Wikipedia

Small Satellite Launch Vehicle

This article is about the small-lift rocket developed by ISRO in the 2020s. For similarly named 1970s rocket, see Satellite Launch Vehicle. For small-lift satellite launch vehicles in general, see Small-lift launch vehicle.

The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) is a small-lift launch vehicle developed by ISRO to deliver 500 kg (1,100 lb) payload to low Earth orbit (500 km (310 mi)) or 300 kg (660 lb) payload to Sun-synchronous orbit (500 km (310 mi)).[7] The rocket supports multi-orbital drop-offs capability for small satellites.[12][13][14]

Small Satellite Launch Vehicle
SSLV D1 lifting off from Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad
FunctionSmall-lift launch vehicle
ManufacturerNSIL, ISRO[1]
Country of originIndia
Cost per launch₹30 crore (US$3.6 million) to ₹35 crore (US$4.2 million) (expected)[2][3][4][5]
Size
Height34 m (112 ft)
Diameter2 m (6 ft 7 in)
Mass120 t (120 long tons; 130 short tons)
Stages3+1[6]
Capacity
Payload to low Earth orbit
Altitude500 km (310 mi)[7]
Orbital inclination45.0°
Mass10 kg (22 lb) to 500 kg (1,100 lb)[8]
Payload to Sun-synchronous orbit
Altitude500 km (310 mi)[7]
Mass300 kg (660 lb)
Associated rockets
Comparable
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sitesSatish Dhawan Space Centre Kulasekarapattinam Spaceport
Total launches3
Success(es)2
Failure(s)1
First flight03:48 UTC, 7 August 2022.[9]
Last flight16 August 2024, EOS-08
First stage – SS1
Diameter2 m
Propellant mass87,000 kg (192,000 lb)[10]
Powered byS85
Maximum thrust2,496 kN (vac)[11]
Burn time94.3 s[11]
PropellantSolid (HTPB based)
Second stage – SS2
Diameter2 m
Propellant mass7,700 kg (17,000 lb)[10]
Powered byS7
Maximum thrust234.2 kN (vac)[11]
Burn time113.1 s[11]
PropellantSolid (HTPB based)
Third stage – SS3
Diameter1.7 m
Propellant mass4,500 kg (9,900 lb)[10]
Powered byS4
Maximum thrust160 kN (vac)[11]
Burn time106.9 s[11]
PropellantSolid (HTPB based)
Fourth stage – Velocity Trimming Module (VTM)
Diameter2 m
Propellant mass50 kg (110 lb)[10]
Powered by16 × 50N bipropellant thrusters[11]
PropellantMMH+MON3 Liquid
[edit on Wikidata]

The maiden flight SSLV-D1 was conducted from First Launch Pad on 7 August 2022,[9][15] however, the payload failed to reach the intended orbit.[16] The second flight SSLV-D2 was successful in delivering payload into orbit on 10 February 2023.[17]

SSLV is made keeping low cost, low turnaround time in mind with launch-on-demand flexibility under minimal infrastructure requirements. It is capable of carrying multiple satellites.[18] Once SSLV is operational, NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) and a group of Indian companies will manage the mass production and launch activities.[19][20][21]

Vehicle description

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SSLV-D2, EOS-07 - Lift-off from First Launch Pad at SDSC-SHAR

The SSLV was developed with the aim of launching small satellites commercially at drastically reduced price and higher launch rate compared to Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). The development cost of SSLV is ₹169.07 crore (equivalent to ₹190 crore or US$23 million in 2023)[16][2] and the manufacturing cost is expected to be ₹30 crore (US$3.6 million) to ₹35 crore (US$4.2 million).[3][20][4] According to analysts, this places it among the most affordable rockets in its class.[22]

The projected high launch rate relies on largely autonomous launch operation and on overall simple logistics. To compare, a PSLV launch involves 600 officials while SSLV launch operations would be managed by a small team of about six people. The launch readiness period of the SSLV is expected to be less than a week instead of months.[23][24] The launch vehicle can be assembled both vertically like the existing PSLV and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) and horizontally like the retired Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) and Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV).[25]

The first three stages of the vehicle use HTPB based solid propellant, with a fourth terminal stage being a Velocity-Trimming Module (VTM) with eight 50 N thrusters for reaction control and eight 50 N axial thrusters for changing velocity.[11] With these VTM can add delta-v of up to 172 m/s.[26]

The first stage (SS1) and third stage (SS3) of SSLV are newly developed while second stage (SS2) is derived from third stage (HPS3) of PSLV.[27][28][29]

Vehicle characteristics:[30][31]

  • Height: 34 meters
  • Diameter: 2 meters
  • Mass: 120 tonnes

Payloads capabilities[7][32]

  • Single/Multi Satellites - Nano, Micro, Mini satellites
  • 500 kg in 500 km orbit at 35° to 55° inclination range.
  • Up to 300 kg into 500 km sun-synchronous orbit.

