This article lists rivers by their average discharge measured in descending order of their water flow rate. Here, only those rivers whose discharge is more than 2,000 m3/s (71,000 cu ft/s) are shown. It can be thought of as a list of the biggest rivers on Earth, measured by a specific metric.
For context, the volume of an Olympic-size swimming pool is 2,500 m3 (88,000 cu ft). The average flow rate at the mouth of the Amazon is sufficient to fill more than 83 such pools each second. The estimated global total for all rivers is 1.2×106 m3/s (43 million cu ft/s),[1] of which the Amazon would be approximately 18%.
No | Continent | River | Average discharge (m3/s) |
Length | Drainage area (km2) |
Outflow | Type | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(km) | (miles) | |||||||
1 | South America | Amazon | 224,000 | 6,992 | 4,344 | 6,915,000 | Atlantic Ocean | Primary river[2][3][4] |
2 | Asia | Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna | 43,950 | 3,969 | 2,466 | 1,999,000 | Bay of Bengal | Primary river[5][6][7][8] |
3 | Africa | Congo (Zaire) | 41,400 | 4,370 | 2,716 | 3,822,000 | Atlantic Ocean | Primary river[9] |
4 | South America | Orinoco | 39,000 | 2,250 | 1,398 | 989,000 | Atlantic Ocean | Primary river[10][11] |
5 | Asia | Yangtze | 31,900 | 6,300 | 3,915 | 1,840,000 | East China Sea | Primary river[5][12] |
6 | South America | Negro | 30,641 | 2,230 | 1,390 | 691,000 | Amazon | Tributary river[13] |
7 | South America | Madeira | 30,173 | 3,380 | 2,100 | 1,376,000 | Amazon | Tributary river[13] |
8 | South America | Río de la Plata | 27,225 | 290 | 180 | 3,182,064 | Atlantic Ocean | Primary river[14] |
9 | Asia | Brahmaputra | 21,993 | 2,900 | 1,800 | 651,335 | Ganges (Padma) | Tributary river[15][16][17] |
10 | North America | Mississippi | 21,300 | 3,766 | 2,340 | 3,248,000 | Gulf of Mexico | Primary river[18][19][20][21] |
11 | Asia | Yenisei | 20,200 | 4,090 | 2,556 | 2,580,000 | Kara Sea | Primary river[22] |
12 | South America | Paraná | 19,706 | 4,880 | 3,050 | 2,582,672 | Río de la Plata | Tributary river[14] |
13 | Asia | Ganges | 18,691 | 2,525 | 1,569 | 1,300,000 | Bay of Bengal | Primary river[23] |
14 | Asia | Lena | 18,300 | 4,294 | 2,668 | 2,490,000 | Laptev Sea | Primary river[22][24] |
15 | South America | Japurá (Caquetá) | 18,122 | 2,816 | 1,750 | 267,730 | Amazon | Tributary river[25][13] |
16 | North America | St Lawrence | 17,600 | 3,058 | 1,900 | 1,344,200 | Gulf of Saint Lawrence | Primary river[26][27] |
17 | South America | Marañón | 16,708 | 1,737 | 1,079 | 358,000 | Amazon | Tributary river[28] |
18 | Asia | Mekong | 15,856 | 4,023 | 2,500 | 811,000 | South China Sea | Primary river[29][4] |
19 | Asia | Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwady) | 15,112 | 2,210 | 1,370 | 413,710 | Andaman Sea | Primary river[23] |
20 | South America | Tapajós | 13,540 | 1,996 | 1,240 | 492,481 | Amazon | Tributary river[30][13] |
21 | South America | Ucayali | 13,385 | 2,670 | 1,659 | 351,549 | Amazon | Tributary river[31] |
22 | Asia | Ob | 13,100 | 4,345 | 2,700 | 2,990,000 | Gulf of Ob | Primary river[22] |
