Wikipedia

Weapons of the Laotian Civil War

The Laotian Civil War was a military conflict that pitted the guerrilla forces of the Marxist-oriented Pathet Lao against the armed and security forces of the Kingdom of Laos (French: Royaume du Laos), led by the conservative Royal Lao Government, between 1960 and 1975. Main combatants comprised:

To meet the threat represented by the Pathet Lao insurgency, the Laotian Armed Forces depended on a small French military training mission (French: Mission Militaire Française près du Gouvernment Royale du Laos or MMFI-GRL),[1] headed by a general officer, an exceptional arrangement permitted under the 1955 Geneva Accords, as well as covert assistance from the United States in the form of the Programs Evaluation Office (PEO), established on 15 December 1955, replaced in 1961 by the Military Assistance Advisory Group (Laos), which was later changed in September 1962 into the Requirements Office.[2] Between 1962 and 1971, the U.S. provided Laos with direct military assistance, but not including the cost of equipping and training irregular and paramilitary forces by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).[3] In addition to U.S. covert support, the FAR received further military assistance from the United Kingdom, Thailand, Burma, the Philippines, the Republic of China (Taiwan), Cambodia, South Vietnam, South Korea, Japan, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and Australia;

PEO adviser Jack F. Mathews with then Major Vang Pao, commander of the 10éme Bataillon de Infanterie (10 BI), at Nong Net, July 1960.
An Auto Defense de Choc (ADC) Hmong guerrilla company assembles at Phou Vieng, Spring 1961.
Pathet Lao's LPAF guerrillas assemble at Sam Neua, April 1953.

An eclectic variety of weapons was used by all sides in the Laotian Civil War. Laotian regular FAR and FAN and irregular SGUs weaponry in the early days of the war was a hodgepodge, with most of their combat units equipped in a haphazard way with an array of French, American, Australian, British and German weapon systems, mostly of WWII-vintage, either drawn from First Indochina War stocks handed down by the French or secretly provided by the Americans.[7][8] After 1955 however, the FAR began the process of standardisation on U.S. equipment, with its airborne and infantry units first taking delivery of semi-automatic and automatic small-arms of WWII/Korean War-vintage in late 1959, followed by the delivery between 1963 and 1971 of more modern military equipments, which included aircraft, armored and transport vehicles, and long-range artillery pieces. In 1969 secret deliveries of modern U.S. small-arms arrived in Laos, and were initially only given to the Laotian Royal Guard and airborne units; standardisation in U.S. fully-automatic infantry weapons in the RLA and the irregular SGUs was completed by 1971, replacing much of the older weaponry.[9][10] Captured infantry weapons of Soviet and Chinese origin were also employed by elite commando or airborne units and the irregular SGUs while on special operations in the enemy-held areas of north-eastern and south-eastern Laos.[11][12]

During the early phase of the war, the Pathet Lao likewise was largely equipped with WWII-vintage French, Japanese, American, British, German, Chinese and Czechoslovakian weapons either pilfered from French colonial forces during the First Indochina War, seized from Laotian FAR units or provided by the Vietminh and subsequently by North Vietnam. As the war progressed, these obsolete weapons began to be partially superseded by more modern Eastern Bloc military hardware, including semi-automatic and fully automatic small-arms, artillery pieces, armored and transport vehicles, and aircraft of Soviet, Chinese and Hungarian origin, mostly being channelled via the North Vietnamese. Although the Pathet Lao standardized on Soviet and Chinese weapons and equipment by the early 1970s, its guerrilla forces continued to make use of captured enemy stocks until the end of the war.

Royal Lao Armed Forces, FAN and SGUs equipment

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Revolvers

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Received from the U.S. Government, used by Laotian government officials and military officers.[13]

 
Colt Cobra .38 Special snub-nose revolver

Pistols

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M1911A1 pistol

Submachine guns

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M3 submachine gun

Bolt-action rifles

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M1903 Springfield rifle

Carbines

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M1 Carbine

Sniper rifles

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Battle rifles

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M16A1 was the standard Royal Lao Army (RLA) issue assault rifle

Shotguns

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Winchester Model 1200 pump-action shotgun

Light machine guns

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M1918A2 Browning Automatic Rifle

