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Anti-Corruption Foundation

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Anti-Corruption Foundation
Фонд борьбы с коррупцией
Abbreviation
  • FBK (English)
  • ФБК (Russian)
Formation2011
FounderAlexei Navalny
Dissolved9 June 2021 (in Russia)
TypeNGO
PurposeAnti-corruption
Chairwoman of the Board of Directors
Maria Pevchikh, since 22 March 2023[1]
Websiteacf.international

The Anti-Corruption Foundation (ACF or FBK; Russian: Фонд борьбы с коррупцией (ФБК), romanized: Fond borby s korruptsiyey (FBK); lit. 'Foundation for combating corruption') is a non-profit organization established in 2011 by the Russian opposition figure Alexei Navalny. The FBK published investigations into alleged corruption by high-ranking Russian government officials.[2] The organisation is funded by private donations.[3]

On 9 October 2019, the FBK was declared a "foreign agent" by the Russian Ministry of Justice.[4][5] On 9 June 2021, the FBK was designated as an extremist organization and liquidated by the Moscow City Court.[6][7] On 11 July 2022, while imprisoned, Navalny announced the relaunch of the FBK as an international organization.[8]

Mission

[edit]

FBK Executive Director Vladimir Ashurkov formulated the fund's strategy as pressure on the authorities in order to push them towards internal reforms, working in two directions: organizing situations in which government structures will feel pressure, and creating a real alternative to the current power system.[9]

History

[edit]
Alexei Navalny in 2011
This article is part of
a series about
Alexei Navalny
Political activities
Terminology
Associates
Related

Creation

[edit]

FBK was founded by Alexei Navalny.[2] The Foundation was registered on 9 September 2011 (account No. 7714013315, OGRN 1117799018204).[10] According to Vladimir Ashurkov, the founders of the fund gained experience in public and transparent fundraising by organizing financing for the RosPil project. A significant amount was collected through the Yandex.Money payment system, which provided financial support for the project for a year. In parallel, the founders of the fund are working on the idea of involving on a permanent basis professional lawyers and economists in the search for and suppression of corruption schemes in the public procurement system. The contractual basis will allow to get some guarantees, in contrast to the scheme for working with volunteers.[9]

Criminal case and "foreign agent" status

[edit]

On 3 August 2019, the Investigative Committee of Russia (SKR) opened a criminal case against the FBK, accusing them of laundering ₽1 billion (c. US$15.5 mln).[11] Later the amount was reduced to ₽75 million (c. US$1.15 mln).[4]

On 5 September 2019, searches were conducted at the FBK office and at the "Navalny LIVE" studio.[12]

Soon after the 2019 Moscow City Duma election, on 12 September 2019 the SKR carried out mass raids on the FBK regional offices in 40 Russian cities.[13][14]

In September 2019, various state-owned companies filed lawsuits against FBK for "organizing riots", and the courts partially satisfied them in the amount of ₽5 million (c. US$78 000).[15]

On 8 October 2019, the police filed a lawsuit against FBK for "costs of maintaining order during rallies" in the amount of ₽18 million (c. US$280,000).[16]

On 9 October 2019, the FBK was declared a "foreign agent" by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation due to payments from the United States and Spain.[17][4][5] One of these payments was the payment of US$50 made by Yuriy Maslikhov, a Russian citizen residing in the United States. In an interview with journalists, Yuriy Maslikhov stated that he had transferred the money from his PayPal account as an individual and he had been carrying out such donations earlier.[18] Two other payments totalling ₽138,505.41 (c. US$2170) were carried out by Spanish citizen Roberto Fabio Monda Cardenas through CaixaBank on 6 and 17 September 2019. Answering a question of journalists how he, unable to speak Russian, found out the wire payment instructions of the Anti-Corruption Foundation after its removing from official website of the organization, Roberto Fabio Monda Cardenas was unable to explain.[19] These payments were carried out at a time when the bank account of the Anti-Corruption Foundation was frozen at the request of the Investigative Committee of Russia.[20] Despite the fact that the Anti-Corruption Foundation gave the money back, Ministry of Justice of Russia refused to remove the Anti-Corruption Foundation from the register of "foreign agents".[21]

