List of countries by government debt

This is a list of countries by government debt. Gross government debt is government financial liabilities that are debt instruments.^[1]^: 81 A debt instrument is a financial claim that requires payment of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor in the future. Examples include debt securities (such as bonds and bills), loans, and government employee pension obligations.^[1]^: 207 Net debt equals gross debt minus financial assets that are debt instruments.^[1]^{: 208, s7.243} Net debt estimates are not always available since some government assets are difficult to value, such as loans made at concessional rates.^[1]^{: 208–209, s7.246}

Changes in government debt over time reflect primarily borrowing due to past government deficits.^[2] A deficit occurs when a government's expenditures exceed revenues.^[3] ^[1]^: 79–82

In the list below, government debt is measured for the general government sector because the level of government responsible for programs (for example, health care) differs across countries, and the general government comprises central, state, provincial, regional, and local governments, and social security funds.^[1]^{: 18, s2.58, s2.59}

To make the numbers comparable across countries of different size, government debt is measured as a percentage of a country's gross domestic product (GDP). For context on the magnitude of the debt numbers, European Union member countries have an agreement, the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP), to maintain a general government gross debt of no more than 60% of GDP.^[4] The aim of the SGP is to prevent excessive debt burdens.^[5]

Government debt as a percentage of GDP

When data is not available, numbers are IMF staff estimates.