SSLV Launch Complex

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Main article: Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport

The early developmental flights and those to inclined orbits will launch from Sriharikota,[33] at first using existing launch pads and later from dedicated facility called SSLV Launch Complex (SLC) in Kulasekharapatnam.[34][35] Tenders related to manufacturing, installation, assembly, inspection, testing and Self Propelled launching Unit (SPU) were released in October 2019.[36][37][38]

This new Kulasekarapattinam Spaceport, under development, near Kulasekharapatnam in Tamil Nadu will handle SSLV launches to Sun-synchronous orbit when complete.[39][40][41]

History

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Development

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In 2015, a National Institute of Advanced Studies report by Rajaram Nagappa proposed development path of a 'Small Satellite launch Vehicle-1' to launch strategic payloads.[42] In National Space Science Symposium 2016,[43] then Director of Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, S. Somanath also acknowledged a need for identifying a cost effective launch vehicle configuration with 500 kg payload capacity to LEO[44] and by November 2017, development of such launch vehicle was underway.[45]

By December 2018, the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) completed the design for the vehicle.[46] The aerodynamic characterization research was conducted at the National Aerospace Laboratories' 1.2m Trisonic Wind Tunnel Facility.[47]

In December 2020, all booster segments for SSLV first stage (SS1) static test (ST01) were received and assembly was done in Second Vehicle Assembly Building (SVAB).[48]

The first static fire test (ST01) of the SS1 first-stage booster conducted on 18 March 2021 was unsuccessful.[49][50] About 60 seconds into the test, oscillations were observed and after 95 seconds, the nozzle of SS1 stage disintegrated. The nominal duration of test was 110 seconds.[51] To qualify for flight, SSLV's solid first stage SS1 has to perform two consecutive nominal static fire tests.[51]

The SSLV Payload Fairing (SPLF) functional qualification test was completed in August 2021.[52]

The second static fire test of SSLV first stage SS1 was conducted on 14 March 2022 at SDSC-SHAR and met the required test objectives.[53][54]

Operational history

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SSLV-D1

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EOS-02 microsatellite and Velocity Trimming Module (VTM) upper stage.

The first developmental flight of the SSLV occurred on 7 August 2022. The flight mission was named SSLV-D1. The SSLV-D1 flight failed to achieve its mission objectives.

The rocket had a three stage configuration with a fourth Velocity Trimming Module (VTM). In its D1 configuration, the rocket was 34m tall with a diameter of 2m and a lift-off mass of 120t.[55]

The rocket carried EOS 02, an Earth observation satellite that weighed 135 kg and AzaadiSAT, a CubeSat payload that weighed 8 kg, developed by Indian students to promote inclusivity in STEM education. The SSLV-D1 was supposed to place the two satellite payloads in a circular orbit of altitude 356.2 km with 37.2° inclination.

The official explanation by the ISRO for the mission failure was software malfunction.[56][57][58] According to the ISRO, the mission software detected an accelerometer anomaly during the second stage separation. This caused the rocket navigation to switch from a closed loop guidance to an open loop guidance.[59] Even though, this switch in guidance mode was part of the redundancy built into the rocket's navigation, it could not salvage the mission.

During the open loop guidance mode, the final VTM stage only managed to fire for 0.1s instead of the intended 20s.[60] This led to the two satellites as well as the VTM stage of the rocket being injected into an unstable elliptical transatmospheric orbit of 360.56×75.66 km with an inclination of 36.56°.[58]

The SSLV-D1's final VTM stage had 16 hydrazine (MMH+MON3) fueled thrusters. Eight of those were to provide altitude control and the remaining eight for controlling the orbital velocity.[61] The VTM stage also provided pitch, yaw and roll control during the orbital insertion maneuvers.[62] The three main stages of the SSLV-D1 functioned normally. But, that was not enough to impart adequate impulse for the two satellite payloads to achieve stable orbits. For the injection of the two satellite payloads into their intended stable orbits, the VTM stage had to fire for at least 20 seconds, to impart enough additional orbital velocity and altitude corrections. Instead the VTM kicked-in at 653.5s and shut itself down at 653.6s, post lift-off.[63] Following the partial firing of the VTM stage, the EOS 02 was released at 738.5s and AazadiSAT at 788.4s, post-liftoff. These failures transpired, resulting in the satellites entering an unstable orbit and subsequently destroyed upon reentry.