On 15 October 2019, the SKR again carried out mass raids on the FBK regional offices in 30 Russian cities.[22][23]

[edit]

In February 2019, FBK published an investigation that reported that in December 2018, mass food poisoning of children occurred in kindergartens and schools in Moscow. FBK blamed Concord Food Plant LLC, Moskovskiy Shkolnik LLC and VITO-1 LLC for this, which he linked with Yevgeny Prigozhin. Subsequently, Moscow schools No. 760 and No. 1554 assessed fines against Moskovskiy Shkolnik due to the supply of low-quality food.[citation needed]

In April 2019, Moskovskiy Shkolnik filed a lawsuit against FBK, Navalny, FBK lawyer Lyubov Sobol, who was in charge of the investigation, and its former employee Natalya Shilova, who was involved in the investigation.

In October 2019, the Moscow Arbitration Court ordered Navalny to pay 29.2 million rubles as compensation for lost profits and damage to professional reputation. The court ordered Lyubov Sobol and FBK to pay the same amount. The Court of Appeal upheld this decision.

In July 2020, Navalny said that he saw no reason to raise money to pay the "huge amount". He announced that the FBK would be liquidated, and that he and Sobol "until the end of Putin's power" would have to live with blocked accounts and bailiffs seizing any of their property in favor of "Putin's chef". Navalny said that he intended to revive the FBK shortly after as another legal entity.[24][25][26][27][28]

Designation as an extremist organization

[edit]
Russian-language logo since 2020

On 16 April 2021, the Moscow prosecutor office requested the Moscow City Court to designate organizations linked to Navalny including the FBK and his headquarters as extremist organizations, claiming: "Under the disguise of liberal slogans, these organizations are engaged in creating conditions for the destabilization of the social and socio-political situation."[29] In response, Navalny aide Leonid Volkov stated: "Putin has just announced full-scale mass political repression in Russia."[30]

On 26 April 2021, the Moscow prosecutor office ordered Navalny's network of regional offices to stop its activities, pending a ruling by the court on whether to designate them and the FBK as extremist organizations. The move was condemned by Germany and Amnesty International.[31][32]

On 9 June 2021, Vyacheslav Polyga, judge of Moscow City Court, upheld the administrative claim of the prosecutor of Moscow city Denis Popov and, rejecting all the petitions of the defense, decided[33] to recognize Anti-Corruption Foundation as an extremist organization, to liquidate it and to confiscate its assets; a similar decision had been taken against the Citizens' Rights Protection Foundation; the activity of the Alexei Navalny staff was prohibited (case No.3а-1573/2021).[34] The case hearing was held in camera because, as indicated by advocate Ilia Novikov, the case file including the text of the administrative claim was classified as a state secret.[35] According to advocate Ivan Pavlov, Alexei Navalny was not a party to the proceedings and the judge refused to give him such status; at the hearing, the prosecutor stated that the defendants are extremist organizations because they want a change of power in Russia and they promised to help participants of the protest with payment of administrative and criminal fines and with making complaints to the European Court of Human Rights.[36][6] On 4 August 2021, First Appellate Ordinary Court located in Moscow upheld the decision of the court of first instance (case No.66а-3553/2021) and this decision entered into force that day.[37] On 28 December 2021, it was reported that Anti-Corruption Foundation, Citizens' Rights Protection Foundation and 18 natural persons including Alexei Navalny filed a cassation appeals to the Second Cassation Ordinary Court.[38] On 25 March 2022, the Second Cassation Ordinary Court rejected all cassation appeals and upheld the judgements of lower courts (case No.8а-5101/2022).[39]