General-purpose machine guns

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Medium and heavy machine guns

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M2HB heavy machine gun

Grenade systems

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Land mine systems

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Rocket systems

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Anti-tank rockets

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M72 LAW

Grenade launchers

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M79 grenade launcher
 
M203 grenade launcher

Recoilless rifles

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Mortars

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Brandt Mle 27(31) 81 mm mortar
 
M29 81 mm mortar
 
M30 4.2-inch (106.7 mm) mortar

Howitzers

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M101 105 mm howitzer
 
M114 155 mm howitzer
 
M116 75 mm pack howitzer

Air defense guns

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Vehicles

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M8 Greyhound armoured car
 
PT-76 light tank

Helicopters

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Aircraft

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A Royal Lao Air Force (RLAF) T-28D Nomad armed trainer taxies at Long Tieng airfield, September 1972

River craft

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Pathet Lao forces equipment

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Pistols

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Submachine guns

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Carbines

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Bolt-action rifles

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Chinese Type 53 carbine.

Sniper rifles

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Hungarian M/52 sniper rifle with PU 3.5× optics.

Battle rifles

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Light machine guns

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Degtyaryov DP/DPM light machine gun (Chinese Type 53)

General-purpose machine guns

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Medium and heavy machine guns

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SG-43/SGM Goryunov machine gun (Chinese Type 53/57)

Grenade systems

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Land mine systems

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Rocket systems

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Anti-tank rocket launchers

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Type 69 RPG

Grenade launchers

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Recoilless rifles

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B-10 recoilless rifle

Mortars

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Howitzers

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M-30 122 mm towed howitzer (M1938)

Air defense guns

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37 mm automatic air defence gun M1939 (61-K)
 