23 | South America | Tocantins | 11,796 | 2,699 | 1,677 | 764,183 | Atlantic Ocean (Pará) | Primary river[note 1][32][2] |
24 | Asia | Amur | 11,526 | 4,444 | 2,762 | 1,855,000 | Sea of Okhotsk | Primary river[29][33][34] |
25 | Africa | Kasai (Kwa) | 11,318 | 2,272 | 1,405 | 881,890 | Congo | Tributary river[35] |
26 | South America | Purus | 11,207 | 3,211 | 1,995 | 371,042 | Amazon | Tributary river[13] |
27 | North America | Mackenzie | 9,800 | 4,241 | 2,636 | 1,805,200 | Beaufort Sea | Primary river[22] |
28 | South America | Xingu | 9,680 | 2,240 | 1,392 | 531,250 | Amazon | Tributary river[30][13] |
29 | Asia | Pearl (Xi) | 9,500 | 2,400 | 1,491 | 437,000 | South China Sea | Primary river[36] |
30 | South America | Madre de Dios | 9,350 | 1,347 | 837 | 282,000 | Madeira | Tributary river[37] |
31 | South America | Putumayo (Içá) | 8,520 | 1,813 | 1,121 | 148,000 | Amazon | Tributary river[13] |
32 | Europe | Volga | 8,380 | 3,531 | 2,194 | 1,380,000 | Caspian Sea | Primary river[38] |
33 | South America | Mamoré | 8,150 | 1,930 | 1,199 | 611,800 | Madeira | Tributary river[37] |
34 | South America | Magdalena | 8,058 | 1,540 | 963 | 257,438 | Caribbean Sea | Primary river[39] |
35 | North America | Ohio | 7,957 | 1,579 | 981 | 490,601 | Mississippi | Tributary river[40] |
36 | Africa | Niger | 7,900 | 4,200 | 2,600 | 2,117,000 | Gulf of Guinea | Primary river[41] |
37 | South America | Guaviare | 7,529 | 1,497 | 930 | 140,000 | Orinoco | Tributary river[10] |
38 | North America | Columbia | 7,407 | 2,044 | 1,243 | 668,217 | Pacific Ocean | Primary river[29][42] |
39 | Oceania | Fly | 7,355 | 1,060 | 649 | 76,000 | Gulf of Papua | Primary river[43][44] |
40 | South America | Uruguay | 7,058 | 1,838 | 1,140 | 353,451 | Río de la Plata | Tributary river[14] |
41 | North America | Yukon | 6,860 | 3,187 | 1,980 | 854,700 | Bering Sea | Primary river[45] |
42 | South America | Napo | 6,660 | 1,075 | 665 | 100,518 | Amazon | Tributary river[46] |
43 | Asia | Salween | 6,600 | 3,289 | 2,044 | 324,000 | Andaman Sea | Primary river[47] |
44 | Europe | Danube | 6,510 | 2,860 | 1,777 | 801,463 | Black Sea | Primary river[48] |
45 | South America | Araguaia | 6,420 | 2,627 | 1,632 | 377,000 | Tocantins | Tributary river[49][25] |
46 | Asia | Kapuas | 6,012 | 1,143 | 710 | 98,749 | South China Sea | Primary river[50] |
47 | South America | Juruá | 6,004 | 3,283 | 2,040 | 186,000 | Amazon | Tributary river[13] |
48 | Africa | Ubangi | 5,936 | 2,272 | 1,405 | 651,915 | Congo | Tributary river[35] |
49 | North America | Niagara | 5,885 | 58 | 36 | 684,000 | Lake Ontario | Tributary river[51] |
50 | South America | Meta | 5,694 | 1,200 | 742 | 103,000 | Orinoco | Tributary river[10] |
51 | Asia | Meghna | 5,603 | 1,040 | 646 | 85,401 | Lower Meghna | Tributary river[52] |
52 | Asia | Indus | 5,589 | 3,180 | 2,000 | 1,081,718 | Arabian Sea | Primary river[29][53] |
53 | Asia | Aldan | 5,501 | 2,273 | 1,412 | 729,000 | Lena | Tributary river[54][25] |
54 | Oceania | Mamberamo | 5,500 | 1,175 | 727 | 78,992 | Pacific Ocean | Primary river[55] |