Several members of the organisation, including Lilia Chanysheva (the head of the Ufa branch of the organisation) and Daniel Kholodny (the technical director of the foundation's YouTube channel), were arrested and sentenced to long prison sentences. Memorial considers them political prisoners.[40]

Relaunch as international organization

[edit]

In January 2021, former Russian banker Alexander Zheleznyak registered the international non-profit Anti-Corruption Foundation (ACF) in the United States.[41]

On 11 July 2022, Navalny announced the relaunch of the FBK as an international organization with an advisory board including his wife Yulia Navalnaya, Guy Verhofstadt, Anne Applebaum, and Francis Fukuyama; Navalny also stated that the first contribution to Anti-Corruption Foundation International would be the Sakharov Prize ($50,000) that was awarded to him.[8][42] On 4 October, allies of Navalny said they were relaunching his regional network to fight the mobilization and war, saying it would be a "partisan underground" movement.[43]

On 1 June 2023, the Ministry of Justice added the Anti-Corruption Foundation International to the list of undesirable organisations; earlier in December 2022, the ACF International was declared a "foreign agent".[44]

After the death of Navalny in a Russian prison in February 2024, his wife Yulia Navalnaya leads the organization.[45]

Notable investigations

[edit]

2013

[edit]

2014

[edit]

2015

[edit]

2016

[edit]

2017

[edit]

2018

[edit]

2019

[edit]
  • Investigation of Andrey Metelsky, the deputy of the Moscow City Duma
  • Investigation of Lyudmila Stebenkova, the deputy of the Moscow City Duma
  • Investigation of Stepan Orlov, the deputy of the Moscow City Duma
  • Investigation of Kirill Shchitov, the deputy of the Moscow City Duma
  • Investigation of Alexei Shaposhnikov, the chairman of the Moscow City Duma
  • Investigation of Vladimir Platonov, the former chairman of the Moscow City Duma
  • Investigation of Natalya Sergunina, the vice-mayor of Moscow
  • Investigation of Alexander Gorbenko, the vice-mayor of Moscow
  • Investigation of Pyotr Biryukov, the vice-mayor of Moscow
  • Investigation of Valentin Gorbunov, the head of the MCEC
  • Investigation of Boris Ebzeev, member of the CEC
  • Investigation of Nikolay Bulaev, the vice-chairman of the CEC
  • Investigation of Anton Siluanov, Russian Minister of Finance

2021

[edit]

2022

[edit]

Financing

[edit]

FBK is funded by money transfers from its supporters; mostly these are donations from ordinary people.[62] According to Ashurkov, "constant fundraising is a necessary condition for the functioning" of the fund. The creators want to build a system that will allow the fund "not to depend on one source of funding". In April 2012, the creators estimated the fund's annual budget at approximately $300,000. If more funds are available, the fund will expand.[9]

In 2013, the fund raised 23 million rubles through donations.[63] In 2014 the budget was 28.5 million rubles;[64] in 2016, it was 45 million rubles.[65]

First public sponsors

[edit]

The first public sponsors of the fund on 13 February 2012 were the son of the founder of PJSC VimpelCom, businessman Boris Zimin (confirmed that he had already given 300,000 rubles and will give about the same amount every month) and former manager of Alfa Group Vladimir Ashurkov (confirmed that gave 300,000 rubles). On 30 May 2012, the list of the first 16 sponsors of the fund was announced:[66][67]

№ Name Notes
1 Vladimir Ashurkov Executive director of the Fund
2 Roman Borisovich Vice President of Rosgosstrakh LLC
3 Dmitry Bykov Writer
4 Sergey Grechishkin Managing Partner, Alcantara Asset Management
5 Sergey Guriyev Former rector of the New Economic School
6 Ekaterina Zhuravskaya Professor at the Paris School of Economics and the New Economic School
7 Boris Zimin Entrepreneur
8 Kirill Irtyuga Partner of RosinvestHotel Management Company
9 Alexander Lebedev Chairman of the Board of Directors of the National Reserve Corporation
10 Artyom Lyubimov First Deputy General Director of Bolshoi Gorod CJSC (accounting services)
11 Leonid Parfyonov Journalist
12 Pavel Prosyankin Financier
13 Alexey Savchenko Director for Strategic Planning, Alfa Group Consortium
14 Denis Sokolov Entrepreneur
15 Victor Yarutov Businessman, co-owner of the Nienschanz Group of Companies
16 Boris Akunin Writer