57 mm AZP S-60 air defense gun

Vehicles

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BTR-152 APC

Helicopters

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Aircraft

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River craft

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), pp. 24; 33.
  2. ^ Ahern, Undercover Armies: CIA and Surrogate Warfare in Laos (2006), pp. 52; 55.
  3. ^ Castle, At War in the Shadow of Vietnam (1993), pp. 9-12; 15-19.
  4. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960–75 (1989), p. 5.
  5. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 30.
  6. ^ Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), pp. 97–99.
  7. ^ Sananikone, The Royal Lao Army and U.S. Army advice and support (1981), p. 30.
  8. ^ Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), pp. 3-4.
  9. ^ a b c Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), pp. 15-21.
  10. ^ a b c d Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 59.
  11. ^ a b Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), pp. 41-42.
  12. ^ Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), pp. 10; 18; 34.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 15.
  14. ^ a b Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 38.
  15. ^ Walter, Walther Pistols – PP, PPK and P 38 (2022), pp. 68-70.
  16. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 2: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1969-1974 (2022a), p. 7.
  17. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 12.
  18. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 36.
  19. ^ Bonn International Center for Conversion; Bundeswehr Verification Center. "Sten MP". SALW Guide: Global distribution and visual identification.
  20. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), pp. 42; 46.
  21. ^ a b Conboy and McCouaig, South-East Asian Special Forces (1991), p. 8.
  22. ^ a b c d Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 3.
  23. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 39.
  24. ^ a b Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), pp. 10; 18.
  25. ^ a b "Post-WWII use of the MAS-36 rifle: Part II (export users)". wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com. 2015-08-23. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
  26. ^ Thompson, The M1 Carbine (2011), p. 67.
  27. ^ a b Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 42.
  28. ^ Foreign Military Assistance and the U.S. M1 & M2 Carbines
  29. ^ a b Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 20.
  30. ^ a b Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 9.
  31. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 1: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1961-1969 (2021), p. 29.
  32. ^ Walter, John (2006). Rifles of the World (3rd ed.). Iola, WI: Krause Publications. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-89689-241-5.
  33. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 37.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g Rottman, The AK-47 Kalashnikov-series assault rifles (2011), p. 78.
  35. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), pp. 15; 21.
  36. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 18.
  37. ^ a b Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 46.
  38. ^ a b Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 1: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1961-1969 (2021), p. 16.
  39. ^ a b c d e Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 18.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 34.
  41. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 24.
  42. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), pp. 43; 45.
  43. ^ Rottman, The Bazooka (2012), pp. 29-30.
  44. ^ Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), pp. 241-242.
  45. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 1: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1961-1969 (2021), pp. 25-26.
  46. ^ a b Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 2: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1969-1974 (2022a), p. 56.
  47. ^ Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 39.
  48. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), pp. 21; 43.
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 21.
  50. ^ Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 12.
  51. ^ Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 23.
  52. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 67.
  53. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 30.
  54. ^ a b Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 40.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h i j SIPRI Arms Transfers Database
  56. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 1: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1961-1969 (2021), p. 14.
  57. ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), p. 12.
  58. ^ Zaloga and Laurier, M24 Chaffee Light Tank 1943–85 (2003), p. 22.
  59. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), pp. 39; 46.
  60. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), pp. 8; 19.
  61. ^ a b c Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), p. 13.
  62. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 1: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1961-1969 (2021), p. 51.
  63. ^ a b Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), p. 20.
  64. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), pp. 25; 48.
  65. ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 12; 20.
  66. ^ Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), pp. 40; 63.
  67. ^ Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), p. 290.
  68. ^ Lathrop, McDonald and Laurier, Cadillac Cage V-100 Commando 1960-71 (2002), p. 38.
  69. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), pp. 31; 40-43.
  70. ^ Foss, Jane's Tank & Combat Vehicle recognition guide (2002), p. 215.
  71. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), pp. 45-46.
  72. ^ a b c "Annex C Appendix II". US Army Technical Manual of Foreign Military Sales: Battlefield Damage Assessment and Repair (PDF). Washington, D.C. 18 December 1987. p. 262. TM 9-2320-356-BD. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  73. ^ Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), pp. 63-64.
  74. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 42.
  75. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 2: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1969-1974 (2022a), p. 31.
  76. ^ "World Air Forces 2017". FlightGlobal. 2 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016. [dead link‍]
  77. ^ a b c d e f Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), p. 102 (Notes 2, 9).
  78. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Royal Lao Air Force Aircraft Types". aeroflight.co.uk. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  79. ^ Gunston, An Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters (1981), p. 62.
  80. ^ a b c d e f Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 16.
  81. ^ a b c Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 32.
  82. ^ a b Gunston, An Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters (1981), p. 82.
  83. ^ "World Air Forces 1971 pg. 932". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  84. ^ Krivinyi, World Military Aviation (1977), p. 148.
  85. ^ Taylor and Munson, Jane's Pocket Book of Major Combat Aircraft (1973), p. 179.
  86. ^ Krivinyi, World Military Aviation (1977), p. 178.
  87. ^ Andrade, Militair 1982 (1982), p. 146.
  88. ^ Nalty, Neufeld and Watson, An Illustrated Guide to the Air War over Vietnam (1982), pp. 114-115.
  89. ^ Fitzsimons, The Defenders: A Comprehensive Guide to Warplanes of the USA (1988), p. 137.
  90. ^ Adcock, Greer and Sewell, T-28 Trojan in action (1989), pp. 32; 37.
  91. ^ Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 29.
  92. ^ Davis and Greer, Gunships, A Pictorial History of Spooky (1982), pp. 13-14.
  93. ^ Nalty, Neufeld and Watson, An Illustrated Guide to the Air War over Vietnam (1982), pp. 46-49.
  94. ^ ADF Serials list of Australian military DC-2s/DC-3s/C-47s Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 2010-06-19
  95. ^ a b Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 37.
  96. ^ Beck, "Database: Fairchild C-123 Provider" (2022), p. 123.
  97. ^ Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 5.
  98. ^ Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), p. 15.
  99. ^ Churchill, Hit My Smoke: Forward Air Controllers in Southeast Asia (1997), p. 121.
  100. ^ Nalty, Neufeld and Watson, An Illustrated Guide to the Air War over Vietnam (1982), pp. 36-37.
  101. ^ a b c Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), pp. 64-65.
  102. ^ Cabin type patrol boats – Site navypedia.org
  103. ^ Chris Craft patrol boats – Site navypedia.org
  104. ^ 11m patrol boats – Site navypedia.org
  105. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 67.
  106. ^ LCM(6) type landing craft – Site navypedia.org
  107. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), pp. 64-65; 67.
  108. ^ a b c Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 41.
  109. ^ Thompson, Soviet Pistols – Tokarev, Makarov, Stechkin and others (2015), p. 74.
  110. ^ Jones, Richard D.; Ness, Leland S., eds. (January 27, 2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 (35th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5
  111. ^ Aleksandr Danilyuk. Museum of the People's Army of Laos // "Equipment and weapons", No. 4, 2016. pp. 53-57
  112. ^ Harriman, The Mosin-Nagant Rifle (2016), pp. 70-72.
  113. ^ Harriman, The Mosin-Nagant Rifle (2016), p. 55.
  114. ^ McNab, The SVD Dragunov Rifle (2023), pp. 36-37.
  115. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), pp. 15; 41.
  116. ^ Jones, Richard D. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010. Jane's Information Group; 35 edition (January 27, 2009). ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5
  117. ^ Jones, Richard D.; Ness, Leland S., eds. (January 27, 2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 (35th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.
  118. ^ a b Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 45.
  119. ^ "Stickgrenade, Type67". Archived from the original on June 23, 2013.
  120. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 17.
  121. ^ Gander, Terry J. (22 November 2000). "National inventories, Laos". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. p. 3085.
  122. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 5.
  123. ^ Davies, UH-1 Huey Gunship vs NVA/VC Forces: Vietnam 1962–75 (2021), p. 28.
  124. ^ Foss, Jane's Tank & Combat Vehicle recognition guide (2002), pp. 76-77.
  125. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 2: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1969-1974 (2022a), pp. 50-51.
  126. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2010). The Military Balance 2010. London: IISS. ISBN 978-1-85743-557-3.
  127. ^ The Tank That Helped Russia Defeat Nazi Germany Has Finally Retired (In Laos). The National Interest. 10 January 2019. (Archive)
  128. ^ Foss, Jane's Tank & Combat Vehicle recognition guide (2002), p. 72.
  129. ^ Kinnear, Sewell & Aksenov, Soviet T-54 Main Battle Tank (2018), Appendix eight: known customers and users of the T‑54 medium tank, p. 182.
  130. ^ Kinnear, Sewell & Aksenov, Soviet T-55 Main Battle Tank (2019), Appendix six: known client users of the T‑55 medium tank, p. 160.
  131. ^ Foss, Jane's Tank & Combat Vehicle recognition guide (2002), p. 295.
  132. ^ Foss, Jane's Tank & Combat Vehicle recognition guide (2002), pp. 386-387.
  133. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 2: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1969-1974 (2022a), p. 51.
  134. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 1: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1961-1969 (2021), p. 51.
  135. ^ Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 30.
  136. ^ Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 64.
  137. ^ Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974 (2022b), p. 63.