SSLV-D2

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Primary payload EOS-07 in cleanroom.

On 10 February 2023, SSLV completed its second developmental mission, putting three satellites into their planned orbits. The three-stage rocket successfully launched EOS-07 into a circular orbit around 13 minutes after liftoff. Also, Janus-1 and AzaadiSAT-2 satellites into their orbits about 1.6 minutes later. The purpose of SSLV-D2 is to launch the three satellites into a 450-kilometer circular orbit and showcase the in-flight performance of the SSLV vehicle systems.[64] A total of 175.2 kilograms was carried by the SSLV-D2: 10.2 kg for Janus-1, 8.7 kg for AzaadiSAT-2, and 156.3 kg for EOS-07.[65]

After analyzing the problems with SSLV-D1, ISRO chose the necessary remedial measures and put them into practice. The development team conducted a number of simulations and studies to make sure that SSLV-D2 mission would succeed.[66] According to SSLV-D1 fault evaluation study, six onboard accelerometers detected vibrations that were longer in duration and more intense during the second stage of separation. In order to ensure that this problem doesn't occur again, the second stage detachment system in SSLV-D2 was modified to reduce vibrations. Furthermore, the system was redesigned to navigate utilizing NavIC data and readings will now be monitored for a longer time before entering rescue mode.[67]

The separation mechanism, the equipment bay, and the on-board system for identifying malfunctioning sensors were further modified and five new pieces of hardware were installed. The electronics in SSLV-D2 worked successfully, as did the launch vehicle's new, affordable guidance and navigation system.[68]

SSLV-D3

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EOS-08 prior to encapsulation.

The Earth Observation Satellite EOS-08 was launched by ISRO on 16 August 2024, using SSLV-D3. At the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, the final development flight successfully took off from the first launch pad. After seventeen minutes, the EOS-08 was injected into a 475 km circular orbit, following the instructed injection conditions without any deviations. The SSLV development process is now officially complete. The development team will continue to search for specific operational activities in the VTM stage before ISRO supplies the industry with SSLV technology for serial production. Any necessary fine-tuning will be finished prior to the technology transfer.[69][70] With a 72-hour turnaround time, the ability to support several satellites, a small launch infrastructure requirement with a team of 6 people, and the possibility of launch on demand, SSLV is now a cost-effective solution. Repeatable flight performance of the SSLV vehicle systems has also been demonstrated by SSLV-D3. The successful flight of SSLV-D3 permits the Indian private sector and NewSpace India Limited to use the rocket for operational flights.[71][72]

The SSLV Project was completed after more than seven years of construction. Six companies are now in the process of acquiring the SSLV technology, while at least ten companies and consortia have expressed interest in manufacturing.[22][73] The integration and launch time of SSLV rocket is less than 24 hours.[74]

SSLV launch statistics

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Further information: List of SSLV launches

Launch statistics

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1
2
3
2022
2023
2024
  •   Failure
  •   Partial failure
  •   Success
  •   Planned
Decade-wise summary of SSLV launches
Decade Successful Partial success Failure Total
2020s 2 0 1 3