According to Navalny, "they have already transferred 4.4 million rubles, and guaranteed another 4 million for the second half of the year", which provides most of the planned annual budget of the fund ($300,000).[66]

According to Vladimir Ashurkov and Navalny, the negotiations took place for three months, and some of those with whom they took place eventually decided to refrain from making contributions to the fund. However, many of those who ended up supporting the project, despite not being bound by any contractual obligations, promised to make regular donations. This allows to plan the activities of the fund. In case of an increase in voluntary contributions, it is planned to develop the staff of the fund's projects, giving a special role to the anti-corruption "RosPil". Moreover, all business representatives support the fund financially as individuals.[66]

According to Navalny, in order to help potential donors decide to support the fund and similar projects, the first of those who have already done so will announce their names.[66] And Vladimir Ashurkov suggested that later the names of those who financially support the fund will not be made public, except for cases when the donors themselves ask for it.[66] Ashurkov said that Alfa Group's top manager Alexei Savchenko appeared on the list of sponsors thanks to his acquaintance with him.[66] Navalny noted that the fund has no other sponsors from Alpha.[66] Political scientist Stanislav Belkovsky noted the interest of representatives of big business in the opposition, highlighting Mikhail Fridman.[66]

As a funding strategy for the fund, Navalny stated the collection of small donations, but with the involvement of a wide range of donors, emphasizing the importance of mass support.[68]

Team

[edit]
Volunteers and employees of the Anti-Corruption Foundation arrested on 26 March 2017

Current leadership

[edit]
Position[69] Name
Founder of FBK Alexey Navalny
Director of FBK Ivan Zhdanov
Executive manager Vladimir Ashurkov
Press secretary Kira Yarmysh
Creative director Varvara Mikhaylova
Head of the legal department Vyacheslav Gimadi
"Navalny Live" YouTube channel producer Lyubov Sobol
Anti-corruption project "RosPil" Alexander Golovach
Anti-corruption project "RosYama" Anatoly Kravchenko
Head of Investigation Department Maria Pevchikh
Deputy Head of Investigation Department Georgy Alburov
Head of IT department Vladislav Romantsov

Team members

[edit]

The FBK project managers are Ruslan Shaveddinov, Ilya Pakhomov. The legal department includes: Alexander Pomazuev, Vladlen Los, Evgeny Zamyatin. Valery Zolotukhin is also involved in the RosPil project. In addition, the team includes video production manager Vitaly Kolesnikov, mailing list manager Yan Matveyev, editor Maria Zakharova, office manager Olga Bulaeva.[69]

The director of the fund from 2014 to December 2018 was Roman Rubanov. Since December 2018, the head of the legal department of the fund, Ivan Zhdanov, has been appointed director.[70]

Since February 2012, the executive director of the fund has been Vladimir Ashurkov, who was forced to leave Alfa Group to work at FBK.[9][71]

Media

[edit]

FBK created its own media, 'Leviathan', in order to have a possibility to register for press conferences of Vladimir Putin and make a request to authorities. Since 2016 it has been publishing one news item per day.[72] The name 'Leviathan' was taken from Leviathan, 2014 award-winning film by Andrey Zvyagintsev.