55 | South America | Branco | 5,400 | 775 | 479 | 195,000 | Rio Negro | Tributary river |
56 | North America | Detroit | 5,300 | 44 | 28 | 595,052 | Lake Erie | Primary river[note 2] |
57 | South America | Javari | 5,225 | 1,184 | 732 | 109,680 | Amazon | Tributary river[56][57] |
58 | North America | St. Clair | 5,200 | 65 | 40 | 583,000 | Lake St. Clair | Tributary river[58] |
59 | Oceania | Sepik | 5,000 | 1,146 | 700 | 80,321 | Bismarck Sea | Primary river[59][60] |
60 | South America | Caroní | 4,981 | 952 | 595 | 95,000 | Orinoco | Tributary river[10] |
61 | South America | Essequibo | 4,951 | 1,014 | 627 | 150,769 | Atlantic Ocean | Primary river[29] |
62 | South America | Juruena | 4,937 | 1,240 | 770 | 192,628 | Tapajós | Tributary river[13] |
63 | Africa | Ogooué | 4,935 | 1,200 | 747 | 223,856 | Atlantic Ocean | Primary river[61] |
64 | Asia | Angara | 4,833 | 1,779 | 1,100 | 1,079,000 | Yenisei | Tributary river[62] |
65 | Europe | Pechora | 4,800 | 1,809 | 1,124 | 322,000 | Barents Sea | Primary river[63] |
66 | Asia | Chindwin | 4,740 | 1,207 | 750 | 114,000 | Irrawaddy | Tributary river[64] |
67 | Asia | Rajang | 4,715 | 563 | 350 | 52,009 | South China Sea | Primary river[50][65] |
68 | South America | Paraguay | 4,696 | 2,621 | 1,629 | 1,120,154 | Parana | Tributary river[14] |
69 | Asia | Barito | 4,514 | 1,090 | 550 | 81,675 | Java Sea | Primary river[50][66] |
70 | Africa | Ruki | 4,500 | 1,300 | 804 | 173,790 | Congo | Tributary river[67] |
71 | South America | Vaupés/Uaupes | 4,345 | 1,050 | 650 | 64,370 | Rio Negro | Tributary river[68] |
72 | Asia | Red (Hong) | 4,300 | 1,149 | 714 | 143,600 | Gulf of Tonkin | Primary river[69] |
73 | Asia | Mahakam | 4,278 | 980 | 609 | 77,095 | Makassar Strait | Primary river[50][70] |
74 | Africa | Zambezi | 4,217 | 2,574 | 1,599 | 1,331,000 | Indian Ocean | Primary river[71][72] |
75 | South America | Atrato | 4,140 | 750 | 466 | 36,231 | Caribbean Sea | Primary river[73][74] |
76 | Asia | Nizhnyaya Tunguska | 4,139 | 2,989 | 1,848 | 473,000 | Yenisei | Tributary river[62] |
77 | Asia | Kolyma | 4,100 | 2,129 | 1,317 | 644,000 | East Siberian Sea | Primary river[22] |
78 | Europe | Kama | 4,100 | 1,805 | 1,122 | 507,000 | Volga | Tributary river[38] |
79 | South America | Apaporis | 4,092 | 1,370 | 847 | 54,300 | Japurá | Tributary river[75] |
80 | South America | Aripuanã | 4,087 | 870 | 540 | 145,000 | Madeira | Tributary river[13] |
81 | North America | Grijalva–Usumacinta | 4,028 | 1,000 | 620 | 134,400 | Gulf of Mexico | Primary river[29] |
82 | Oceania | Strickland | 4,000 | 824 | 512 | 36,740 | Fly | Tributary river[76] |
83 | South America | Teles Pires | 3,978 | 1,638 | 1,013 | 141,718 | Tapajós | Tributary river[77] |
84 | North America | Fraser | 3,944 | 1,375 | 854 | 231,593 | Pacific Ocean | Primary river[29] |
85 | Oceania | Digul | 3,867 | 853 | 530 | 45,900 | Arafura Sea | Primary river[78] |
86 | South America | Huallaga | 3,796 | 1,138 | 704 | 95,000 | Marañón | Tributary river[79] |
87 | Asia | Godavari | 3,571 | 1,465 | 910 | 312,812 | Bay of Bengal | Primary river[80] |