General government debt (% of GDP)
Country and region	General government gross debt 2024^[6]	Gross debt^[7] 2022	Net debt^[8] 2021
Afghanistan	-	-
Albania	58	67.581	64.1
Algeria	46.4	52.397	51.9
Andorra	34.7	38.788
Angola	70.3	67.050
Antigua and Barbuda	76.4	90.562
Argentina	86.2	84.466
Armenia	53.1	49.273
Aruba	76.2	92.004
Australia	49.6	55.702	34.6
Austria	75.4	77.786	60.6
Azerbaijan	18.3	20.675
Bahamas	84	89.414
Bahrain	126.7	117.587
Bangladesh	41.4	39.088
Barbados	107.5	120.781	134.3
Belarus	48.6	39.753
Belgium	105	105.270	93.7
Belize	62.9	64.141
Benin	53.4	52.386
Bhutan	111.4	124.795
Bolivia	86.7	82.616	70.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	29.7	29.556	22.0
Botswana	17.9	19.949	14.2
Brazil	86.7	85.906	57.2
Brunei Darussalam	2.3	2.063
Bulgaria	23.4	21.844	13.7
Burkina Faso	63.3	54.309
Burundi	72.2	68.300
Cape Verde	112.2	127.407	130.5
Cambodia	26.4	36.533
Cameroon	39.2	46.432	44.1
Canada	104.7	106.590	31.6
Central African Republic	55.6	50.687
Chad	32.3	50.367
Chile	40.5	37.977	20.1
China	88.6	77.097
Colombia	54.4	63.626	56.8
Comoros	35.5	29.064
Democratic Republic of the Congo	11.1	14.580
Republic of the Congo	94.6	99.565
Costa Rica	60.6	63.768
Côte d'Ivoire	57.7	56.750
Croatia	59.5	67.535
Cuba	-	-
Cyprus	70.7	86.501	51.0
Czech Republic	45.1	42.349	26.4
Denmark	29.2	29.658	11.0
Djibouti	56.5	40.614	45.8
Dominica	98.7	104.788
Dominican Republic	59.5	58.919	49.3
Ecuador	56.5	57.303
Egypt	96.4	88.534	84.5
El Salvador	84.4	77.236
Equatorial Guinea	37.7	27.147	29.7
Eritrea	-	163.769
Estonia	23	17.160	4.4
Eswatini	37.2	45.353	38.0
Ethiopia	30.5	46.372	49.6
Fiji	81.1	92.802	82.2
Finland	81.4	74.807	34.1
France	111.6	111.063	101.1
Gabon	73.1	55.054
Gambia	64.3	83.952
Georgia (country)	38.8	39.772
Germany	63.7	66.535	47.0
Ghana	83.6	88.767	77.3
Greece	159	177.434
Grenada	61.2	64.508
Guatemala	27.6	30.127
Guinea	35.1	33.404
Guinea-Bissau	76.5	79.529
Guyana	31.2	27.809	38.4
Haiti	14.9	25.010
Honduras	44.6	50.022
Hong Kong SAR	9	4.255
Hungary	73.5	76.351	69.8
Iceland	58.7	68.726	59.5
India	82.5	83.126
Indonesia	39.3	39.934	37.9
Iran	25.5	34.006	36.1
Iraq	48.2	43.300
Republic of Ireland	41.2	45.190	50.4
Israel	67.3	60.931	65.1
Italy	136.9	144.696	138.3
Jamaica	67.5	84.124
Japan	251.2	261.289	168.1
Jordan	91.4	89.425	91.8
Kazakhstan	24.2	23.497	-3.3
Kenya	73	67.936	62.6
Kiribati	9.9	15.214
South Korea	56.6	54.331	20.9
North Korea	-
Kosovo	18.4	19.319
Kuwait	7.1	2.923
Kyrgyz Republic	47.2	53.528
Laos	115.5	128.514
Latvia	43.2	41.609	34.5
Lebanon	-
Lesotho	63.2	57.907	17.5
Liberia	56.5	55.366	48.6
Libya	-
Lithuania	36.2	39.561	39.8
Luxembourg	28	24.305	-10.8
Macau	0	0.000
Madagascar	56.1	56.989
Malawi	74.9	70.139
Malaysia	66.4	66.265
Maldives	121.1	114.943
Mali	55.1	53.218	44.8
Malta	53.6	55.829	46.2
Marshall Islands	17.3	21.196
Mauritania	48.5	47.740	48.6
Mauritius	81	80.869
Mexico	55.6	56.029	49.9
Micronesia	10.6	14.026
Moldova	37.3	33.523
Mongolia	47.9	82.427
Montenegro	62.3	71.231
Morocco	70.4	68.788	68.4
Mozambique	96.9	104.516
Myanmar	58.5	63.896
Namibia	65.4	71.278	70.8
Nauru	23.4	24.265
Nepal	43	43.830
Netherlands	47.7	48.507	42.8
New Zealand	47.4	52.792	14.5
Nicaragua	39.2	45.956
Niger	48.9	51.076	45.0
Nigeria	46.6	38.017	36.2
North Macedonia	54.6	51.799	52.3
Norway	38	39.603	-86.7
Oman	35.4	40.148	25.5
Pakistan	71.8	75.753	67.4
Palau	80
Panama	54.1	54.892	40.8
Papua New Guinea	52.1	49.193
Paraguay	43.1	40.870	33.4
Peru	33	33.373	19.2
Philippines	56.9	57.520
Poland	55.1	49.577	40.8
Portugal	94.7	116.048	120.1
Puerto Rico	17.2	16.312
Qatar	37.3	45.308
Romania	53	48.728	42.3
Russia	20.8	19.597
Rwanda	69.9	64.425
Saint Kitts and Nevis	51.7	64.752
Saint Lucia	75.8	83.484
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	87.5	86.799
Samoa	29.1	43.727
San Marino	68.7	81.166
São Tomé and Príncipe	42.6	58.099
Saudi Arabia	27.5	22.573	17.7
Senegal	72.5	74.970
Serbia	49.1	53.539	52.6
Seychelles	58.3	63.427	62.4
Sierra Leone	69.7	98.848
Singapore	175.2	134.159
Slovakia	59.3	58.821	51.3
Slovenia	67.5	70.245	49.5
Solomon Islands	19.8	16.853	7.3
Somalia	-	-	-
South Africa	75.4	71.016	63.2
South Sudan	48.3	39.639	64.6
Spain	106.3	111.978	102.8
Sri Lanka	-	117.661	-
Sudan	344.4	127.552	-
Suriname	87.9	123.158
Sweden	36	31.686	8.5
Switzerland	36.7	39.122	21.6
Syria	-	-	-
Taiwan	22.5	27.465	26.5
Tajikistan	30.8	34.631	-
Tanzania	46.1	41.622	-
Thailand	64.5	60.542	-
Timor-Leste	14.2	7.490	-
Togo	68.3	68.037	-
Tonga	43.8	46.581
Trinidad and Tobago	56	53.750	11.5
Tunisia	78.6	79.364
Turkey	29.5	31.178	33.8
Turkmenistan	4.7	5.186
Tuvalu	7	7.587
Uganda	49.7	50.834
Ukraine	95.6	81.693
United Arab Emirates	30.3	29.958
United Kingdom	101.8	102.636	84.3
United States	121	121.683	99.6
Uruguay	61.9	61.000	54.7
Uzbekistan	36	34.295
Vanuatu	44	45.752
Venezuela	-	157.809
Vietnam	33.5	37.091
Palestinian territories	-	59.776
Yemen	81.4	73.531	69.3
Zambia	-	-	117.5
Zimbabwe	98.5	92.824

Public debt per capita

The figures here are represented per capita.