Films

[edit]

FBK has made the following films:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ https://www.svoboda.org/a/fbk-posle-otstavki-leonida-volkova-vozglavila-mariya-pevchih/32329728.html Archived 22 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine ФБК после отставки Леонида Волкова возглавила Мария Певчих
  2. ^ a b Henry Foy; Aime Williams (10 June 2021). "Russia outlaws Alexei Navalny's organisations as 'extremist'". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  3. ^ "Navalny ally urges donors to use cryptocurrency due to crackdown". Reuters. 2 June 2021. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  4. ^ a b c Mukhametshina, Elena; Krechetova, Angelina; Chunova, Alexandra (10 October 2019). "Признание ФБК иностранным агентом призвано затруднить его участие в политике" [FBK's recognition as a foreign agent is intended to hinder its participation in politics]. Vedomosti. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  5. ^ a b "Russia brands opposition leader Navalny anti-corruption group a 'foreign agent'". Deutsche Welle. 9 October 2019. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  6. ^ a b "Russia Blacklists Navalny's Political and Activist Movements as 'Extremist'". The Moscow Times. 9 June 2021. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  7. ^ "Мосгорсуд признал ФБК экстремистской организацией" [The Moscow City Court recognized the FBK as an extremist organization]. dw.com. 9 June 2021. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  8. ^ a b "Navalny Announces Launch Of New Anti-Corruption Foundation". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 11 July 2022. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d Badanin, Roman; Osipov, Ivan (25 April 2012). ""Я понимал, что сотрудничество с Навальным может быть угрозой для моей работы"" [I understood that cooperation with Navalny could be a threat to my work]. Forbes. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  10. ^ "Портал государственных услуг" [Government services portal]. unro.minjust.ru. 15 December 2020. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  11. ^ Gubenko, Artyom (3 August 2019). "СК возбудил дело об отмывании ФБК Навального 1 млрд руб" [The Investigative Committee opened a case on the laundering of FBK Navalny 1 billion rubles]. RBK Group. Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  12. ^ "Силовики в ФБК, в офисе 'Навальный Live' и в московском штабе политика" [Security officials at FBK, at the Navalny Live office and at the politician's Moscow headquarters]. MediaZona (in Russian). 9 September 2019. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
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  14. ^ Bennetts, Marc (12 September 2019). "Russian police carry out mass raids against opposition activists". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  15. ^ "Суд вернул компании по аренде автомобилей иск к ФБК на 1 млрд рублей" [The court returned the car rental company a claim against FBK for 1 billion rubles]. Vedomosti (in Russian). 16 October 2019. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  16. ^ "Полиция Москвы решила отсудить у оппозиции 18 млн рублей" [Moscow police decided to sue the opposition for 18 million rubles]. Interfax (in Russian). 8 October 2019. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  17. ^ Dergachev, Vladimir (9 October 2019). "Минюст объявил фонд Алексея Навального иностранным агентом" [Ministry of Justice declares Alexey Navalny's fund a foreign agent]. RBK (in Russian). Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  18. ^ "'Это всё была провокация': интервью 'американского спонсора' Навального" ['It was all a provocation': interview with 'American sponsor' Navalny]. Openmedia.io (in Russian). 12 October 2019. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  19. ^ Kovalev, Alexey (18 October 2019). "'Медуза' нашла испанца, из-за которого ФБК признали 'иностранным агентом'. Он не может объяснить, зачем помогал российским борцам с коррупцией" [Meduza found a Spaniard who caused the FBK to be recognized as a "foreign agent". He cannot explain why he helped Russian corruption fighters]. Meduza (in Russian). Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  20. ^ Davydov, Viktor; Belyaeva, Nadezhda (8 August 2019). "В ФБК провели обыски и арестовали счета по делу об отмывании денег. Сумма 'легализованных средств' снизилась с миллиарда до 75 миллионов рублей" [The FBK was searched and arrested accounts in the case of money laundering. The amount of 'legalized funds' has decreased from a billion to 75 million rubles]. Meduza (in Russian). Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  21. ^ "Минюст отказался исключить ФБК из реестра 'иностранных агентов'" [Ministry of Justice refused to remove FBK from the register of 'foreign agents']. Meduza (in Russian). 