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "SSLV MANUFACTURING". /www.nsilindia.co.in. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Satellite Launch Vehicle" (PDF). 16 December 2021. The development of SSLV is in the final stages and the first developmental flight of SSLV is targeted during the first quarter of 2022. The Government has sanctioned a total cost of Rs.169.07 Crores for the development project including the development & qualification of the vehicle systems and the flight demonstration through three development flights (SSLV-D1, SSLV-D2 & SSLV-D3)
  3. ^ a b "ISRO readying for low cost satellite launch vehicles". Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Chandrayaan-2 Mission planned for middle of April". @businessline. 11 January 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
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  8. ^ "'We have a new launch vehicle': Isro successfully introduces SSLV to the world". India Today. 10 February 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
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  21. ^ IANS (2 September 2018). "There's big money to make in space business for Indian firms: Antrix chief". Business Standard India. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
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  26. ^ Ramachandran, R. (26 August 2022). "First SSLV flight fails to put satellites in correct orbit". frontline.thehindu.com. Retrieved 31 August 2022. According to a former ISRO scientist, the VTM can correct for a velocity shortfall of up to 172 metres/s. The rocket used for SSLV-D1 was a 34 m tall, 2 m diameter vehicle having a lift-off mass of 120 t.
  27. ^ SSLV-D1/EOS-02 Mission Video_English. 6 August 2022. Event occurs at 2 minute 30 seconds.
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  29. ^ SHAR Director Rajarajan Press Meet. 15 August 2022. Event occurs at 2 minutes 40 seconds. Two solid stages are new, fully developed. That is SS1 with 85-90 tonnes and SS3 with 4.5 tonnes whereas SS2 is almost identical to the HPS3 of PSLV.
  30. ^ "ORF on Twitter". twitter,com. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
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  35. ^ "Design, Fabrication, Integration, Testing, Supply and Commissioning of Vehicle Telecommand Systems" (PDF). 16 September 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2022. The proposed systems will be used as a part of new commanding requirement for Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) Launch Complex (SLC) Site at Kulasekarapatnam, Tamilnadu.
  36. ^ "TENDER NOTICE NO. SDSC SHAR/Sr.HPS/PT/13/2019-2020" (PDF). isro.gov.in. ISRO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019. REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL (RFP) FOR SUPPLY, INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING OF RAIL TRACK FOR SLC PROJECT
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  39. ^ Singh, Surendra (2 December 2019). "India to get its second spaceport, land acquisition work begins in Tamil Nadu". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
  40. ^ "ISRO's Second Spaceport, for New SSLV Rocket, to Come up in Tamil Nadu". The Wire. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  41. ^ ""Industrialised" PSLV by 2022". The Hindu. 25 January 2020. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  42. ^ Nagappa, Rajaram (December 2015). "The Promise of Small Satellites for National Security" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2022. By appropriate choice from among the solid propellant stages available with ISRO and DRDO, a launch vehicle could be configured and designated Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV-1). The performance of SSLV-1 was estimated using the in house developed trajectory-modelling programme QuoVadis. The performance runs show that SSLV-1 is capable of putting a 350 kg satellite in a polar orbit of 511 km x 497 km orbit and a 400 kg satellite in an orbit of 425 x 401 km (higher payloads are possible in equatorial orbit). This payload capability allows the launch of microsatellites with optical imaging and radar imaging payloads as well as individual intelligence satellites. Satellite life for the 400 kg mass satellite may be short in the 400 km orbit.
  43. ^ "NSSS 2016". 7 February 2016. Archived from the original on 7 February 2016.
  44. ^ "Future of Space Transportation by S. Somanath (Director, Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre)" (PDF). 7 February 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2016.
  45. ^ Surendra Singh (22 November 2017). "Isro news: A rocket that can be made in 3 days | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
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  47. ^ "Bengaluru: 1.2m trisonic wind tunnel at National Aerospace Laboratories completes 55 years of service". ANI. 6 June 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
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  49. ^ "చిన్న ఉపగ్రహ వాహకనౌక మోటారులో సాంకేతికలోపం". eenadu.net (in Telugu). Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  50. ^ "Department of Space, Annual Report 2021-22" (PDF). 27 April 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2022. The first static test of SS1 solid motor was conducted and the performance of SS1 ignition system, propellant system and Flex Nozzle Control (FNC) system was evaluated. Various design modifications have been incorporated to resolve the anomalies observed in the first static test (…)
  51. ^ a b "Static test of first stage solid motor of India's mini rocket SSLV unsuccessful". The Economic Times. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
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  54. ^ "RFP to make small rocket SSLV to be issued after 3/4 successful launches". Ahmedabad Mirror. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
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  56. ^ Indian Space Research Organization [@isro] (7 August 2022). "SSLV-D1/EOS-02 Mission: Maiden flight of SSLV is completed. All stages performed as expected. Data loss is observed during the terminal stage. It is being analysed. Will be updated soon" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  57. ^ Indian Space Research Organization [@isro] (7 August 2022). "SSLV-D1/EOS-02 Mission update: SSLV-D1 placed the satellites into 356 km x 76 km elliptical orbit instead of 356 km circular orbit. Satellites are no longer usable. Issue is reasonably identified. Failure of a logic to identify a sensor failure and go for a salvage action caused the deviation. A committee would analyse and recommend. With the implementation of the recommendations, ISRO will come back soon with SSLV-D2. A detailed statement by Chairman, ISRO will be uploaded soon" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  58. ^ a b "SSLV-D2/EOS-07 Mission: Second Developmental Flight of SSLV". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  59. ^ Subramanian, T. s (11 August 2022). "ISRO chief S. Somanath interview | 'An anomaly for two seconds led to SSLV mission's underperformance'". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
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  67. ^ Singh, Abhinav (10 February 2023). "Mission accomplished: ISRO's SSLV-D2 launch explained". The Week. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  68. ^ Dutt, Anonna (10 February 2023). "SSLV-D2 places three small satellites in orbit". The Indian Express. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
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  71. ^ "Isro's SSLV-D3 mission successful, EOS-08 and SR-0 Demosat satellites placed in orbit". The Times of India. 16 August 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
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