88 | South America | Caura | 3,545 | 723 | 449 | 52,000 | Orinoco | Tributary river[10] |
89 | Africa | Benue | 3,477 | 1,370 | 847 | 319,000 | Niger | Tributary river[81] |
90 | Asia | Kaladan | 3,476 | 450 | 278 | 40,000 | Bay of Bengal | Primary river[82] |
91 | South America | Jutai | 3,462 | 1,200 | 742 | 74,000 | Amazon | Tributary river[13] |
92 | North America | Slave | 3,451 | 434 | 270 | 616,400 | Great Slave Lake | Tributary river[83] |
93 | Asia | Lohit | 3,438 | 460 | 285 | 50,000 | Brahmaputra | Tributary river[84] |
94 | Europe | Northern Dvina | 3,416 | 744 | 462 | 357,052 | White Sea | Primary river[85][34] |
95 | South America | Inírida | 3,385 | 1,300 | 804 | 53,795 | Guaviare | Tributary river[75] |
96 | Asia | Shatt al-Arab | 3,350 | 204 | 127 | 938,173 | Persian Gulf | Primary river[86][87] |
97 | North America | Nelson | 3,343 | 2,575 | 1,600 | 982,900 | Hudson Bay | Primary river[85] |
98 | Oceania | Purari | 3,300 | 630 | 390 | 33,670 | Gulf of Papua | Primary river[88] |
99 | Oceania | Kikori | 3,274 | 405 | 250 | 23,309 | Gulf of Papua | Primary river[82] |
100 | Asia | Khatanga | 3,200 | 1,636 | 1,012 | 364,000 | Laptev Sea | Primary river[22] |
101 | Oceania | Pulau | 3,133 | 569 | 353 | 37,164 | Arafura Sea | Primary river[89][88] |
102 | Africa | Nile | 3,075 | 6,853 | 4,258 | 3,349,000 | Mediterranean Sea | Primary river[90] |
103 | Asia | Musi | 3,054 | 759 | 471 | 59,942 | South China Sea | Primary river[91] |
104 | South America | Tigre | 3,047 | 940 | 581 | 45,073 | Marañón | Tributary river[79][92] |
105 | Asia | Subansiri | 3,003 | 442 | 275 | 35,763 | Brahmaputra | Tributary river[93] |
106 | Asia | Ghaghara | 2,993 | 1,080 | 671 | 127,950 | Ganges | Tributary river[94] |
107 | Asia | Irtysh | 2,980 | 4,248 | 2,627 | 1,673,470 | Ob | Tributary river |
108 | Asia | Yamuna | 2,949 | 1,376 | 855 | 366,223 | Ganges | Tributary river[94] |
109 | South America | São Francisco | 2,943 | 2,830 | 1,758 | 641,000 | Atlantic Ocean | Primary river |
110 | Asia | Srepok | 2,940 | 450 | 279 | 79,015 | Mekong | Tributary river[84] |
111 | Africa | Kwango | 2,932 | 1,100 | 680 | 270,904 | Kasai | Tributary river[95] |
112 | Asia | Panjnad | 2,910 | 71 | 44 | 395,000 | Indus | Tributary river[96] |
113 | Europe | Rhine | 2,900 | 1,233 | 820 | 198,735 | North Sea | Primary river[97] |
114 | Asia | Yarlung Tsangpo | 2,899 | 1,125 | 699 | 241,691 | Brahmaputra | Tributary River[98][99] |
115 | South America | Beni | 2,875 | 1,100 | 680 | 131,500 | Madre de Dios | Tributary river[37] |
116 | Asia | Gan | 2,865 | 599 | 372 | 103,107 | Yangtze | Tributary river[12] |
117 | South America | Trombetas | 2,855 | 1,060 | 656 | 135,239 | Amazon | Tributary river |
118 | Asia | Min | 2,850 | 735 | 457 | 133,000 | Yangtze | Tributary river[100] |
119 | Asia | Xiang | 2,848 | 948 | 589 | 102,148 | Yangtze | Tributary river[12] |
120 | North America | Koksoak | 2,800 | 137 | 85 | 133,400 | Ungava Bay | Primary river[101] |
121 | Europe | Neva | 2,770 | 74 | 46 | 287,094 | Gulf of Finland | Primary river[29][102] |