25 December 2020. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  22. ^ "СКР сообщил об обысках по делу ФБК в 30 городах" [Investigative Committee of Russia reported about searches in the FBK case in 30 cities]. Interfax (in Russian). 15 October 2019. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  23. ^ Walker, Shaun (15 October 2019). "Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny condemns mass raids". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  24. ^ "Московская школа выиграла иск на 1,5 млн рублей из-за поставок некачественной еды" [The Moscow school won a lawsuit for 1.5 million rubles for the supply of low-quality food]. Interfax (in Russian). 4 April 2019. Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  25. ^ Duryagina, Kira (29 October 2019). "Иск подают холодным" [The claim is served cold]. Kommersant. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  26. ^ Rozhkova, Elena; Glukhova, Natalia (21 July 2020). "Алексей Навальный изменился в юрлице" [Alexey Navalny has changed in the legal entity]. Kommersant. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  27. ^ Kalyukov, Evgeny (28 October 2019). "Навальный сообщил о взыскании ₽88 млн в пользу 'Московского школьника'" [Navalny announced the recovery of ₽88 million in favour of the "Moscow Schoolboy"]. RBK Group (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  28. ^ "Навальный объявил о закрытии ФБК. Вместо фонда создадут новую организацию" [Navalny announced the closure of FBK. A new organization will be created instead of the foundation]. BBC Russian Service (in Russian). 20 July 2020. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  29. ^ Levchenko, Grigoriy (16 April 2021). "Прокуратура потребовала признать ФБК экстремистской организацией" [The prosecutor's office demanded to recognize the FBK as an extremist organization]. Meduza (in Russian). Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  30. ^ Clark, Anastasia (16 April 2021). "Russian Prosecutors Seek to Label Navalny Groups as 'Extremist'". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  31. ^ "Russia Orders Navalny Group to Suspend Activities". The Moscow Times. 26 April 2021. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  32. ^ "Суд ограничил деятельность фондов Навального по иску об экстремизме" [The court restricted the activities of Navalny's funds in a lawsuit about extremism]. BBC (in Russian). 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  33. ^ "Решение Московского городского суда от 09.06.2021 года по делу №3а-1573/2021" [Decision of the Moscow City Court dated June 9, 2021 in case No. 3a-1573/2021] (PDF). Team29.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2021.
  34. ^ "Мосгорсуд признал ФБК и штабы Навального экстремистскими организациями" [The Moscow City Court recognized the FBK and Navalny's headquarters as extremist organizations]. MediaZona (in Russian). 9 June 2021. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  35. ^ Safonova, Kristina (11 June 2021). "'ФБК — это самая важная организация в России. Прокуроры нас убеждали в том же самом' Интервью адвоката Ильи Новикова — об итогах суда над структурами Навального" ['FBK is the most important organization in Russia. The prosecutors convinced us of the same thing' Interview with lawyer Ilya Novikov - on the results of the trial of Navalny's structures]. Meduza (in Russian). Archived from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  36. ^ "Суд признал ФБК и Штабы Навального экстремистскими и запретил их" [The court recognized the FBK and Navalny's Headquarters as extremist and banned them]. Radio Liberty (in Russian). 9 June 2021. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  37. ^ Dyuryagina, Kira (4 August 2021). "ФБК не прошёл апелляцию" [FBK did not pass the appeal]. Kommersant (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  38. ^ Kropman, Vitaliy (28 December 2021). "Признание ФБК "экстремистской организацией" обжаловано в суде". Deutsche Welle (in Russian). Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
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  40. ^ "Мы считаем политзаключёнными сторонников Алексея Навального, обвинённых по делу об «экстремистском сообществе»". Мемориал (in Russian). 13 September 2022. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
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  42. ^ "Russia's Navalny launches international anti-corruption fund". Reuters. 11 July 2022. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  43. ^ "Team Navalny Says Relaunching Regional Network to Resist War, Mobilization". The Moscow Times. 4 October 2022. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
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