Country	(PPP) ^[9]^[10]^[11]	(Forex) ^[9]^[10]^[12]	Year
Japan *	$102,503	$91,768	2017
Singapore *	$97,852	$60,016	2017
Qatar *	$77,278	$37,990	2017
Greece *	$50,562	$33,905	2017
Italy *	$49,060	$41,056	2017
Ireland *	$47,822	$44,871	2017
Belgium *	$47,291	$44,119	2017
United States *	$46,645	$46,645	2017
Canada *	$44,348	$41,323	2017
Bahrain *	$43,659	$21,673	2017
France *	$41,040	$37,189	2017
Austria *	$39,419	$37,310	2017
United Kingdom *	$39,311	$35,320	2017
Portugal *	$38,127	$26,462	2017
Bermuda *	$37,015	$37,015	2016
Spain *	$35,466	$26,210	2017
Germany *	$33,349	$29,394	2017
Aruba *	$30,674	$19,918	2016
Netherlands *	$30,452	$27,415	2017
Barbados *	$28,001	$26,777	2017
Finland *	$27,111	$27,986	2017
Switzerland *	$26,367	$34,225	2017
Norway *	$25,900	$27,095	2017
Cyprus *	$25,047	$17,103	2017
Slovenia *	$24,939	$17,110	2017
Luxembourg *	$23,582	$23,742	2017
Israel *	$22,922	$25,351	2017
Malta *	$21,746	$14,204	2017
Antigua and Barbuda *	$21,709	$13,796	2017
Australia *	$21,695	$23,990	2017
Hungary *	$21,693	$10,427	2017
Lebanon *	$21,238	$13,039	2017
Iceland *	$21,169	$28,505	2017
Sweden *	$21,048	$21,763	2017
Kuwait *	$20,462	$8,525	2017
Puerto Rico *	$20,360	$16,320	2017
Bahamas *	$19,796	$19,960	2017
Oman *	$19,326	$7,196	2017
U.S. Virgin Islands *	$19,292	$25,819	2017
Croatia *	$18,601	$9,976	2017
Seychelles *	$18,482	$10,068	2017
Saint Kitts and Nevis *	$18,363	$11,420	2017
Taiwan *	$18,027	$8,682	2017
Denmark *	$17,487	$19,784	2017
Slovakia *	$16,798	$8,970	2017
Andorra *	$15,915	$12,973	2016
Malaysia *	$15,873	$5,313	2017
South Korea *	$15,633	$11,830	2017
Uruguay *	$15,241	$11,540	2017
Poland *	$14,829	$6,912	2017
Equatorial Guinea *	$14,783	$5,858	2017
Trinidad and Tobago *	$14,735	$7,834	2017
San Marino *	$14,726	$11,722	2017
United Arab Emirates *	$14,133	$7,769	2017
Faroe Islands *	$13,728	$18,969	2015
Mauritius *	$13,262	$6,253	2017
New Zealand *	$13,180	$14,045	2017
Brazil *	$13,064	$8,265	2017
Lithuania *	$13,000	$6,717	2017
Egypt *	$12,474	$2,450	2017
Czech Republic *	$12,206	$7,007	2017
Montenegro *	$12,122	$5,234	2017
Argentina *	$11,884	$8,217	2017
Mongolia *	$11,701	$3,281	2017
Maldives *	$11,236	$7,335	2017
Saint Lucia *	$10,859	$7,202	2017
Gabon *	$10,847	$4,418	2017
Mexico *	$10,618	$4,962	2017
Panama *	$10,353	$6,150	2017
Grenada *	$10,252	$7,021	2017
Nauru *	$10,235	$7,293	2017
Latvia *	$10,194	$5,724	2017
Suriname *	$10,069	$3,963	2017
Belarus *	$10,055	$3,051	2017
Bhutan *	$9,993	$3,336	2017
Sri Lanka *	$9,663	$3,060	2017
Iraq *	$9,644	$2,858	2017
Jamaica *	$9,360	$5,305	2017
Serbia *	$9,333	$3,658	2017
Azerbaijan *	$9,273	$2,190	2017
Saudi Arabia *	$9,226	$3,569	2017
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines *	$9,167	$5,688	2017
Dominica *	$8,747	$6,223	2017
Albania *	$8,457	$3,070	2017
Tunisia *	$8,406	$2,439	2017
Cape Verde *	$8,360	$3,931	2017
Romania *	$8,291	$3,634	2017
Belize *	$8,257	$4,757	2017
Costa Rica *	$8,230	$5,713	2017
Jordan *	$8,161	$3,680	2017
China *	$7,878	$4,077	2017
Iran *	$7,802	$2,049	2017
Guam *	$7,631	$7,631	2017
Turkey *	$7,613	$2,966	2017
Congo *	$7,594	$2,253	2017
Thailand *	$7,548	$2,781	2017
South Africa *	$7,342	$3,343	2017