122 | South America | Pastaza | 2,769 | 740 | 458 | 41,000 | Marañón | Tributary river[79] |
123 | South America | Iriri | 2,745 | 1,300 | 810 | 130,000 | Xingu | Tributary river |
124 | South America | Cuyuni | 2,719 | 618 | 384 | 85,635 | Essequibo | Tributary river[103] |
125 | Asia | Mali Hka | 2,693 | 320 | 200 | 23,221 | Irrawaddy | Tributary river[104] |
126 | Africa | Cross | 2,647 | 489 | 304 | 53,590 | Gulf of Guinea | Primary river[29] |
127 | Asia | Batang Hari | 2,643 | 800 | 497 | 46,504 | South China Sea | Primary river[91] |
128 | Asia | Amu Darya | 2,618 | 2,400 | 1,491 | 534,739 | Aral Sea | Primary river[105] |
129 | South America | Casiquiare | 2,574 | 340 | 210 | 82,800 | Rio Negro | Tributary river[68] |
130 | Asia | Yellow | 2,571 | 5,464 | 3,395 | 752,000 | Yellow Sea | Primary river |
131 | Asia | Mahanadi | 2,562 | 900 | 560 | 141,600 | Bay of Bengal | Primary river[106] |
132 | Asia | Pyasina | 2,550 | 818 | 508 | 182,000 | Kara Sea | Primary river |
133 | Africa | Sankuru | 2,500 | 1,200 | 756 | 156,000 | Kasai | Tributary river |
134 | Asia | Koshi | 2,500 | 729 | 453 | 69,300 | Ganges | Tributary river[94] |
135 | Africa | Sangha | 2,471 | 790 | 489 | 213,400 | Congo | Tributary river[35] |
136 | Asia | Songhua | 2,463 | 1,434 | 887 | 557,180 | Amur | Tributary river |
137 | Asia | Ghorautra | 2,463 | 90 | 56 | 24,060 | Meghna | Tributary river[52] |
138 | Asia | Kayan | 2,454 | 576 | 358 | 33,005 | Celebes Sea | Primary river[107] |
139 | North America | Missouri | 2,445 | 3,767 | 2,341 | 1,371,010 | Mississippi | Tributary river[34] |
140 | North America | Liard | 2,434 | 1,115 | 693 | 277,100 | Mackenzie | Tributary river |
141 | South America | Guainía | 2,433 | 640 | 400 | 28,900 | Rio Negro | Tributary river[68] |
142 | South America | Guapore | 2,430 | 1,260 | 783 | 341,000 | Mamoré | Tributary river |
143 | South America | Ituí | 2,422 | 558 | 347 | 43,403 | Javari | Tributary river[56][13] |
144 | South America | Rio Grande | 2,400 | 1,360 | 841 | 143,000 | Paraná | Tributary river |
145 | South America | Paragua | 2,389 | 550 | 340 | 39,605 | Caroní | Tributary river[108] |
146 | Asia | Vitim | 2,379 | 1,940 | 1,210 | 225,000 | Lena | Tributary river[62] |
147 | South America | Cauca | 2,364 | 1,180 | 730 | 59,840 | Magdalena | Tributary river |
148 | South America | Yarí | 2,360 | 620 | 383 | 31,650 | Japurá | Tributary river |
149 | South America | Urubamba | 2,330 | 724 | 448 | 60,300 | Ucayali | Tributary river[79] |
150 | South America | Jacuí | 2,327 | 723 | 449 | 82,618 | Lagoa dos Patos | Primary river[109][110] |
151 | South America | San Juan | 2,304 | 380 | 240 | 15,000 | Pacific Ocean | Primary river[39] |
152 | South America | Apure | 2,300 | 1,038 | 645 | 121,400 | Orinoco | Tributary river[10] |
153 | South America | Uatumã | 2,291 | 701 | 436 | 67,920 | Amazon | Tributary river[111] |
154 | South America | Içana | 2,279 | 676 | 420 | 35,675 | Rio Negro | Tributary river[112] |
155 | South America | Jamanxim | 2,217 | 666 | 414 | 58,771 | Tapajós | Tributary river[68][113] |