References

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  • Al Adcock, Don Greer and Joe Sewell, T-28 Trojan in action, Aircraft No. 89, Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., Carrollton, Texas 1989. ISBN 0-89747-211-X
  • Albert Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 1998. ISBN 978-9623616225
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  • Jan Churchill, Hit My Smoke: Forward Air Controllers in Southeast Asia, Sunflower University Press, Manhattan KS, 1997. ISBN 0-89745-215-1
  • John Andrade, Militair 1982, Aviation Press Limited, London 1982. ISBN 0-907898-01-7
  • John J.H. Taylor and Kenneth Munson, Jane's Pocket Book of Major Combat Aircraft, Collier Books, New York 1973. ISBN 0-7232-3697-6
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  • Joseph D. Celeski, Special Air Warfare and the Secret War in Laos: Air Commandos 1964–1975, Air University Press, Maxwell AFB, Alabama 2019. – [1]
  • Kenneth Conboy and Simon McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75, Men-at-arms series 217, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1989. ISBN 9780850459388
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  • Kenneth Conboy, Kenneth Bowra, and Simon McCouaig, The NVA and Viet Cong, Elite series 38, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 1992. ISBN 9781855321625
  • Kenneth Conboy with James Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos, Boulder CO: Paladin Press, 1995. ISBN 978-1-58160-535-8
  • Ken Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 1: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1961-1969, Asia@War Volume 24, Helion & Company Limited, Warwick UK 2021. ISBN 978-1-804510-65-0
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  • Ken Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974, Asia@War Volume 37, Helion & Company Limited, Warwick UK 2022b. ISBN 978-1-804512-87-6
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