The Wairarapa Fault is an active seismic fault in the southern part of the North Island of New Zealand. It is a dextral (right lateral) strike-slip fault with a component of uplift to the northwest as expressed by the Rimutaka Range. It forms part of the North Island Fault System, which accommodates the transfer of displacement along the oblique convergent boundary between the Indo-Australian plate and Pacific plate.[3]
| Wairarapa Fault | |
|---|---|
 Wairarapa Fault (orange) in context main strands of North Island Fault System. | |
 Map of active Wairarapa Fault traces (red) | |
| Etymology | Wairarapa |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Region | Wairarapa Region |
| Characteristics | |
| Range | Rimutaka Range |
| Segments | multiple |
| Length | over 120 km (75 mi) on shore, likely 160 km (99 mi) in total[1] |
| Strike | reverse northeast trending[1][2] |
| Dip | steeply northwest[1] |
| Displacement | up to 11.5 mm (0.45 in)/year ± 0.5 mm (0.020 in)/year[1] |
| Tectonics | |
| Plate | Australian |
| Status | Active |
| Earthquakes | 1855 Wairarapa earthquake |
| Type | Dextral fault |
| Movement | Mw8.1,[1] maximum slip in 1855 was 18.7 m (61 ft) with up to 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) of vertical displacement[1] |
| Age | Miocene-Holocene |
| New Zealand geology database (includes faults) | |
Geometry
editThe Wairarapa Fault continues south of Lake Wairarapa as the Wharekauhau thrust, which can be traced on the seabed in the Cook Strait for about 30 km (19 mi) with a possible further continuation on a fault strand lying to the northwest. These faults segments are considered likely to be the active traces of the southern Wairarapa Fault.[4] At its northeastern end the fault terminates near Mauriceville, with the displacement apparently continued on the Pa Valley and Alfredton Faults.[5]
Seismicity
editRupture along the Wairarapa Fault and Wharekauhau thrust was responsible for the 1855 Wairarapa earthquake that initiated at the southern tip of the faults, resulting in 20 m (66 ft) slip maximum, a local peak of 8 m (26 ft) vertical displacement and magnitude of at least Mw8.1.[2] There is also evidence from trenching that the rupture continued onto the Alfredton Fault.[5][1] The uplifted beach ridges of Turakirae Head provide a proxy record of prehistoric earthquakes. This record has been checked by trenching across parts of the Wairarapa Fault. The trenching recorded five surface rupturing events since about 5,500 years BP, the last of which is the 1855 earthquake and two of which are not recorded by beach ridges. Together the observations give a mean recurrence interval of about 1,200 years.[6] Lidar studies have increased the number of significant whole fault earthquakes to eight and suggest they are all great earthquakes producing a mean lateral slip of 16.5 ± 2.2 m (54.1 ± 7.2 ft).[2]
Risk
editIt appears that the Wairarapa fault is interacting with at least the Kekerengu, Needles and Awatere faults across Cook Strait to the south, in that at least 3 ruptures there preceded by several years these major earthquakes and presumably loaded the Wairarapa Fault.[2] The 1848 Marlborough earthquake in the southern island preceded the 1855 Wairarapa earthquake earthquake by seven years.[2] It is known that the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake loaded the southern part of the fault,[2] but as already mentioned the mean recurrence interval is 1,230 ± 190 years.[6] There is a high probability that the next rupture will be a great earthquake.[6]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Rodgers, D.W.; Little T.A. (2006). "World's largest coseismic strike-slip offset: The 1855 rupture of the Wairarapa Fault, New Zealand, and implications for displacement/length scaling of continental earthquakes". Journal of Geophysical Research. 111 (B12408): n/a. Bibcode:2006JGRB..11112408R. doi:10.1029/2005JB004065. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f Manighetti, I; Perrin, C; Gaudemer, Y; Dominguez, S; Stewart, N; Malavieille, J; Garambois, S (2020). "Repeated giant earthquakes on the Wairarapa fault, New Zealand, revealed by Lidar-based paleoseismology". Scientific Reports. 10 (2124): 2124. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.2124M. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59229-3. PMC 7005692. PMID 32034264.
- ^ Mouslopoulou, V.; Nicol, A.; Little, T.A.; Begg J.A. (2009). "Palaeoearthquake surface rupture in a transition zone from strike-slip to oblique-normal slip and its implications to seismic hazard, North Island Fault System, New Zealand". In Reicherter K., Michetti A.M. & Silva P.G. (ed.). Palaeoseismology: historical and prehistorical records of earthquake ground effects for seismic hazard assessment. Special Publications. Vol. 316. London: Geological Society. pp. 269–292. ISBN 978-1-86239-276-2. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ Barnes, P.M. (January 2005). "The southern end of the Wairarapa Fault, and surrounding structures in Cook Strait" (PDF). In Townend J., Langridge R. & Jones A. (ed.). The 1855 Wairarapa Earthquake Symposium: 150 years of thinking about magnitude 8+ earthquakes and seismic hazard in New Zealand. Greater Wellington Regional Council. pp. 66–71. ISBN 0-909016-87-9.
- ^ a b Schermer, E.R.; Van Dissen R.; Berryman K.R.; Kelsey H.M.; Cashman S.M. (2004). "Active faults, paleoseismology, and historical fault rupture in northern Wairarapa, North Island, New Zealand" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics. 47 (1): 101–122. Bibcode:2004NZJGG..47..101S. doi:10.1080/00288306.2004.9515040. S2CID 128549630. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
- ^ a b c Van Dissen, R.; Berryman, K.; King, A.; Webb, T.; Brackley, H.; Barnes, P.; Beavan, J.; Benites, R.; Barker, P.; Carne, R.; Cochran, U.; Dellow, G.; Fry, B.; Hemphill-Haley, M.; Francois-Holden, C.; Lamarche, G.; Langridge, R.; Litchfield, N.; Little, T.; McVerry, G.; Ninis, D.; Palmer, N.; Perrin, N.; Pondard, N.; Semmens, S.; Stephenson, W.; Robinson, R.; Villamor, P.; Wallace, L.; Wilson, K. (2009). "It's Our Fault: Better Defining the Earthquake Risk in Wellington – Results to Date & a Look to the Future" (PDF). NZEE Conference Proceedings. Retrieved 6 October 2010.