156 | Asia | Krishna River | 2,213 | 1,400 | 870 | 258,948 | Bay of Bengal | Primary river[114] |
157 | Africa | Aruwimi | 2,200 | 1,287 | 799 | 116,100 | Congo | Tributary river[115] |
158 | North America | Red River | 2,187 | 2,190 | 1,360 | 239,195 | Atchafalaya | Tributary river[116] |
159 | South America | Ventuari | 2,160 | 520 | 322 | 40,861 | Orinoco | Tributary river[117] |
160 | South America | Curaray | 2,155 | 800 | 500 | 26,775 | Napo | Tributary river[79] |
161 | North America | Tennessee | 2,140 | 1,049 | 652 | 105,870 | Ohio | Tributary river[118] |
162 | North America | St. Marys | 2,135 | 120 | 75 | 127,700 | Lake Huron | Tributary river |
163 | South America | Canumã | 2,135 | 900 | 560 | 52,433 | Madeira | Tributary river[119] |
164 | South America | Tapauá | 2,135 | 640 | 400 | 63,185 | Purus | Tributary river[13] |
165 | Asia | Jialing | 2,120 | 1,345 | 836 | 160,000 | Yangtze | Tributary river[100] |
166 | North America | Mobile | 2,118 | 72 | 45 | 112,530 | Gulf of Mexico | Primary river[120] |
167 | North America | Peace | 2,110 | 1,923 | 1,195 | 306,000 | Slave | Tributary river |
168 | Asia | Olyokma | 2,110 | 1,436 | 892 | 210,000 | Lena | Tributary river |
169 | Asia | Yuan | 2,106 | 864 | 537 | 93,287 | Yangtze | Tributary river[121] |
170 | South America | Ji-Paraná | 2,100 | 820 | 510 | 76,127 | Madeira | Tributary river[122] |
171 | Africa | Sanaga | 2,072 | 1,067 | 663 | 132,990 | Gulf of Guinea | Primary river[115] |
172 | Africa | Lomami | 2,062 | 1,450 | 900 | 104,162 | Congo | Tributary river[123] |
173 | Asia | Hongshui | 2,049 | 669.6 | 416.1 | 141,674 | Xi | Tributary river |
174 | Africa | Lulonga | 2,040 | 200 | 120 | 76,950 | Congo | Tributary river[124] |
175 | Asia | Gandaki | 2,025 | 814 | 506 | 46,300 | Ganges | Tributary river |
176 | Asia | Anadyr | 2,020 | 1,150 | 710 | 191,000 | Gulf of Anadyr | Primary river[82] |
List of primary rivers by discharge
editThe global annual runoff into the oceans (38,500–44,200 km3/year) is dominated by runoff into the South Atlantic from eastern South America, into the western Pacific from east Asia, and into the Indian Ocean from India, and southeast Asia. Depending on the estimate, the Amazon alone accounts for 15–18% of the annual freshwater runoff into the oceans.[125][126][127]
River | Average discharge (km3/year) at mouth |
---|---|
01 Amazon | |
02 Ganges–Brahmaputra | |
03 Congo | |
04 Orinoco | |
05 Yangtze | |
06 La Plata | |
07 Mississippi | |
08 Yenisei | |
09 Lena | |
10 St Lawrence | |
11 Mekong | |
12 Irrawaddy | |
13 Ob | |
14 Amur | |
15 Pearl | |
16 Mackenzie | |
17 Volga | |
18 Magdalena | |
19 Niger | |
20 Columbia | |
21 Yukon | |
22 Salween | |
23 Fly | |
24 Danube | |
25 Kapuas | |
26 Ogooue | |
27 Essequibo | |
28 Indus | |
29 Mamberamo | |
30 Sepik |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Amazon river water flows into its estuary through Santa Mario River Channel
- ^ If considered a river. The Detroit River may also be seen as a strait connecting Lake St. Clair with Lake Erie and separating the Lower Peninsula of Michigan from the Ontario Peninsula.