Colombia *	$7,298	$3,225	2017
Curaçao *	$6,912	$12,375	2014
Dominican Republic *	$6,249	$2,748	2017
Ukraine *	$5,970	$1,811	2017
Chile *	$5,952	$3,647	2017
Cuba *	$5,879	$4,024	2017
North Macedonia *	$5,755	$2,109	2017
Morocco *	$5,665	$2,074	2017
El Salvador *	$5,615	$2,723	2017
Turkmenistan *	$5,519	$2,019	2017
Greenland *	$5,437	$5,005	2016
Ecuador *	$5,311	$2,870	2017
Kazakhstan *	$5,311	$1,769	2017
Gibraltar *	$5,203	$5,203	2014
India *	$5,202	$1,429	2017
Bulgaria *	$5,198	$1,928	2017
Sudan *	$5,003	$1,292	2017
Armenia *	$4,990	$2,032	2017
Venezuela *	$4,684	$2,579	2017
Bosnia and Herzegovina *	$4,600	$1,864	2017
Fiji *	$4,555	$2,582	2017
Guyana *	$4,441	$2,510	2017
Russia *	$4,380	$1,721	2017
Mauritania *	$4,347	$1,241	2017
Laos *	$4,338	$1,492	2017
Namibia *	$4,337	$2,159	2017
Algeria *	$4,159	$1,106	2017
Angola *	$4,145	$2,709	2017
Vietnam *	$3,911	$1,329	2017
Georgia *	$3,632	$1,382	2017
Bolivia *	$3,628	$1,637	2017
Indonesia *	$3,562	$1,112	2017
Peru *	$3,488	$1,737	2017
Ghana *	$3,424	$1,201	2017
Pakistan *	$3,420	$983	2017
Philippines *	$3,305	$1,182	2017
Eswatini *	$3,030	$1,154	2017
Estonia *	$3,013	$1,878	2017
São Tomé and Príncipe *	$2,966	$1,699	2017
Palau *	$2,957	$3,271	2017
Samoa *	$2,773	$2,051	2017
Tonga *	$2,666	$2,053	2017
Zambia *	$2,645	$986	2017
Paraguay *	$2,468	$1,081	2017
Syria *	$2,450	$1,199	2016
Botswana *	$2,428	$1,082	2017
Gambia *	$2,336	$623	2017
Kyrgyzstan *	$2,216	$724	2017
Kosovo *	$2,178	$788	2017
Moldova *	$2,173	$876	2017
Brunei *	$2,105	$754	2017
Eritrea *	$2,066	$1,277	2017
Guatemala *	$2,057	$1,126	2017
Anguilla *	$2,024	$2,024	2013
Zimbabwe *	$2,010	$1,035	2017
Burma *	$1,992	$406	2017
Nicaragua *	$1,992	$756	2017
Honduras *	$1,992	$988	2017
Yemen *	$1,913	$813	2017
West Bank	$1,850	$857	2015
Kenya *	$1,833	$887	2017
Uzbekistan *	$1,805	$395	2017
Senegal *	$1,762	$679	2017
Ivory Coast *	$1,739	$724	2017
Northern Mariana Islands *	$1,696	$1,696	2017
Tajikistan *	$1,665	$418	2017
Papua New Guinea *	$1,585	$1,041	2017
American Samoa *	$1,579	$1,579	2017
Bangladesh *	$1,433	$543	2017
Tuvalu *	$1,394	$1,328	2017
Somalia *	$1,392	$480	2017
Mozambique *	$1,391	$472	2017
Djibouti *	$1,309	$730	2017
Vanuatu *	$1,297	$1,462	2017
Cameroon *	$1,289	$504	2017
South Sudan *	$1,229	$188	2017
Benin *	$1,222	$445	2017
Nigeria *	$1,201	$403	2017
Togo *	$1,201	$441	2017
Cambodia *	$1,187	$408	2017
Sierra Leone *	$1,169	$366	2017
Lesotho *	$1,143	$472	2017
Tanzania *	$1,084	$345	2017
Ethiopia *	$1,003	$404	2017
Chad *	$949	$327	2017
Guinea-Bissau *	$932	$397	2017
Guinea *	$894	$328	2017
Uganda *	$873	$261	2017
Micronesia *	$823	$775	2017
Rwanda *	$820	$304	2017
Mali *	$792	$295	2017
Nepal *	$703	$221	2017
Burkina Faso *	$692	$243	2017
Malawi *	$669	$186	2017
Marshall Islands *	$660	$748	2017
Haiti *	$576	$248	2017
Madagascar *	$559	$161	2017
Kiribati *	$546	$474	2017
Comoros *	$520	$257	2017
Niger *	$498	$188	2017
Liberia *	$437	$235	2017
Libya *	$431	$213	2017
Burundi *	$349	$148	2017
Central African Republic *	$312	$178	2017
East Timor *	$213	$80	2017
Solomon Islands *	$189	$185	2017
DR Congo *	$146	$88	2017
Afghanistan *	$139	$41	2017
Hong Kong *	$63	$47	2017
Falkland Islands *	$0	$0	2015
Macau *	$0	$0	2017