the Battle of the Yalu River on 30 April-1 May 1904. Commanding the Japanese left flank at the Battle of Liaoyang, he repulsed a disorganized Russian attack from 25 August-3 September.
During the Battle of Shaho, Kuroki's forces again successfully defended against the Russian offensive under General Aleksei Nikolaevich Kuropatkin from 5 October-17 October and later commanded the Japanese right flank at the Battle of Mukden from 21 February-10 March 1905.[1]
During the war, Kuroki was obliged to devote attention to a large coterie of Western observers.[2] Press coverage of the war was affected by restrictions on the movement of reporters and strict censorship. In all military conflicts which followed, close attention to more managed reporting was considered essential.[3]
The military attaché of the British Indian Army to the Japanese First Army, General Sir Ian Hamilton, would directly apply lessons learned in Kuroki's retinue.[citation needed] In the 1915 Gallipoli Campaign he appointed Captain William Maxwell, a British journalist who had reported on the Russo-Japanese War for the London Daily Mail to be Chief Field Censor.[4] These experiences also provided a model that the U.S. military attaché, Captain John J. Pershing would adopt a decade later in Europe when he persuaded American journalist Frederick Palmer to take on the task of press accreditation for the American Expeditionary Force in France in World War I.[5] Palmer, like Pershing, had experienced the Russo-Japanese War through the restrictions Kuroki had imposed.
Later years
editDespite his success and previous military record, Kuroki was one of two senior field commanders denied promotion to Field Marshal, thought to be largely because of his Satsuma origins at a time when the government was dominated by Chōshū rivals, although this may have been due to the internal politics within the Japanese Imperial Army of the time.[6]
Retiring from military service in 1909, he received the title of danshaku (baron) and later hakushaku (count) under the kazoku peerage system. From 1917 onwards he served as a Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan (内大臣, Naidaijin) until his death from pneumonia in 1923.
Honours
edit- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (30 May 1905)
- Hon. Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (GCMG) (20 February 1906)[7]
- Baron (1 April 1906)
- Order of the Golden Kite, 1st Class (1 April 1906)
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers (1 April 1906)
- Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword (1906)[8]
- Order of the Plum Blossom (28 December 1906)
- Count (1909)
Two towns in North America were named in his honor: Kuroki, Saskatchewan[9] and Kuroki, North Dakota.[10]
Notes
edit- ^ Connaughton, Richard Michael. (1988). The War of the Rising Sun and Tumbling Bear: A Military History of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5, p. 231.
- ^ Roth, Mitchel P., and James Stuart Olson. (1997). Historical Dictionary of War Journalism, p. 267.
- ^ Walker, Dale L. "Jack London's War." Archived 2012-10-17 at the Wayback Machine World of Jack London website.
- ^ Knightly, Philip. "Beating the censor – Ashmead-Bartlett's efforts to reveal the real story of Gallipoli," Archived 2011-03-12 at the Wayback Machine Visit Gallipoli (Information Services Branch of the Board of Studies NSW for the Department of Veterans' Affairs); Knightly, Phillip (2004). The First Casualty, p. 107; Roth, p. 196.
- ^ Roth, p. 230.
- ^ Humphreys, Leonard A. (1995). The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s, p. 3.
- ^ The London Gazette, 15 May 1906
- ^ Sveriges statskalender (PDF) (in Swedish), 1912, p. 519, retrieved 19 March 2021 – via gupea.ub.gu.se
- ^ Barry, B. (October 2003) People Places: Contemporary Saskatchewan Place Names, 1-894022-92-0
- ^ "Kuroki (Bottineau County)". Archived from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
References
edit
- Connaughton, Richard Michael. (1988). The War of the Rising Sun and Tumbling Bear: A Military History of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-00906-5 (cloth); ISBN 978-0-415-07143-7 (paper) -- reprinted by Cassell Military, London, 2004. ISBN 978-0-304-36657-6 (paper)
- Davis, Richard Harding et al. (1905). The Russo-Japanese war; a photographic and descriptive review of the great conflict in the Far East, gathered from the reports, records, cable despatches, photographs, etc., etc., of Collier's war correspondents New York: P. F. Collier & Son. OCLC: 21581015
- Dupuy, Trevor N. et al. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. London: I. B. Tauris & Co. ISBN 978-1-85043-569-3; OCLC 59974268
- Harries, Meirion et al. (1992). Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-56935-2
- Humphreys, Leonard A. (1995). The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2375-6
- Kepplinger, Hans Mathias, Hans-Bernd Brosius and Joachim Friedrich Staab. "Instrumental Actualization: A Theory of Mediated Conflicts," European Journal of Communication, Vol. 6, No. 3, 263-290 (1991) doi:10.1177/0267323191006003002
- Kowner, Rotem. (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4927-3; OCLC 58985767
- Roth, Mitchel P. and James Stuart Olson. (1997). Historical Dictionary of War Journalism. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-29171-5
- Sisemore, James D. (2003). Sisemore, James D. (2003). "The Russo-Japanese War, Lessons Not Learned." Archived 2009-03-04 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Army Command and General Staff College.
- Towle, Philip. (1998). "Aspects of the Russo-Japanese War: British Observers of the Russo-Japanese War," Paper No. IS/1998/351. STICERD, LSE.