References
edit- ^ Sybil P. Parker (1993) McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Environmental Science & Engineering, p. 645.
- ^ a b c Théry, Hervé; Maurence, Pascale (1997). HYDROLOGIE DU BASSIN AMAZONIEN (PDF). ISBN 2-7011-1532-9.
- ^ Charles J., Vörösmarty; Berrien, Moore III; Annette L., Grace; M. Patricia, Gildea; Jerry M., Melille; Bruce, Peterson; Edward, B. Rastetter; Paul, A. Steudler (1989). "Continental scale models of water balance and fluvial transport: An application to South America". Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 3 (3): 241–265. Bibcode:1989GBioC...3..241V. doi:10.1029/GB003i003p00241.
- ^ a b c Gupta, Avijit (2007). Large rivers: geomorphology and management. John Wiley and Sons. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-470-84987-3. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
- ^ a b c d Igor Alekseevich, Shiklomanov (2009). Hydrological Cycle Volume III. EOLSS Publications. ISBN 978-1-84826-026-9.
- ^ Webersik, Christian (2010). Climate Change and Security: A Gathering Storm of Global Challenges: A Gathering Storm of Global Challenges. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-38007-5.[page needed]
- ^ Rao, Mukund P.; Cook, Edward R.; Cook, Benjamin I.; D’Arrigo, Rosanne D.; Palmer, Jonathan G.; Lall, Upmanu; Woodhouse, Connie A.; Buckley, Brendan M.; Uriarte, Maria; Bishop, Daniel A.; Jian, Jun; Webster, Peter J. (26 November 2020). "Seven centuries of reconstructed Brahmaputra River discharge demonstrate underestimated high discharge and flood hazard frequency". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 6017. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.6017R. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19795-6. PMC 7692521. PMID 33243991.
- ^ CHEN, Na (3 December 2012). "Chinese Scientists Pinpoint Source of Huaihe River". Chinese Academy of Sciences. Xinhua.
- ^ a b Aiguo, Dai; Kevin, E. Trenberth (2002). "Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations". Journal of Hydrometeorology. 3 (6): 660–687. Bibcode:2002JHyMe...3..660D. doi:10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0660:EOFDFC>2.0.CO;2.
- ^ a b c d e f g José Rafael, Córdova; Marcelo González, Sanabria. "La geografía del agua" (PDF).
- ^ Carlos Andrés, Lasso Alcalá; Mónica Andrea, Morales Betancourt (2022). XXI. PECES DEL FONDO DEL RÍO ORINOCO Y AFLUENTES PRINCIPALES (COLOMBIA-VENEZUELA): diversidad y aspectos bioecológicos. doi:10.21068/eh9789585183629. ISBN 978-958-5183-65-0.
- ^ a b c d "Yangzi Jiang-Chang Jiang (Yangtze)".
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